CN102207471B - X-ray detecting method for butt welding joint of aluminium and aluminium alloy pipes with pads - Google Patents
X-ray detecting method for butt welding joint of aluminium and aluminium alloy pipes with pads Download PDFInfo
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- CN102207471B CN102207471B CN201110092512A CN201110092512A CN102207471B CN 102207471 B CN102207471 B CN 102207471B CN 201110092512 A CN201110092512 A CN 201110092512A CN 201110092512 A CN201110092512 A CN 201110092512A CN 102207471 B CN102207471 B CN 102207471B
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- NCGICGYLBXGBGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-morpholin-4-yl-1-oxa-3-azonia-2-azanidacyclopent-3-en-5-imine;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.[N-]1OC(=N)C=[N+]1N1CCOCC1 NCGICGYLBXGBGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 abstract 1
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- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
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Abstract
The invention discloses an X-ray detecting method for a butt welding joint of aluminium and aluminium alloy pipes with pad, comprising the steps of: (1) sleeving two sections of aluminium pipes or aluminium alloy pipes on an aluminium pad or an aluminium-stainless steel compound pad for performing the butt welding, and setting one section of film on a detected area of the periphery of a welding joint; (2) selecting the transillumination mode; (3) determining the exposure parameter; (4) performing the transillumination; (5) processing the film; and (6) observing the film under a film observing lamp, and evaluating the quality. In the invention, the transillumination detection with long focal distance, short time and high voltage is performed, so that the exposure time is short; the detecting efficiency is remarkably improved; and the radiation dose for the surrounding environment is largely decreased; the correct evaluating method can be used for distinguishing the root defect image of the butt welding joint of the aluminium alloy pipe from the defect or injury image of the pad main body to prevent the erroneous judgment; the evaluating rules of deficient welding, surface edge biting, surface recessing and tungsten clamping defects are added to widen the evaluating range, to avoid the miss judgment and to guarantee the ray detecting quality.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of X ray detection method, relate in particular to a kind of padded aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint X ray detection method.
Background technology
Traditional aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe butt welded joint generally do not add backing plate, during ray detection, confirm that the difficulty of exposure parameter is little, can obtain blackness transillumination film comparatively uniformly.But standard-required about the butt welded joint detection method, the time shutter is longer, detection efficiency is lower, also higher relatively to the radiation dose of surrounding environment, the risk of radiological safety protection is also higher relatively.
For improving welding quality and structural strength, general present designing requirement aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe butt welded joint need preset aluminium liner or the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel (promptly being made up of the aluminium liner stainless steel liner outer with being enclosed within the aluminium liner).During ray detection, need the following problem that solves:
(1) recommendation of the desired exposure selection of standard is higher; Exposure voltage is on the low side; The density difference of liner viewing area and non-liner viewing area is bigger, selects the difficulty of exposure parameter bigger, needs to explore the exposure parameter that meets aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint detection characteristics.
Definite mode of the picture element sensitivity of the welding joint in the zone that adds the cushions that (2) clear and definite standard conformance with standard requires.
When (3) detecting padded aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint, need correctly evaluate its egative film specified defect image.
During aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint ray detection, exist some ray detection standards not relate to but the defective of bigger some harmfulness of probability of occurrence---tungsten inclusion, incompletely filling, the serious depression in surface and surperficial undercut.For these defectives, the related specifications regulation should be accomplished by the visual examination program.During ray detection, find these defectives through regular meeting.So ray detection should become important supplement means of visual examination.In addition; Because the linear absorption coefficient of stainless steel liner is far above the linear absorption coefficient of aluminium alloy; So some microlesions on the stainless steel liner or defective can produce the bigger defective image of blackness if appear at welded seam area, can mix mutually with darker welding joint root defect image; If can not correctly evaluate, can produce serious erroneous judgement.
Summary of the invention
Above-mentioned deficiency to the prior art existence; The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of long-focus, short time, high voltage exposure parameter taked and carry out the transillumination detection; Time shutter can significantly shorten, and detection efficiency can significantly improve, judge by accident the significantly reduced padded aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint X ray detection method of failing to judge.This method can significantly reduce the radiation dose to ambient radiation.
The present invention provides padded aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint X ray detection method, and this method comprises the steps:
(1) at first chooses first section aluminum pipe to be welded or aluminium-alloy pipe; In the end to be welded of this aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, insert aluminium liner or the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel; And then the aluminum pipe that another section is to be welded or aluminium-alloy pipe be enclosed within on aluminium liner or the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel and with the end to be welded of first section aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe and dock welding, and one section film is set in the seized district of the circumference of butt welded joint;
(2) select the transillumination mode
If during external diameter≤100 of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe millimeter, then adopt double-walled slur transillumination method; If the external diameter of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe then adopts double-walled list shadow transillumination method in the time of＞100～800 millimeters; If during external diameter>=800 of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe millimeter, then adopt the method for passing through in the circumferential weld single wall, circumferential weld single wall pass through inside method or double-walled list shadow transillumination method;
(3) exposure parameter confirms
1) confirming of exposure E: E=7.5F
2/ 700
2
Wherein: focal length F=L1+ L2, L1>=15dfL2
2/3
Df-focal spot size;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance;
The distance of L2-detected pieces surface to film;
2) transillumination thickness WA's confirms
2.1) pass through pass through inside the confirming of transillumination thickness WA of method of method or circumferential weld single wall in the padded circumferential weld single wall:
WA=TA1+TA2+TA3
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner;
2.2) the confirming of double-walled list shadow transillumination thickness WA:
WA=2TA1+TA2+TA3
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner;
2.3) the confirming of double-walled slur transillumination thickness WA:
WA=2（TA1+TA2+TA3）
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner;
3) transillumination voltage V's confirms
When transillumination thickness WA satisfies: during 2mm≤WA＜10 millimeter, lgV=0.02WA+1.83;
During 10mm≤WA＜70 millimeter, lgV=0.008WA+1.96;
4) transillumination length L
3Confirm
4.1) double-walled slur method transillumination length L
3
L
3=80%L, wherein L is the circumferential length of aluminium and aluminium-alloy pipe;
4.2) the circumferential weld single wall method transillumination length L of passing through inside
3By computes:
η=cos
-1｛［1+（K
2-1）T/D
0］/K｝；
θ=sin
-1?［D
0·sinη/（D
0+2L
1）］；
α=η-θ；
N=180/α；
L
3=π·D
0/N；
Wherein: K-transillumination thickness ratio;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance;
Half of the α-pairing central angle of transillumination length;
Illumination angle during θ-ray detection;
The distortion angle that η-image is maximum;
The pipe thickness of T-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
D
0The external diameter of-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
N-minimum exposure frequency;
4.3) interior method or the double-walled list image method transillumination length L of passing through of circumferential weld single wall
3By computes:
η=cos
-1｛［1+（K
2-1）T/D
0］/K｝；
θ=sin
-1?［D
0·sinη/│2F-D
0│］；
α=η+θ；
N=180/α；
L
3=π·D
0/N；
Wherein: K-transillumination thickness ratio;
F-focal length;
Half of the α-pairing central angle of transillumination length;
Illumination angle during θ-ray detection;
The distortion angle that η-image is maximum;
The pipe thickness of T-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
D
0The external diameter of-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
N-minimum exposure frequency;
5) confirm the picture element index by transillumination thickness;
(4) implement transillumination: select the transillumination mode according to step (2), select exposure parameter, adopt X-ray production apparatus to carry out transillumination according to the principle of step (3);
(6) film is handled: take off film, film is developed, stops shadow, photographic fixing, washing, detergent solution rinsing and dried;
(7) film after will handling is placed under the viewbox and observes, and carries out grade estimation.
The padded X ray detection method of aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint provided by the invention compared with prior art, has following advantage:
1, the present invention detects through taking long-focus, short time, high-tension exposure standard to carry out transillumination, compares with classic method, and the time shutter can significantly shorten, and detection efficiency can significantly improve, and can decline to a great extent to the radiation dose of surrounding environment.
2,, can obtain the detection picture element sensitivity that conformance with standard requires through adopting effective transillumination thickness conversion to confirm method.Thereby obtain the detection sensitivity that suitable conformance with standard requires, guaranteed the detection quality.
3, through adopting correct assessment method, root defect image and the liner body defects or damage image of padded aluminium-alloy pipe butt welded joint are distinguished, avoided judging by accident.The evaluation regulation of incompletely filling through increasing, surperficial undercut, depression, tungsten inclusion defective, the scope of expansion defects assessment is avoided failing to judge, and has guaranteed the ray detection quality.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram of padded aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint transillumination.
Fig. 2 carries out the synoptic diagram of transillumination for adopting double-walled slur transillumination method.
Fig. 3 carries out the synoptic diagram of transillumination for adopting double-walled list shadow transillumination method.
Fig. 4 carries out the synoptic diagram of transillumination for adopting the circumferential weld single wall method of passing through inside.
Fig. 5 passes through the synoptic diagram that method is carried out transillumination for adopting in the circumferential weld single wall.
Fig. 6 is the curve map of the highest transillumination voltage and transillumination thickness relationship.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the present invention is done to describe in further detail.
Padded aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint X ray detection method, this method comprises the steps:
(1) at first chooses first section aluminum pipe to be welded or aluminium-alloy pipe 1; In the end to be welded of this aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, insert aluminium liner or the compound liner 2 of aluminium-stainless steel; And then the aluminum pipe that another section is to be welded or aluminium-alloy pipe 3 are enclosed within on aluminium liner or the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel and with the end to be welded of first section aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe and dock welding; One section film is set in the seized district of the circumference of butt welded joint, as shown in Figure 1.
(2) select the transillumination mode:, then adopt double-walled slur transillumination method (as shown in Figure 2) if during external diameter≤100 of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe millimeter; If the external diameter of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe then adopts double-walled list shadow transillumination method (as shown in Figure 3) in the time of 100～800 millimeters; If during external diameter>=800 of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe millimeter, then adopt the method (as shown in Figure 5) of passing through in the circumferential weld single wall, circumferential weld single wall pass through inside method (as shown in Figure 4) or double-walled list shadow transillumination method (shown in Figure 3).
(3) exposure parameter confirms
1) confirming of exposure recommendation: E=7.5F
2/ 700
2
Wherein: focal length F=L1+ L2, L1>=15dfL2
2/3
Df-focal spot size;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance;
The distance of L2-detected pieces surface to film.
2) transillumination thickness WA's confirms
2.1) pass through pass through inside the confirming of transillumination thickness WA of method of method or circumferential weld single wall in the padded circumferential weld single wall:
WA=TA1+TA2+TA3
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner.
2.2) the confirming of double-walled list shadow transillumination thickness WA:
WA=2TA1+TA2+TA3
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner.
2.3) the confirming of double-walled slur transillumination thickness WA:
WA=2（TA1+TA2+TA3）
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner.
3) transillumination voltage V's confirms
When transillumination thickness WA satisfies: during 2mm≤WA＜10 millimeter, lgV=0.02WA+1.83;
During 10mm≤WA＜70 millimeter, lgV=0.008WA+1.96.
Through some the row transillumination thickness and the highest corresponding transillumination voltage that converse, draw out the curve map of the highest transillumination voltage and transillumination thickness relationship, as shown in Figure 6.
4) transillumination length L
3Confirm
4.1) double-walled slur method transillumination length L
3
L
3=80%L, wherein L is the circumferential length of aluminium and aluminium-alloy pipe.
4.2) the circumferential weld single wall method transillumination length L of passing through inside
3By computes:
η=cos
-1｛［1+（K
2-1）T/D
0］/K｝；
θ=sin
-1?［D
0·sinη/（D
0+2L
1）］；
α=η-θ；
N=180/α；
L
3=π·D
0/N；
Wherein: K-transillumination thickness ratio;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance;
Half of the α-pairing central angle of transillumination length;
Illumination angle during θ-ray detection;
The distortion angle that η-image is maximum;
The pipe thickness of T-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
D
0The external diameter of-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
N-minimum exposure frequency.
4.3) interior method or the double-walled list image method transillumination length L of passing through of circumferential weld single wall
3By computes:
η=cos
-1｛［1+（K
2-1）T/D
0］/K｝；
θ=sin
-1?［D
0·sinη/│2F-D
0│］；
α=η+θ；
N=180/α；
L
3=π·D
0/N；
Wherein: K-transillumination thickness ratio;
F-focal length;
Half of the α-pairing central angle of transillumination length;
Illumination angle during θ-ray detection;
The distortion angle that η-image is maximum;
The pipe thickness of T-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
D
0The external diameter of-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
N-minimum exposure frequency.
5) confirm the picture element index according to transillumination thickness
Transillumination thickness can be looked into according to JB/T4730.2-2005 " bearing device Non-Destructive Testing " 4.11.4 table 5, table 6 and table 7 and get after confirming, confirms that according to transillumination thickness the picture element index is a prior art, repeats no more at this.
(4) implement transillumination: choose X-ray production apparatus 5 and carry out transillumination, select the transillumination mode, select exposure parameter according to the principle of step (3) according to step (2).
(5) film is handled: take off film, film is developed, stops shadow, photographic fixing, washing, detergent solution rinsing and dried.
(6) film after will handling is placed under the viewbox and observes, and carries out grade estimation.
Wherein, the pacing items and the key points for operation of six steps of film processing are as shown in the table:
| Step | Temperature, ℃ | Time, min | Soup | Key points for |
| Develop | ||||
| 20±2 | 4～6 | Standard recipe | Washing in advance, suitably shake in the process | |
| Stop showing | 20±4 | 0.5 | Stop bath | Fully shake |
| Photographic fixing | 20±4 | 5～15 | Stop bath | Suitably shake |
| Washing | / | 20～40 | Water | The circulating water flushing |
| The detergent solution rinsing | / | 0.5 | Detergent solution | Immerse solution, water is evenly flowed down |
| Dry | ≤40 | / | / | It is dry that water can evenly flow down the back |
The key points for operation that film is handled:
1) development temperature is very big to the film quality influence, must strict control.
2) film is put into before the developer solution, should in clear water, preimpregnation make the film moistened surface once, avoid behind the developer solution film surface with bubble cause develop inhomogeneous.
Correct dither method when 3) developing
Should leave certain distance between the development folder, shake was up and down constantly whenever shaken up and down several seconds at a distance from 30 seconds later in initial 30 seconds.In the time of 20 ℃, normal development time is about 4～6min, and the factor that influence is developed is a lot, for obtaining suitable temperature, need suitably adjust the development time of different films.
In developing process, should in time take out plateholder and under red light, observe, when assert that observed blackness meets the requirements, can this film be put into and stop showing groove and stop showing.
Different darkrooms, red light brightness is different, and the sensation of the suitable blackness of the film that eye-observation arrives is also different, so the personnel of developing a film should wash a spot of film through examination, find the sensation of the suitable blackness in this darkroom as soon as possible accurately.
4) after development finishes, film was immersed 3% acetic acid stop bath about 30 seconds, be retained in the developer in the film emulsion with neutralization.If can not use stop bath, then can be with the powerful shake of film, rinsing 2～3 minutes in clear water.Stop showing stage shake fully up and down incessantly, in dither process, should avoid the scuffing of plateholder other film.
5) stop the temperature display degree preferably and development temperature approaching, stop temperature display and spend height, possibly produce defectives such as " reticulate pattern ", " gauffer ".
6) total time of photographic fixing is not less than " penetrating time " 2 times, and so-called " penetrating time " is meant that film puts the time till stop bath begins to disappear to the milky of emulsion into.
7) between photographic fixing and flushing operation, can use cleanser or photographic fixing neutralizing agent to carry out neutralisation treatment, do like this and can reduce flush time and water consumption.Washing should be used cleaning flowing water flushing, metachromatism can take place after washing inadequate film long preservation.
8) the washing water temperature should suitably be controlled, and washing efficiency can improve when water temperature was high, but medicine film parectasis is prone to produce defectives such as film " scuffing ", " the medicine film comes off ".
When film washes, do not allow to add again the film that newly from stop bath, takes out in groove.Limited like the tank volume, and the more film of once flushing, then should be at any time a part the processed film direction that moves on to water inlet get on.
9) film after the washing should be immersed in about 30 seconds in 1 ‰ the dish washing detergent WS, and water is evenly flowed down from the film surface, to shorten drying time, avoids occurring on the film water mark.
10) film drying can be carried out in physical environment, also can in baking sheet machine, carry out.
The dry place that should be selected in cleaning, drying, ventilation but not blow in physical environment.In sealing, low temperature and moist room, can consider to heat, venting practice.
Dry in baking sheet machine, should wash fully before the drying, through the water-detergent solution rinsing, and can get rid of water droplet unnecessary on the film clip, to avoid the occurring water mark on the dried film.
Heated-air drying can shorten drying time, but temperature can not be too high, in order to avoid produce the striped of uneven drying.
Wherein, when carrying out the film quality evaluation, the blackness requirement in the film evaluation scope D is:
10.1) when adopting double-walled slur transillumination method, 1.5≤D≤4.0;
10.2) when adopting double-walled list shadow transillumination method, 2.0≤D≤4.0;
10.3) adopt when passing through method in the circumferential weld single wall 2.0≤D≤4.0.
The general provision of quality grading:
Defective in the butt welded joint is divided into totally ten types of crackle, incomplete fusion, lack of penetration, incompletely filling, folder copper, tungsten inclusion, bar defect, circular flaw, internal concave at root and root undercuts by character.
1. do not allow to exist crackle, incomplete fusion, incompletely filling, lack of penetration, folder copper, tungsten inclusion, bar defect in the I level butt welded joint.
2. do not allow to exist crackle, incomplete fusion, incompletely filling, lack of penetration, folder copper, tungsten inclusion in II level and the III level butt welded joint.
During to the quality of weld joint classification, should be specifically noted that the differentiation of the image feature of surface depression, surperficial undercut and root concavity, root undercut.If the melt run of the depression, undercut and the face of weld that are occurred or weld ripples extension line partly coincide, then decidable is outside surface depression, outside surface undercut.If the melt run of the depression, undercut and the root of weld that are occurred or weld ripples extension line partly coincide, then decidable is root concavity, root undercut.Find surface depression, surperficial undercut,, should carry out quality grading to it according to the grading regulation of root concavity, root undercut if visual examination is qualified.
Whether root concavity, root undercut image are prone to obscure with liner damage image, can partly coincide with weld-fusion line or weld ripples extension line according to the defective edge, image blackness characteristic distributions and other effectively comment the sheet experience to distinguish.
(1) according to structure welding open joint shown in Figure 1, the D outer diameter of the aluminium-alloy pipe 1 of first section welding and the aluminium-alloy pipe 2 of second section welding
0=57mm, pipe thickness T=4; The thickness T A2=1.5 of aluminium pad in the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel, the stainless steel liner is converted into the thickness T A3=11 of aluminium in the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel; A film is set in the seized district of the circumference of butt welded joint.
(2) select the transillumination mode: because of D outer diameter
0In the time of≤100 millimeters, then adopt double-walled slur transillumination method.
(3) exposure parameter confirms.
3.1) the confirming of exposure E
Press F=L
1+ L
2, L
1>=15dfL
2 2/3
Wherein: focal length F=L1+ L2, L1>=15dfL2
2/3
Df-focal spot size;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance;
The distance of L2-detected pieces surface to film.
L
1≥15·df·L2
2/3=15×1.5×15≈338（mm）
F=338+ 59=397 (mm) rounds and is 500mm.
Recommendation formula E=7.5F by exposure
2/ 700
2=3.8 (mAmin)
The actual value of exposure but must not be lower than 2.0mAmin in positive and negative 50% scope of recommendation.
3.2) the confirming of transillumination voltage V
Double-walled slur transillumination thickness WA confirms:
WA=2（TA1+TA2+TA3）=2（4+1.5+11）=33（mm）
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner.
When transillumination thickness WA satisfies: during 2mm≤WA＜10 millimeter, lgV=0.02WA+1.83;
During 10mm≤WA＜70 millimeter, lgV=0.008WA+1.96.
lgV=0.008WA+1.96=lgV=0.008×33+1.96≈2.22
V=10
2.22≈ 166 (kV) rounds and is 165kV.
3.3) the transillumination length L
3Confirm
Double-walled slur method transillumination length L
3
L
3=80%L=143mm, wherein L is the circumferential length of aluminium and aluminium-alloy pipe.Need transillumination 2 times.
3.4) confirm the picture element index according to transillumination thickness
According to JB/T4730.2-2005 " bearing device Non-Destructive Testing " 4.11.4 table 7, the picture element index is 11.
3.5) exposure photovoltage V gets 165kV, selects exposure parameter:
Focal length F=500mm, exposure voltage=165kV, time shutter t=0.5min.
The exposure parameter of selecting by existing standard is:
Focal length F=400mm, exposure voltage=135kV, time shutter t=3.5min.
The former time shutter is about 14% of latter's time shutter.
(4) implement transillumination: choose X-ray production apparatus and carry out transillumination, select the transillumination mode according to step (2), the principle of installation steps (3) is selected exposure parameter.
(5) film is handled: take off film, film is developed, stops shadow, photographic fixing, washing, detergent solution rinsing and dried.
(6) film after will handling is placed under the viewbox and observes, and carries out grade estimation.
Among the embodiment 1, through taking long-focus, short time, high voltage carry out transillumination and detect, and the time shutter of each transillumination is 0.5min, and be 2.5min detection time, compares with classic method, and the time shutter shortens 6 times, and shorten more than 50% detection time.
(1) according to structure welding open joint shown in Figure 1, the D outer diameter of the aluminium-alloy pipe 1 of first section welding and the aluminium-alloy pipe 2 of second section welding
0=412, pipe thickness T=6; The thickness T A2=2.0 of aluminium pad in the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel, the stainless steel liner is converted into the thickness T A3=14 of aluminium in the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel; A film is set on trivial in that the circumference of butt welded joint is seized.
(2) select the transillumination mode: because of D outer diameter
0100～800 millimeters in this scope, but must not be lower than 2.0mAmin, then adopt double-walled list shadow transillumination method.
(3) exposure parameter confirms
3.1) the confirming of exposure E
Press F=L
1+ L
2, L1>=15d
fL
2 2/3
Wherein: df-focal spot size;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance;
The distance of L2-detected pieces surface to film.
L
1≥15·d
f·L2
2/3=15×1.5×4.0≈90（㎜）
A F=90+ 10=100! ㎜), since the external diameter restriction, actual 650 ㎜ that get.
Recommendation formula E=7.5F by exposure
2/ 700
2≈ 6.5 (mAmin)
The actual value of exposure but must not be lower than 2.0mAmin in positive and negative 50% scope of recommendation.
3.2) the confirming of transillumination voltage V
Double-walled list shadow transillumination thickness WA confirms
WA=2TA1+TA2+TA3?=2×6+2.0+14=28（mm）
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner.
When transillumination thickness WA satisfies: during 2mm≤WA＜10 millimeter, lgV=0.02WA+1.83;
During 10mm≤WA＜70 millimeter, lgV=0.008WA+1.96.
lgV=0.008WA+1.96=lgV=0.008×28+1.96≈2.18
V=10
2.18≈ 151 (kV) rounds and is 150kV.
3.3) double-walled list shadow method transillumination length L
3By computes:
η=cos
-1｛［1+（K
2-1）T/D
0］/K｝=cos
-1｛［1+（1.1
2-1）6/412］/1.1｝
=24.23°
θ=sin
-1?［D
0·sinη/（2F-D
0）］=10.98°
α=η+θ=24.23°+10.98°=35.21°
N=180 °/α=180 °/35.21 °=5.1 times, rounding is 6 times
L
3=π·D
0/N=3.14·412/6≈216（mm）
Wherein: K-transillumination thickness ratio;
F-focal length;
Half of the α-pairing central angle of transillumination length;
The distortion angle that η-image is maximum;
The pipe thickness of T-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
D
0The external diameter of-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
N-minimum exposure frequency.
3.4) confirm the picture element index according to transillumination thickness
According to JB/T4730.2-2005 " bearing device Non-Destructive Testing " 4.11.4 table 7, the picture element index is 11.
3.5) exposure photovoltage V gets 150kV, selects exposure parameter:
Focal length F=650mm, exposure voltage=150kV, time shutter t=0.8min;
The exposure parameter of selecting by existing standard is:
Focal length F=550mm, exposure voltage=120kV, time shutter t=4min.
The former time shutter is about 20% of latter's time shutter.
(4) implement transillumination: choose X-ray production apparatus and carry out transillumination, select the transillumination mode according to step (2), the principle of installation steps (3) is selected exposure parameter.
(5) film is handled: take off film, film is developed, stops shadow, photographic fixing, washing, detergent solution rinsing and dried.
(6) film after will handling is placed under the viewbox and observes, and carries out grade estimation.
Among the embodiment 2, through taking long-focus, short time, high voltage carry out transillumination and detect, and each transillumination time shutter is 0.8 min, and be 2.8min detection time, compares with classic method, and the time shutter shortens more than 4 times, and shorten more than 50% detection time.
Embodiment 3
(1) according to structure welding open joint shown in Figure 1, the D outer diameter of the aluminium-alloy pipe 1 of first section welding and the aluminium-alloy pipe 2 of second section welding
0=856mm, pipe thickness T=12; The thickness T A2=3.0 of aluminium pad in the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel, the stainless steel liner is converted into the thickness T A3=15 of aluminium in the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel; One circle (intracardiac method in prefabricated mouthful, 9) film is set on the circumference of butt welded joint.
(2) select the transillumination mode: because of D outer diameter
0In the time of>=800 millimeters, prefabricated weld bond adopts the method for passing through in the circumferential weld single wall.
(3) exposure parameter confirms
3.1) press F=L
1+ L
2, L
1>=15d
fL
2 2/3
Wherein: df-focal spot size;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance;
The distance of L2-detected pieces surface to film.
L
1≥15·d
f·L2
2/3=15×1.5×15≈218（mm）
F=218+ 30=248 (mm), intracardiac method in the prefabricated mouthful of employing, focal length is got 428mm.
Recommendation formula E=7.5F by exposure
2/ 700
2=2.8 (mAmin)
The actual value of exposure but must not be lower than 2.0mAmin in positive and negative 50% scope of recommendation.
3.2) the confirming of transillumination voltage V
The transillumination thickness WA that passes through in the employing circumferential weld single wall confirms:
WA=TA1+TA2+TA3=12+3.0+15=30（mm）
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe;
TA2---be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner.
When transillumination thickness WA satisfies: during 2mm≤WA＜10 millimeter, lgV=0.02WA+1.83;
During 10mm≤WA＜70 millimeter, lgV=0.008WA+1.96.
lgV=0.008WA+1.96=lgV=0.008×30+1.96≈2.22
V=10
2.22≈ 166 (kV) rounds and is 160kV.
3.3) intracardiac method transillumination length L in the circumferential weld single wall
3
When intracardiac, transillumination thickness ratio is 1.0, the transillumination length L in the circumferential weld single wall
3Girth 2688mm for circumferential weld.
Minimum transmiting time is 1 time.
3.4) according to JB/T4730.2-2005 " bearing device Non-Destructive Testing " 4.11.4 table 4, the picture element index is 10.
3.5) exposure photovoltage V gets 160kV, selects exposure parameter:
Focal length F=428mm, exposure voltage=160kV, time shutter t=0.4min.
The exposure parameter of selecting by existing standard is:
Focal length F=428mm, exposure voltage=135kV, time shutter t=4.0min.
The former time shutter is about 10% of latter's time shutter.
(4) implement transillumination: choose X-ray production apparatus and carry out transillumination, select the transillumination mode according to step (2), the principle of installation steps (3) is selected exposure parameter.
(5) film is handled: take off film, film is developed, stops shadow, photographic fixing, washing, detergent solution rinsing and dried.
(6) film after will handling is placed under the viewbox and observes, and carries out grade estimation.
Among the embodiment 3, through taking long-focus, short time, high voltage carry out transillumination and detect, and the time shutter is 0.4min, and be 2.4 detection time, compares with classic method, and the time shutter shortens 9 times, shortens 60% detection time.
Explanation is at last; Above embodiment is only unrestricted in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described; Although with reference to preferred embodiment the present invention is specified, those of ordinary skill in the art should be appreciated that and can make amendment or be equal to replacement technical scheme of the present invention; And not breaking away from the aim and the scope of technical scheme of the present invention, it all should be encompassed in the middle of the claim scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. a padded aluminium and aluminium alloy pipe butt welded joint X ray detection method is characterized in that this method comprises the steps:
(1) at first chooses first section aluminum pipe to be welded or aluminium-alloy pipe; In the end to be welded of this aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, insert aluminium liner or the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel; And then the aluminum pipe that another section is to be welded or aluminium-alloy pipe be enclosed within on aluminium liner or the compound liner of aluminium-stainless steel and with the end to be welded of first section aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe and dock welding, and one section film is set in the seized district of the circumference of butt welded joint;
(2) select the transillumination mode
If during external diameter≤100 of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe millimeter, then adopt double-walled slur transillumination method; If the external diameter of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe then adopts double-walled list shadow transillumination method in the time of 100～800 millimeters; If during external diameter>=800 of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe millimeter, then adopt the method for passing through in the circumferential weld single wall, circumferential weld single wall pass through inside method or double-walled list shadow transillumination method;
(3) exposure parameter confirms
1) confirming of exposure E: E=7.5F
2/ 700
2, the unit of E: mAmin;
Wherein: focal length F=L1+ L2, L1>=15dfL2
2/3, the unit of F: mm;
Df-focal spot size, the unit of df: mm;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance, the unit of L1: mm;
The distance of L2-detected pieces surface to film, the unit of L2: mm;
2) transillumination thickness WA's confirms
2.1) pass through pass through inside the confirming of transillumination thickness WA of method of method or circumferential weld single wall in the padded circumferential weld single wall:
WA=TA1+TA2+TA3
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces, the unit of WA: mm;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, the unit of TA1: mm;
TA2-be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner, the unit of TA2: mm;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner, the unit of TA3: mm;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner, the unit of Ta: mm;
2.2) the confirming of double-walled list shadow transillumination thickness WA:
WA=2TA1+TA2+TA3
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces, the unit of WA: mm;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, the unit of TA1: mm;
TA2-be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner, the unit of TA2: mm;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner, the unit of TA3: mm;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner, the unit of Ta: mm;
2.3) the confirming of double-walled slur transillumination thickness WA:
WA=2（TA1+TA2+TA3）
Wherein: WA-be transillumination thickness, equal each layer equivalent thickness sum that ray penetrates detected pieces, the unit of WA: mm;
TA1-be the pipe thickness of aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, the unit of TA1: mm;
TA2-be the thickness of aluminium pad in the liner, the unit of TA2: mm;
TA3-be the thickness that the stainless steel liner is converted into aluminium in the liner, the unit of TA3: mm;
TA3=kTa, wherein k is relative equivalent coefficient, equals the inverse of aluminum or aluminum alloy equivalent coefficient, Ta is the thickness of stainless steel liner, the unit of Ta: mm;
3) transillumination voltage V's confirms the unit of transillumination voltage V: kV;
When transillumination thickness WA satisfies: during 2mm≤WA＜10 millimeter, lgV=0.02WA+1.83;
During 10mm≤WA＜70 millimeter, lgV=0.008WA+1.96;
4) transillumination length L
3Confirm
4.1) double-walled slur method transillumination length L
3
L
3=80%L, wherein L is the circumferential length of aluminium and aluminium-alloy pipe, the unit of L: mm; L
3Unit: mm;
4.2) the circumferential weld single wall method transillumination length L of passing through inside
3By computes:
η=cos
-1｛［1+（K
2-1）T/D
0］/K｝；
θ=sin
-1?［D
0·sinη/（D
0+2L
1）］；
α=η-θ；
N=180/α；
L
3=π·D
0/N；
Wherein: K-transillumination thickness ratio;
L1-penetrate source to detected pieces surface distance, the unit of L1: mm;
Half of the α-pairing central angle of transillumination length, the unit of α: °;
Illumination angle during θ-ray detection, the unit of θ: °;
The distortion angle that η-image is maximum, the unit of η: °;
The pipe thickness of T-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, the unit of T: mm;
D
0The external diameter of-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, D
0Unit: mm;
N-minimum exposure frequency;
4.3) interior method or the double-walled list image method transillumination length L of passing through of circumferential weld single wall
3By computes:
η=cos
-1｛［1+（K
2-1）T/D
0］/K｝；
θ=sin
-1?［D
0·sinη/│2F-D
0│］；
α=η+θ；
N=180/α；
L
3=π·D
0/N；
Wherein: K-transillumination thickness ratio;
F-focal length, the unit of F: mm;
Half of the α-pairing central angle of transillumination length, the unit of α: °;
Illumination angle during θ-ray detection, the unit of θ: °;
The distortion angle that η-image is maximum, the unit of η: °;
The pipe thickness of T-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, the unit of T: mm;
D
0The external diameter of-aluminum pipe or aluminium-alloy pipe, D
0Unit: mm;
N-minimum exposure frequency;
5) confirm the picture element index by transillumination thickness;
(4) implement transillumination: select the transillumination mode according to step (2), select exposure parameter, adopt X-ray production apparatus to carry out transillumination according to the principle of step (3);
(6) film is handled: take off film, film is developed, stops shadow, photographic fixing, washing, detergent solution rinsing and dried;
(7) film after will handling is placed under the viewbox and observes, and carries out grade estimation.
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| CN109932375B (en) * | 2019-04-23 | 2023-08-08 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | Digital imaging detection method for calibrating DR long-focal-length transillumination sensitivity of thick weld seam of tube plate |
| CN111830068A (en) * | 2020-07-16 | 2020-10-27 | 烟台通瑞检测技术服务有限公司 | Nondestructive detection method for internal defects of tubular workpiece |
| CN116275397A (en) * | 2023-05-06 | 2023-06-23 | 中国三冶集团有限公司 | Argon-free protective welding method for back of stainless steel pipeline fixed weld neck argon arc welding |
| CN116765703A (en) * | 2023-06-06 | 2023-09-19 | 浙江中天智汇安装工程有限公司 | A pipe welding process |
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| JPS54106290A (en) * | 1978-02-08 | 1979-08-21 | Tomio Senda | Method of nonndestructively detecting flaw by penetration of radiation |
| CN101118225A (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2008-02-06 | 中国航天科技集团公司长征机械厂 | The Method of Analyzing Aluminum Alloy Welding Quality by X-ray Film |
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