CN102212845B - Method for preparing TiB2 cathode coating for aluminium electrolysis - Google Patents
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 10
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical group CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical group C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical group [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- KIWBPDUYBMNFTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCOS(O)(=O)=O KIWBPDUYBMNFTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241001062472 Stokellia anisodon Species 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RQMIWLMVTCKXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[C] Chemical compound [AlH3].[C] RQMIWLMVTCKXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011280 coal tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007849 furan resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005546 furfural resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
一种铝电解用TiB2阴极涂层的制备方法，将TiB2、炭基材料、添加剂等物料粉碎后按照一定比例混合，而后于混捏设备中进一步的混匀，得到固体粉末混合物；将稀释剂加入黏结剂中，不断搅拌直到二者充分混匀；将混匀的稀释剂与黏结剂的混合物倒入混捏设备中与先前的固体粉末混合物混合，搅拌至均匀，便可得到铝电解所需的TiB2复合材料，采用本发明生产的产品使用于铝电解槽后大大延长了铝电解槽的使用寿命，同时大大提高了铝电解过程的电流效率，从而降低了吨铝的生产成本；本发明的工艺流程短，生产处理成本低，环境污染小。A preparation method of TiB 2 cathode coating for aluminum electrolysis, which comprises pulverizing TiB 2 , carbon-based materials, additives and other materials and mixing according to a certain ratio, and then further mixing in a kneading device to obtain a solid powder mixture; diluent Add it into the binder, and keep stirring until the two are fully mixed; pour the mixture of the mixed diluent and binder into the kneading equipment and mix it with the previous solid powder mixture, and stir until it is uniform, and you can get the aluminum electrolysis. TiB 2 composite material, the product produced by the present invention greatly prolongs the service life of the aluminum electrolytic cell after being used in the aluminum electrolytic cell, and at the same time greatly improves the current efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis process, thereby reducing the production cost per ton of aluminum; The technological process is short, the production and treatment cost is low, and the environmental pollution is small.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及一种铝电解用阴极涂层的制备方法。特别是铝用电解槽TiB2阴极复合涂层材料的制备方法。 The invention relates to a preparation method of a cathode coating for aluminum electrolysis. Especially the preparation method of TiB 2 cathode composite coating material for aluminum electrolytic cell.
背景技术 Background technique
熔融电解法制铝是当今全球唯一的工业炼铝方法。其采用冰晶石-氧化铝熔盐电解法炼铝，现行的炭素阴极对熔融金属铝不润湿，为了保持熔融金属铝阴极表面的平稳，现行铝电解槽中必须存留相当厚度的铝液，因金属铝液是槽内的导电流体，受强磁场的作用，导电流体中感应产生电磁力，使铝液产生流动、波动和隆起，这不仅使得阴、阳极间必须维持较高的极距，而且增大铝的二次反应损失。另外，炭素阴极易被电解质和钠渗透，能和铝反应生成炭化铝，容易在不湿润铝的炭素阴极表面形成槽底沉淀，引起阴极电压降增大、电流分布不均，生产不稳定，最终导致阴极的膨胀、破损等。 Aluminum smelting electrolysis is the only industrial aluminum smelting method in the world today. It uses the cryolite-alumina molten salt electrolysis method to smelt aluminum. The current carbon cathode does not wet the molten metal aluminum. In order to keep the surface of the molten metal aluminum cathode stable, a considerable thickness of aluminum liquid must be kept in the current aluminum electrolytic cell. Metal aluminum liquid is the conductive fluid in the tank. Under the action of strong magnetic field, electromagnetic force is induced in the conductive fluid, which makes the aluminum liquid flow, fluctuate and bulge. This not only makes it necessary to maintain a relatively high pole distance between the cathode and anode, but also Increase the secondary reaction loss of aluminum. In addition, the carbon cathode is easily infiltrated by electrolyte and sodium, and can react with aluminum to form carbonized aluminum, which is easy to form a bottom deposit on the surface of the non-wet aluminum carbon cathode, causing the cathode voltage drop to increase, the current distribution to be uneven, and the production to be unstable. Cathode expansion, damage, etc. are caused.
二硼化钛TiB2 是唯一在铝液中溶解度很小、导电率高、并且能被铝液润湿的材料。它由于具有熔点高、导电率高、硬度大、耐熔融铝液和冰晶石熔体的侵蚀等特点，已经成为制造铝电解槽用可润湿性惰性阴极的首选材料。名称“一种铝电解用硼化钛阴极材料及其制备方法”、专利申请号为201010207080.X，公告日期为2010年11月03日。该发明以TiB2、石墨、高温粘结剂M、增强剂X等为原料，经过一系列加工后制成铝电解用阴极。由于TiB2价格昂贵，生产出来的阴极产品成本也非常高，难以应用于铝电解生产中；而且该项技术在实现材料大型化、异型结构设计等方面存在明显的缺陷，无法实现规模化生产。 Titanium diboride TiB 2 is the only material that has low solubility in molten aluminum, high conductivity, and can be wetted by molten aluminum. Due to its high melting point, high electrical conductivity, high hardness, and corrosion resistance to molten aluminum and cryolite melts, it has become the material of choice for the manufacture of wettable inert cathodes for aluminum electrolytic cells. The name is "a titanium boride cathode material for aluminum electrolysis and its preparation method", the patent application number is 201010207080.X, and the announcement date is November 03, 2010. The invention uses TiB 2 , graphite, high-temperature binder M, reinforcing agent X, etc. as raw materials to make a cathode for aluminum electrolysis after a series of processing. Due to the high price of TiB 2 , the cost of the produced cathode products is also very high, so it is difficult to be applied in the production of aluminum electrolysis; moreover, this technology has obvious defects in the realization of large-scale materials and special-shaped structure design, which makes it impossible to realize large-scale production.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是针对目前现有技术存在的不足，提出一种能使用在工业铝电解槽阴极炭块上的铝电解用TiB2阴极涂层的制备方法，通过在阴极炭块上涂覆该涂层复合材料，能够有效降低铝电解槽中的阴极压降，减少电解槽底沉淀，提高铝电解生产的电解效率，实现节能、环保、单位产能高等效益。 The purpose of the invention is to aim at the deficiencies in the prior art at present, propose a kind of TiB2 cathode coating preparation method that can be used on the cathode carbon block of industrial aluminum electrolytic cell, for aluminum electrolysis, by coating the cathode carbon block The coating composite material can effectively reduce the cathode pressure drop in the aluminum electrolytic cell, reduce the precipitation at the bottom of the electrolytic cell, improve the electrolysis efficiency of aluminum electrolytic production, and achieve energy saving, environmental protection, and high unit production capacity.
本发明采用如下技术方案实现：一种铝电解用TiB2阴极涂层的制备方法，由以下各重量百分比组分的材料制成：炭基材料30~50%、TiB2 20~40%、黏结剂20~35%；添加剂0~5%和稀释剂0~10%，制备步骤如下： The present invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a preparation method of TiB 2 cathode coating for aluminum electrolysis, which is made of the following materials in various weight percentages: carbon-based material 30-50%, TiB 2 20-40%, bonding Agent 20~35%; additive 0~5% and diluent 0~10%, the preparation steps are as follows:
①将炭基材料、TiB2和添加剂固体物料分别粉碎后混合，于混捏设备中进行进一步的混匀，得到固体粉末混合物； ① The carbon-based material, TiB 2 and additive solid materials are pulverized and mixed separately, and further mixed in a kneading equipment to obtain a solid powder mixture;
②将稀释剂加入黏结剂中，不断搅拌直到二者充分混匀； ② Add the diluent to the binder and keep stirring until the two are fully mixed;
③将混匀的稀释剂与黏结剂的混合物按照一定的重量比倒入混捏设备中与先前的固体粉末混合物混合，控制混捏机的温度和混捏时间，使得黏结剂能够均匀地渗透入固体粉末混合物中，固液混捏得到铝电解所需的TiB2涂层复合材料； ③ Pour the mixture of the mixed diluent and binder into the kneading equipment according to a certain weight ratio to mix with the previous solid powder mixture, control the temperature and kneading time of the kneader, so that the binder can penetrate into the solid powder mixture evenly In the process, solid-liquid kneading is used to obtain the TiB2 coating composite material required for aluminum electrolysis;
④将TiB2复合材料于室温下涂敷在阴极炭块的表面，抹平使之与炭块能够充分接触，固化，即为TiB2阴极涂层。 ④ Coat the TiB 2 composite material on the surface of the cathode carbon block at room temperature, smooth it so that it can fully contact with the carbon block, and solidify, which is the TiB 2 cathode coating.
所说炭基材料是普通煅烧无烟煤、电煅烧无烟煤、高碳石墨、冶金焦或石油焦中的一种或者几种的混合物。 The carbon-based material is one or a mixture of ordinary calcined anthracite, electric calcined anthracite, high-carbon graphite, metallurgical coke or petroleum coke.
所说添加剂是炭素纤维或炭素纤维粉。 Said additive is carbon fiber or carbon fiber powder.
所说黏结剂是酚醛树脂、糠醛树脂、环氧树脂、呋喃树脂、沥青、煤焦油或蒽油中的一种或者几种的混合物。 The binder is one or a mixture of phenolic resin, furfural resin, epoxy resin, furan resin, pitch, coal tar or anthracene oil.
所说稀释剂是乙醇、丙酮、二乙烯三胺或硫酸乙脂中的一种或者几种的混合物。 The diluent is one or a mixture of ethanol, acetone, diethylenetriamine or ethyl sulfate.
步骤①的各种固体物料粉碎后的粒度保持在10~100 μm之间。 The particle size of various solid materials in step ① after pulverization is kept between 10 and 100 μm.
所说混捏设备中混匀得到固体粉末混合物的混合时间为1~10 h，温度为25℃的常温。 The mixing time for obtaining the solid powder mixture by mixing in the kneading equipment is 1-10 h, and the temperature is normal temperature of 25°C.
步骤③混捏设备中固液混捏的时间为1~18 h，温度为20~80 ℃。 Step ③ The solid-liquid kneading time in the kneading equipment is 1-18 h, and the temperature is 20-80 °C.
本发明的有益效果是：该发明工艺简单，生产处理成本低；生产出来的TiB2涂层复合材料产品能够在常压下进行涂敷作业，大大减少了作业的劳动强度，减少了对环境的压力。TiB2涂层复合材料在铝电解槽内的使用大大延长了铝电解槽的使用寿命，使得电解电流效率得到大大的提高。 The beneficial effects of the present invention are: the process of the present invention is simple, and the cost of production and treatment is low; the produced TiB 2 coated composite material product can be coated under normal pressure, which greatly reduces the labor intensity of the operation and reduces the impact on the environment. pressure. The use of the TiB 2 coating composite material in the aluminum electrolytic cell greatly prolongs the service life of the aluminum electrolytic cell and greatly improves the electrolytic current efficiency.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
实施例一 Embodiment one
根据TiB2涂层复合材料的重量百分比含量，TiB2、石油焦和炭素纤维分别经过破碎球磨数次，得到10~50μm粒度的固体粉料，并按照重量百分比20：50：3的比例于混捏设备中，启动混捏机，混合2h，得到均匀的固体粉末混合物。将称量好的沥青与丙酮按照重量百分比20:7的比例于容器中充分搅拌混匀，得到具有一定流动性的混合物，倒入混捏设备中进行固液混捏5 h，控制混捏温度为50℃。得到铝电解所需的TiB2复合材料。 According to the weight percentage content of TiB 2 coating composite material, TiB 2 , petroleum coke and carbon fiber were crushed and ball milled several times to obtain solid powder with a particle size of 10-50 μm, and kneaded according to the weight percentage of 20:50:3 In the equipment, start the kneader and mix for 2 hours to obtain a uniform solid powder mixture. Fully mix the weighed asphalt and acetone in the container according to the ratio of 20:7 by weight to obtain a mixture with certain fluidity, pour it into the kneading equipment for solid-liquid kneading for 5 hours, and control the kneading temperature to 50°C . Obtain the TiB2 composite material required for aluminum electrolysis.
将复合材料手工涂敷于整个电解槽的阴极炭块表面，抹平，固化。而后将涂敷有复合材料的阴极槽应用于电解铝系统。 The composite material is hand-applied on the surface of the cathode carbon block of the entire electrolytic cell, smoothed and cured. The composite-coated cathode cell is then applied to the electrolytic aluminum system.
实施结果：25℃，TiB2复合材料的电导率为27.3 μΩ·m；复合材料与阴极炭块结合后其抗拉强度>2.6 MPa，铝电解过程的电流效率提高了1.05 %。阴极槽的寿命也延长了25 %。 Implementation results: at 25°C, the electrical conductivity of the TiB 2 composite material is 27.3 μΩ·m; the tensile strength of the composite material combined with the cathode carbon block is >2.6 MPa, and the current efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis process is increased by 1.05%. The lifetime of the cathode tank was also increased by 25%.
实施例二 Embodiment two
根据TiB2涂层复合材料的重量百分比含量，TiB2、冶金焦、炭素纤维分别经过破碎球磨数次粉碎到10~30μm，并按照重量百分比25：43：5的比例于混捏设备中，启动混捏机，混合3h，得到均匀的固体粉末混合物。将酚醛树脂与二乙烯三胺按照重量百分比22:5的比例于容器中充分搅拌混匀后，得到具有一定流动性的混合物，倒入混捏设备中进行固液混捏10 h，控制混捏温度为80℃。得到铝电解所需的TiB2复合材料。 According to the weight percentage content of the TiB 2 coating composite material, TiB 2 , metallurgical coke, and carbon fiber are crushed to 10-30 μm by crushing ball mill several times, and put in the kneading equipment according to the weight percentage of 25:43:5, and start kneading machine, mixed for 3 hours to obtain a uniform solid powder mixture. After the phenolic resin and diethylenetriamine are fully stirred and mixed in the container according to the ratio of 22:5 by weight, a mixture with certain fluidity is obtained, which is poured into the kneading equipment for solid-liquid kneading for 10 h, and the kneading temperature is controlled at 80 ℃. Obtain the TiB2 composite material required for aluminum electrolysis.
将复合材料手工涂敷于整个电解槽的阴极炭块表面，抹平，固化。而后将涂敷有复合材料的阴极槽应用于电解铝系统。 The composite material is hand-applied on the surface of the cathode carbon block of the entire electrolytic cell, smoothed and cured. The composite-coated cathode cell is then applied to the electrolytic aluminum system.
实施结果：25℃，TiB2复合材料的电导率为28.2 μΩ·m；复合材料与阴极炭块结合后其抗拉强度>2.6 MPa，铝电解过程的电流效率提高了0.85 %。阴极槽的寿命也延长了20 %。 Implementation results: at 25°C, the electrical conductivity of the TiB 2 composite material is 28.2 μΩ·m; the tensile strength of the composite material combined with the cathode carbon block is >2.6 MPa, and the current efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis process is increased by 0.85%. The lifetime of the cathode tank was also increased by 20%.
实施例三 Embodiment three
根据TiB2涂层复合材料的重量百分比含量，TiB2、电煅烧无烟煤分别经过破碎球磨数次，粉碎到10~80μm，并按照重量百分比30：43的比例于混捏设备中，启动混捏机，混合2h，得到均匀的固体粉末混合物。将蒽油与乙醇按照重量百分比26:1的比例于容器中充分搅拌混匀后，得到具有一定流动性的混合物，倒入混捏设备中进行固液混捏18 h，控制混捏温度为40℃。得到铝电解所需的TiB2复合材料。 According to the weight percent content of the TiB 2 coating composite material, TiB 2 and electric calcined anthracite were milled several times by crushing balls, crushed to 10-80 μm, and put in the kneading equipment according to the ratio of 30:43 by weight. Start the kneader, mix 2h, a homogeneous solid powder mixture was obtained. Anthracene oil and ethanol were fully stirred and mixed in a container according to the ratio of 26:1 by weight to obtain a mixture with certain fluidity, which was poured into a kneading equipment for solid-liquid kneading for 18 h, and the kneading temperature was controlled at 40 °C. Obtain the TiB2 composite material required for aluminum electrolysis.
将复合材料手工涂敷于整个电解槽的阴极炭块表面，抹平，固化。而后将涂敷有复合材料的阴极槽应用于电解铝系统。 The composite material is hand-applied on the surface of the cathode carbon block of the entire electrolytic cell, smoothed and cured. The composite-coated cathode cell is then applied to the electrolytic aluminum system.
实施结果：25℃，TiB2复合材料的电导率为26.5 μΩ·m；复合材料与阴极炭块结合后其抗拉强度>2.6 MPa，铝电解过程的电流效率提高了1.25 %。阴极槽的寿命也延长了30 %。 Implementation results: at 25°C, the electrical conductivity of the TiB 2 composite material is 26.5 μΩ·m; the tensile strength of the composite material combined with the cathode carbon block is >2.6 MPa, and the current efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis process is increased by 1.25%. The lifetime of the cathode tank was also increased by 30%.
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