CN102068452B - 一种具有抗病毒作用的药物组合物 - Google Patents
一种具有抗病毒作用的药物组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102068452B CN102068452B CN2011100274830A CN201110027483A CN102068452B CN 102068452 B CN102068452 B CN 102068452B CN 2011100274830 A CN2011100274830 A CN 2011100274830A CN 201110027483 A CN201110027483 A CN 201110027483A CN 102068452 B CN102068452 B CN 102068452B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种协同抗病毒的药物组合物,该组合物含有20∶1-1∶10重量比的黄芩素和利巴韦林。该组合物不仅具有耐药性低、副作用和不良反应少等优点,而且还有抑制病毒复制的作用,其在防治流感病毒方面具有独特的优势和广阔的发展前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及协同抗病毒的药物组合物。具体来说,该药物组合物含有黄芩素和利巴韦林。
背景技术
流行性感冒病毒(Influenza virus)简称流感病毒,是流行性感冒的病原体,属正粘病毒科(Orthomyxoviridae),系单负链RNA病毒。病毒呈球形或丝状,有包膜。球状病毒颗粒直径为80~200nm,丝状长短不一,可达数微米。流感病毒的结构由内至外依次分为3个部分:核心、基质蛋白和包膜。
据核蛋白(N)与基质蛋白(M)的抗原性不同,流感病毒分为甲(A)、乙(B)、丙(C)型。甲型流感病毒根据HA和NA抗原性不同又分为若干亚型,其中HA抗原共有16个亚型(H1~H16),NA抗原共有9个亚型(N1~N9),毒株亚型按如下顺序表示:型/分离地点/编号/分离年份。
甲型流感病毒可在人、禽、猪、马等种群中传播;乙型流感病毒仅有人类中传染;丙型流感病毒在人、猪中传播。回顾流感的流行历史,造成大流行的主要是甲型流感病毒,乙型也曾有局部流行,丙型流感病毒很少流行。1957~1961年以H2N2亚型流感病毒所致流感较多,1968~1957年以H3N2亚型为主要流行株,而1977~1983年则H1N1亚型和H3N2亚型皆有流行。近来肆虐的禽流感主要是H5N1型,源起墨西哥的流感为H1N1型。
流感病毒的最大特点是抗原变异性,而这种变异性能够引起传播力的变化。其中甲型抗原变异性最强,经常发生小的变异,称为“抗原漂移”。当流感病毒发生大的变异或亚型转变时,称为“抗原转移”。大约每隔10年甲型流感病毒的HA就要发生一次变异,大约每隔30~40年甲型流感病毒的HA和NA就会同时发生大变异,而这种变异往往会带来一次流感的世界大流行。
目前,正式上市的抗流感药物大体分为两类:以20世纪60年代中期发现的金刚烷胺(amantadine)为代表的离子通道阻断剂;以达菲(oseltamivir)为代表的NA抑制剂。另外,以流感病毒复制过程的不同环节为靶点,还有一些药物正处于实验室研究或临床试验阶段。
呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)是世界上引起婴幼儿、儿童、老年人及免疫缺陷人群严重下呼吸道感染的主要病原体,同时也是诱发婴儿哮喘的危险性因素,可引起间质性肺炎及毛细支气管炎等下呼吸道疾病,病情进展快,喘憋严重,易合并心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭,甚至发生死亡等严重后果。RSV所导致的肺炎临床表现重,病死率高。尽管如此,到目前为止仍无安全、有效的疫苗批准上市。
RSV是一种有包膜的单股负链RNA病毒,属于副粘病毒科,肺炎病毒属。RSV基因组有15222个核苷酸,主要编码10个不同蛋白的基因,其中有三个跨膜蛋白(G、F和SH)、两个基质蛋白(M和M2)、三个核衣壳蛋白(N、P和L)以及两个非结构蛋白(NS1和NS2)。跨膜糖蛋白G和F是RSV的2个主要保护性抗原。根据G蛋白氨基酸序列的不同,可将RSV分为A和B两个亚型。
目前,仍缺乏对呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎的特异性治疗,主要是对症和支持治疗。主要治疗药物是利巴韦林(病毒唑),是美国FDA唯一批准用于治疗呼吸道合胞病毒高危患者的药物。但综合疗效不满意,且副作用较多,很大程度上限制了其临床应用。
腺病毒(Adenovirus)是从手术切除的扁桃体组织中分离得到的一种DNA病毒,主要在核内繁殖,经常引起人上呼吸道和眼部上皮细胞感染。腺病毒是一种普通的机会性病原体,长期存在于人群中,而且免疫功能低下的病人感染腺病毒的机率较大。在居住密集的人群中容易引起急性发热性呼吸道疾病的暴发流行。
根据宿主范围的不同,腺病毒分为哺乳动物腺病毒属(Mastadenovirus)和禽类腺病毒属(Aviadenovirus)。人腺病毒(Human adenoviruses,HAdV)属于腺病毒科(Adenoviridae),根据免疫学、生物学、生物化学特性的不同,可将其分为A~G 7个亚种,共有52个血清型,且不同的血清型有不同的器官亲和性,并引起相应的临床表现。目前没有正式的药物用于抗腺病毒感染的治疗,只有几种抗病毒药物如更昔洛韦,阿糖腺苷,病毒唑等用于一些病例和群体的研究。
黄芩素,5,6,7-3-羟基-黄酮,分子式为C15H10O5,分子量为270.24。黄芩素具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗过敏、抗氧化、抗凝血、降血压及免疫调节等多种功能。大量研究结果显示,黄芩素对人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(Adv3、Adv7)、疱疹病毒(HSV21、HSV22)、柯萨奇B族病毒(Cox B3、Cox B4、Cox B5)等多种病毒具有抑制作用。对其抗病毒药理作用及机制的研究表明,黄芩素主要通过阻止病毒穿入细胞、抑制病毒生物合成、抑制病毒释放或增强宿主抗病毒能力等多种方式抑制病毒复制。
黄芩素抗免疫缺陷病毒的活性在1989年已有报道。黄芩素体外可抑制HIV-1逆转录酶从而在细胞培养中抑制HIV-1,并诱使感染HIV的细胞发生凋亡。静滴可使AIDS病人P24抗原下降,T4淋巴细胞上升。赵晶研究证实黄芩素6位羟基为抑制HIV逆转录酶活性所必需。黄芩素HIV-RT的IC50为10.26μg/ml,黄芩苷抑制HIV-RT的IC50为65.88μg/ml,黄芩素抑制HIV-RT活性及细胞毒性均强于黄芩苷,但两种化合物治疗指数相近。
黄芩素抗人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)的主要可能是在早期阻断HCMV的感染。Evers DL等研究发现黄芩素是HCMV的有效阻滞剂(IC50=0.4~1.2mg/ml),它能够显著降低HCMV早期和晚期的蛋白质水平,并能抑制病毒DNA的合成。黄芩素在病毒浓缩物的预培养中并不能阻断HCMV的复制,这个现象提示,黄芩素的抗病毒作用不是直接灭活病毒颗粒,而是在功能上阻断表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶的活性,及HCMV的核易位。
黄芩素和利巴韦林单独使用对抗病毒的药理作用的研究报道很多,而由这两种药物组成的复方制剂未有抗病毒的药理作用见于报道,包括抗流感病毒的作用。
发明内容
本发明针对不足,提出一种抗病毒的药物组合物,能有效地预防和治疗由流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒或腺病毒等引起的呼吸道感染性疾病,如病毒性肺炎、支气管炎等引起的感冒,且经过常规加工直接或间接加入药学上可接受的辅料即可制成各种剂型。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:一种抗病毒的药物组合物,通常在重量比为20∶1-1∶10的范围内选择,优选为10∶1-1∶5,更优选为8∶1-2∶1。按比例称取上述成分,混匀即可。还可通过常规的操作手段,向药物组合物中直接或间接加入药学上可接受的辅料即可制成各种剂型,如:胶囊剂、颗粒剂、丸剂、散剂、片剂、口服液、糖浆、口崩片、含漱液、细粒剂、粉末、或者注射剂。
黄芩素
唇形科植物黄芩(Seutellaria baiealensis Geogri)是我国的传统中药,性寒、味苦,具有清热泻火、解毒、止血、安胎等功效,在临床上常用于治疗上呼吸感染、泌尿系统感染、菌痢、肝炎、高血压等疾病。黄芩的有效成份是黄酮类化合物,主要有黄芩素(Baicalein)、黄芩苷(Baicalin),此外还有汉黄芩素(Wogonin)、汉黄芩苷(Wogonoside)和黄芩新素(Neobaicalein)等。
黄芩素,5,6,7-3-羟基-黄酮,分子式为C15H10O5,分子量为270.24。具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗过敏、抗氧化、抗凝血、降血压及免疫调节等多种功能。
(1)抗病毒:大量研究结果显示,黄芩素对人类免疫缺陷病毒、人巨细胞病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒、疱疹病毒、柯萨奇B族病毒等多种病毒具有抑制作用。黄芩素主要通过阻止病毒穿入细胞、抑制病毒生物合成、抑制病毒释放或增强宿主抗病毒能力等多种方式抑制病毒复制。
(2)抗菌:黄芩素对尖孢镰刀菌和白色念珠菌具有抑制作用,最小抑制浓度(MIC)分别为0.112mg/ml和0.264mg/ml。黄芩素对酵母菌有较强的抑制作用,相同条件下,对脚癣和丝状半知菌无抑制作用;对产生腋臭和脚气的某种特定菌群,如:固着微球菌、表皮葡糖球菌、人葡糖球菌和干燥棒状杆菌有抑制作用,其抑菌效果与7位的羟基有关。
(3)抗炎:黄芩素通过抑制组胺释放、抗花生四烯酸代谢、抑制血管通透性等作用实现抗炎症反应。黄芩素对大鼠血小板花生四烯酸代谢中环氧酶与脂氧酶均有抑制作用,这就抑制了PGE2和白三烯B4/C4等炎性介质的生物合成,通过抑制有丝分裂原激活的蛋白激酶-细胞溶质的磷脂酶A2通道(MAPK-cPLA2)来减少花生四烯酸的释放。
(4)抗肿瘤:黄芩素可诱导多种癌细胞和肿瘤细胞的凋亡,其作用机制为:①作用于凋亡相关的基因和蛋白。②BAI通过线粒体途径阻断细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡:黄芩素抑制HepG2细胞生长周期的S相,使线粒体跨膜电位降低及细胞膜完整性破坏和DNA碎片的增加。③黄芩素通过抑制IκB-α的磷酸化,减少IL-6和XIAP基因表达和Caspase-9、Caspase-3的激活,对骨髓瘤细胞发挥抗增殖作用,特别是对不成熟的MPC-1-骨髓瘤细胞有抑制作用。④通过特异性抑制12-LOX发挥其抗癌、抗肿瘤活性:大量血小板型12-LOX在许多肿瘤组织,如:乳腺癌、结肠癌、肾细胞癌和前列腺癌中及多种癌细胞株中都过度表达,调节许多癌细胞的生长和存活。⑤通过抑制环氧酶-2抑制癌细胞增殖。
(5)清除自由基和抗氧化作用:黄芩素可以清除自由基,预防诸如氢过氧化酶、超氧化物阴离子等氧自由基引起的成纤维细胞损伤。可通过形成铁螯合物抑制抗坏血酸诱导的大鼠肝微粒体脂质过氧化物酶。10μmol/l黄芩素可有效抑制Fe2+-Vit C、NAPH或NADPH诱导的大鼠脑皮质线粒体脂质过氧化,使细胞免受H2O2诱导的损伤。
(6)抗凝血:黄芩素可抑制胶原诱导的血小板聚集作用,凝血酶诱导的纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白,对花生四烯酸诱导的血小板聚集也有抑制作用,并防止由内毒素诱导的弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)及大鼠血小板和纤维蛋白原的减少,能抑制凝血酶及凝血酶受体紧张肽诱导的PAI-1的生成,其机制可能是降低了Ca2+的升高。
(7)其它:黄芩素还有利胆、利尿、降血脂、治疗急性胰腺炎,抑制3T3-L1小鼠前脂肪细胞向脂肪细胞分化,以及抑制脂肪酸合成酶等作用。
利巴韦林
利巴韦林(ribavirin),化学名称为1-β-D-呋喃核糖基-1H-1,2,4-三氮唑-3-羧酰胺,别名病毒唑、三氮唑核苷、新博林颗粒、RTC、Virazole、RBV,是鸟苷次黄嘌呤核苷类似物。分子式为C8H12N4O5,相对分子量为244.21,熔点为174~176℃,为白色结晶性粉末,无臭、无味,易溶于水(大于10g/100mL,19℃),微溶于乙醇,不溶于乙醚或氯仿。
适应症:抗病毒药。用于呼吸道合胞病毒引起的病毒性肺炎与支气管炎。
附图说明
图1黄芩素和利巴韦林对甲型流感病毒A/FM/1/47(H1N1)感染MDCK细胞的细胞存活率的影响
具体实施方式
为验证本发明的可靠性,进行了三项抗病毒试验。
实施例1:黄芩素和利巴韦林对甲型流感病毒A/FM/1/47(H1N1)感染小鼠(♀)死亡保护率的影响
实验采用17~19g的ICR雌性小鼠,随机分为7组,设为正常对照组、病毒对照组、利巴韦林组50mg/kg/d和黄芩素组400mg/kg/d,样品低剂量组150mg/kg/d(黄芩素/利巴韦林=2∶1,重量比)、样品中剂量组250mg/kg/d(黄芩素/利巴韦林=4∶1,重量比)、样品高剂量组450mg/kg/d(黄芩素/利巴韦林=8∶1,重量比)。适应性培养2天后,开始实验。除正常对照组以外,其它各组小鼠用乙醚轻度麻醉,鼻腔内接种相当于8LD50的含流感病毒的鸡胚尿囊液50μl/只,各给药组于病毒感染前24h首次灌胃给药,感染当天感染1h灌胃给药,以后每日1次,1次0.2ml,共给药5天。病毒对照组及正常对照组同法给予0.2ml羧甲基纤维素钠(0.5%CMC-Na)。小鼠感染病毒后,连续14d观察生存状态,记录死亡数、死亡时间,计算死亡保护率和平均存活时间。
实验结果(表1)表明,利巴韦林50mg/kg/d对小鼠的死亡保护率达50%;黄芩素400mg/kg/d对小鼠的死亡保护率达20%;与病毒对照组相比,给予不同配比的黄芩素和利巴韦林,能有效降低流感病毒感染小鼠的死亡率,提高小鼠的死亡保护率(P<0.001),延长存活时间。在黄芩素和利巴韦林的不同配比中,其中样品高剂量组450mg/kg/d的作用效果较佳,死亡保护率达100%,优于单独使用的黄芩素组和利巴韦林组。在黄芩素和利巴韦林的不同配比中,各配比组均对小鼠的体重有一定的保护作用,小鼠体重下降减少。
表1黄芩素和利巴韦林对甲型流感病毒A/FM/1/47(H1N1)感染小鼠(♀)死亡保护率的影响
注:与病毒对照组比较,*,P<0.05,**,P<0.01,***,P<0.001。
实施例2:黄芩素和利巴韦林对甲型流感病毒A/FM/1/47(H1N1)感染小鼠(♀)肺炎保护的影响
试验动物与正常对照组、病毒对照组和样品组同上一试验。各给药组于病毒感染前24h首次灌胃给药,感染当天感染1h灌胃给药,以后每日1次,1次0.2ml,共给药5天。病毒对照组及正常对照组同法给予0.2ml羧甲基纤维素钠(0.5%CMC-Na)。小鼠感染病毒后,第5天禁食禁水8h,小鼠称重,摘除眼球放血致死,取出全肺,干净滤纸擦拭干净,称重。计算肺指数及肺指数抑制率,按表2所示评分标准对鼠肺评分。
表2肺部病变积分标准
试验结果(表3)表明,给予不同配比的黄芩素和利巴韦林均能一定程度抑制肺指数,病变状况有所减轻,肺评分减少。与利巴韦林单剂量给药组相比,给予不同配比的黄芩素和利巴韦林对肺指数抑制率明显提高,其中样品高剂量组450mg/kg/d达53.52%。正常对照组肺组织均呈正常形态。支气管腔内无渗出物,黏膜上皮无变性坏死脱落,管壁及其周围组织无炎细胞浸润;肺泡间隔未增厚,无炎细胞浸润,肺泡腔内无渗出物。而病毒对照组肺组织均呈中至重度支气管炎及间质性肺炎。表现为支气管上皮细胞变性、坏死,腔内见少量的坏死细胞及渗出物。病变支气管壁及其周围肺组织结构尚清,有淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞浸润。肺泡壁普遍增厚,其内血管扩张,并有多少不等的上述炎细胞浸润。随着给药剂量增加,病变状况有所减轻,表现为肺评分减小,各给药组具有抗病毒所致肺部感染疾病的作用。其中样品高剂量组450mg/kg/d形态与正常对照组接近,不同配比组形态好于单独用药组。
表3黄芩素和利巴韦林对甲型流感病毒A/FM/1/47(H1N1)感染小鼠(♀)肺炎保护的影响
注:与病毒对照组比较,*,P<0.05,**,P<0.01,***,P<0.001。
实施例3:根据细胞毒性实验结果,实验设正常对照组、病毒对照组、利巴韦林组25、12.5、6.25μg/ml和黄芩素组0.25、0.125μg/ml以及各联合用药组。MDCK细胞按5×104/ml浓度接种96孔培养板,每孔100μl,置37℃5%CO2培养箱中培养24h形成细胞单层后,将培养液弃去。加入100TCID50流感病毒A/FM1/1/47(H1N1)感染细胞,37℃孵育1h,待病毒吸附后,除去病毒液,向细胞中加入100μl细胞维持液稀释的各给药组,每一浓度接种3个复孔。细胞于37℃5%二氧化碳培养箱中培养2~3天,逐日观察CPE,弃上清后,加入100μl10%甲醛固定,0.1%(w/v)结晶紫染色15min,570nm测定吸光度。通过MacSynergy II软件,得到药物相互作用的情况。
试验结果表明,联合用药组体外均一定程度表现出良好的CPE抑制(表4),对受到感染的细胞提供保护,协同/拮抗容量为225.46,显示出较强的协同抗病毒活性,其中利巴韦林25μg/ml与黄芩素0.25μg/ml联合用药组作用效果较佳,协同作用最强(附图1)。
表4黄芩素和利巴韦林对甲型流感病毒A/FM/1/47(H1N1)感染MDCK细胞的细胞存活率影响(OD570)
Claims (3)
1.一种协同抗病毒的药物组合物,其活性成分由重量比为8∶1-2∶1的黄芩素和利巴韦林组成。
2.权利要求1的药物组合物在制备治疗流感病毒感染性疾病药物中的应用。
3.权利要求2的应用,其中流感病毒感染性疾病是病毒性肺炎或支气管炎。
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