CN102064555A - Chain type STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) chain unit bypass structure with mechanical switch - Google Patents
Chain type STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) chain unit bypass structure with mechanical switch Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种采用机械开关的链式STATCOM链节单元旁路结构，其特征在于，选用特殊设计的机械开关代替电力电子器件作为链节单元的旁路电路，该电路结构简单，选用元件数量少，安装操作方便，为整个链节单元提供了可靠的保护，实现了链节的冗余功能，避免链式STATCOM装置因链节故障而频繁退出；解决了大容量开关器件的选型困难以及开关器件的控制电源不容易获得等问题。
The invention provides a chain-type STATCOM chain link unit bypass structure using a mechanical switch, which is characterized in that a specially designed mechanical switch is used instead of a power electronic device as the bypass circuit of the chain link unit. Small quantity, easy installation and operation, provide reliable protection for the entire chain link unit, realize the redundancy function of the chain link, avoid frequent exit of the chain STATCOM device due to link failure; solve the difficulty in selecting large-capacity switching devices And the control power supply of the switching device is not easy to obtain and other problems.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Electrical Power System Dynamic reactive power compensation technology field, be specifically related to a kind of chain type STATCOM link units bypass structure that adopts mechanical switch.
Background technology
Transmission system STATCOM-STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator), it is a kind of novel static reacance dynamic compensating device, voltage source converter by connecting system in parallel constitutes, and the capacitive of its output or perceptual reactive current are continuous, adjustable and be independent of voltage with system's tie point.At present, the main circuit of STATCOM mainly comprises three kinds of structures, i.e. multiple inverter configuration, many level structure and chain structure.
Multiple inverter configuration is a core with the high-power voltage source converter of three-phase, direct voltage on the capacitor produces the square-wave voltage of the some degree of phase phasic difference by inversion, through the electromagnetic coupled effect of multipleization transformer, produce the three-phase staircase voltage at output, to reduce output harmonic wave.The shortcoming that exists is: the shared direct voltage of (1) three-phase supports, and can't carry out phase-splitting control; (2) adopt the turn-off device connection in series-parallel to improve voltage and capacity, produce all pressure and all flow problem; (3) multipleization transformer loss is big, floor space is big.
Many level structure is the many level structure that adopts clamping diode or clamping capacitance to constitute, and can increase capacity when reducing series connection, and optimize harmonic characterisitic.Comprise many level of diode clamp structure, many level of striding capacitance structure, basic full-bridge cascade connection multi-level structure etc.This structure also has certain shortcoming: (1) is difficult to realize the capacitance voltage Balance Control; (2) switching frequency increases, and switching loss increases, and efficient reduces; (3) need a plurality of independently DC power supply.
The main circuit of chain type STATCOM is a kind of novel topological structure, the core of its main circuit is the voltage source converter of chain type (series connection of H bridge) structure, each all is an independently chain mutually, be in series by N identical in structure elementary cell, each elementary cell is the single-phase bridge voltage source converter of exportable three level, and N elementary cell series connection can obtain the stepped voltage waveform of 2N+1 level.Along with the increase of H bridge quantity, the aberration rate of output voltage is also obviously improved; And along with the increase of H bridge quantity, the capacity of device also increases accordingly.
Chain type STATCOM device three-phase change of current chain is that the link units by a plurality of same structures is in series, in order to improve the reliability of STATCOM device, reduce the device frequent switching, according to the state net standard Q/GDW241-2008 of incorporated business regulation, chain type STATCOM should be provided with a redundant chain link at least.Be less than when equaling redundant number chain link fault, the fault chain link should be by auto by pass, and device is at the follow-up reforwarding row of fault chain link bypass; When surpassing redundant number chain link fault, device should be out of service.Therefore, each link units is all wanted simplicity of design, economy, reliable bypass circuit, for whole link units provides protection, realizes redundancy feature simultaneously.
Bypass circuit is used to realize the protection to whole chain link, and basic mode is the anti-parallel thyristor structure.When the output of device compensating reactive power, the high-frequency that produces in the link units H bridge switch process, the pulse voltage of high dv/dt very easily cause misleading of thyristor, adopt common RC to absorb circuit and also can't deal with problems.
Bypass circuit also can adopt the mode of diode rectification order thyristor bypass.Thyristor is furnished with capacitance-resistance buffering absorption circuit, prevents that excessive dv/dt and too high reverse recovery voltage are to components from being damaged.The bypass circuit DC side is connected with the isolation resistance of voltage source converter DC side by 10k Ω level, and fixed potential, inhibition office prevent the interference to thyristor when putting.Chain type STATCOM device output voltage height, electric current are big, according to the manufacture level of present thyristor, are difficult to find the thyristor module of the square encapsulation of satisfying the electric parameter requirement; If choose the thyristor module of round pie encapsulation, need the extra auxiliary equipment such as heat radiation, mounting fixing parts that increase, cause bulkyly, be not easy to install, be unfavorable for that also the densification of module designs; And thyristor is uncontrollable device, in case conducting can not be controlled its shutoff, turn-offs naturally at zero crossing, can not keep conducting state.
The bypass structure that bypass circuit can also adopt the IGBT device of two differential concatenations to form.When break down in link units inside, block the H bridge circuit, open bypass IGBT simultaneously, impulse current and voltage can appear in this process, the ability that the IGBT device withstands shocks is more weak, be easy to because of withstand shocks electric current and voltage damage, and the control power supply also is not easy to obtain.
Summary of the invention
The present invention adopts a kind of novel bypass structure-by the bypass circuit that mechanical switch constitutes, compare with other bypass structure, and this circuit has remarkable advantages: circuit structure is simple, and fitting operation is convenient, selects for use element few.A kind of chain static synchronous compensator STATCOM link units bypass structure that adopts mechanical switch that the present invention proposes, it is characterized in that, STATCOM STATCOM main circuit adopts the chain structure of H bridge cascade, and constitutes the link units bypass structure by mechanical switch, wherein
Chain type STATCOM device three-phase change of current chain is that the link units by a plurality of same structures is in series, and comprises the chain type voltage source converter, connects reactor, master controller, lightning arrester, current sensing and cooling system;
Described voltage source converter is realized commutation by turn-off device, and the DC side energy-storage travelling wave tube is for adopting the converter of capacitor;
The effect of described connection reactor is to leach the higher harmonic current that change of current chain produces, and realizes the energy exchange between chain type STATCOM and the system;
Described controller is used for controlling the operation and the operation of chain type STATCOM device;
Described lightning arrester and the use in parallel of change of current chain two ends are used to realize the overvoltage protection of change of current chain;
Described current sensing is series at change of current chain, is used for current detecting;
Described cooling system is used to realize the cooling of change of current chain;
Described mechanical switch is designed to exchange, the structure of indoor, single-phase operation, mainly comprise turnover line end (electric conductor), vacuum switch tube, insulation support, insulated tension pole, magnetic actuator and controller etc., control strategy according to device, mechanical switch is to carry out breaking-closing operating under the condition of device locking no-output electric current, therefore, mechanical switch does not need the arc extinguishing ability, vacuum switch tube can not need special arc control device, reduced the volume of mechanical switch greatly, be convenient to chain type STATCOM device and realize densification;
Wherein, described mechanical switch adopts Direct Action Type to be arranged vertically, thereby reduces the mechanical transfer link to improve the closing speed of switch, when link units breaks down, mechanical switch can quick-make, reduces device because of chain link fault blocking time, thereby reduces the influence to system;
Wherein, described mechanical switch is automatic divide-shut brake, and dispose the manual brake separating operation, adopt magnetic actuator, the electromagnetism actuating, permanent magnetism keeps, and does not have machinery and keeps and trip gear, concrete operation method is: the control power supply charges to capacitor by power module earlier, makes it store enough energy; When needs carried out the mechanical switch operation, controller sent the pulse-triggered switching device, and switching device is opened and constituted the loop, and just to the solenoid discharge of magnetic actuator, the charged rear drive vacuum tube of coil carries out branch, closing operation to capacitor;
Wherein, the link units that is made of mechanical switch mainly comprises: dc capacitor, H bridge circuit, discharge circuit and bypass circuit;
Described dc capacitor plays the voltage supporting role, and as the input power supply of getting the energy power supply;
Described H bridge circuit is the core circuit of link units, according to controller instruction output bucking voltage;
Described discharge circuit is mainly used in to dc-link capacitance provides overvoltage protection, dc capacitor discharge when promptly and normally withdrawing from; Circuit is mainly by discharge IGBT (Qd) formation of connecting with discharge resistance Rd, and after DC bus-bar voltage surpassed the threshold value of adjusting, the discharge IGBT conducting was discharged to dc-link capacitance by discharge resistance;
Described bypass circuit provides protection for whole chain link, and when link units was normally moved, the H bridge circuit was devoted oneself to work, and bypass circuit is out of service; When the inner generation of link units specific fault, signal reporting is given master controller, and master controller is given an order through judging, blocks the H bridge circuit, and the while bypass circuit is open-minded, and output current is transferred to bypass segment, realizes fault chain link exit function.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
Avoid device frequently to withdraw from;
Bypass circuit is simple in structure, and fitting operation is convenient;
Switch does not have arc-control device, and volume is little;
The switch closing speed is fast, reduces systematic influence;
Circuit element is few, is convenient to device and realizes densification.
Description of drawings
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is further specified.
Fig. 1 is chain structure STATCOM and output waveform figure.
Fig. 2 is three-phase change of current chain and single chain link schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is anti-parallel thyristor bypass circuit figure.
Fig. 4 is rectification bridge joint thyristor bypass circuit figure.
Fig. 5 is differential concatenation IGBT bypass circuit figure.
Fig. 6 is mechanical switch bypass circuit figure.
Fig. 7 is the inner main circuit diagram of link units.
Fig. 8 is the mechanical switch structure schematic diagram.
Fig. 9 is the bypass structure control flow chart.
Embodiment
The structure of chain type STATCOM and output waveform as shown in Figure 1, it is the STATCOM device of the chain structure that is composed in series by the H bridge, this device also has following characteristics except the general characteristic with many level current transformers:
(1) need not clamp diode or clamp capacitor, for the same level number, required device is minimum, is easy to encapsulation;
(2) realize very high ac output voltage easily, fundamentally saved multipleization transformer, in large-scale FACTS equipment, have application promise in clinical practice;
(3) based on the composition mode of low pressure low capacity converter cascade, technology maturation has been avoided the series connection of device, is easy to modularization, is easy to realize the densification structural design.
The output voltage of change of current chain be N H bridge output voltage and:
v
s＝v
k1+v
k2+…+v
kN
N is the quantity of the Cascade H bridge of each phase in the formula.
Chain type STATCOM is connected in the electric power system, and collection and detection by to the system voltage and the magnitude of current calculate the target compensation rate, exports idle accordingly by control change of current chain output voltage amplitude and phase angle then.
Three-phase change of current chain and single chain link schematic diagram are as shown in Figure 2, change of current chain is made up of the Cascade H bridge voltage source converter of three-phase corner connection, device is by connecting in the reactor connecting system in parallel, realizes the exchange of active power and reactive power between chain type STATCOM and the system by control device output voltage amplitude and phase angle.In order to improve the reliability of chain type STATCOM device, reduce of the influence of link units fault to system, each link units all will be provided with simple, reliable, economic bypass circuit, for whole link units provides protection.
Bypass circuit requires operation to have rapidity, and through-current capability is had relatively high expectations, and generally will select the bypass means based on power electronic device.The simplest mode is the anti-parallel thyristor structure, as shown in Figure 3, and the thyristor logical and damage of mistake easily in this structure; Also can adopt the mode of two IGBT differential concatenations, as shown in Figure 5, will select high pressure, jumbo IGBT device in this mode, cost is higher; Can also adopt through diode rectification and connect the thyristor mode, as shown in Figure 4, thyristor is furnished with capacitance-resistance buffering absorption circuit, prevents that excessive dv/dt and too high reverse recovery voltage are to components from being damaged.The bypass circuit DC side is connected with the isolation resistance of voltage source converter DC side by 10k Ω level, and fixed potential, inhibition office prevent the interference to thyristor when putting.Chain type STATCOM device output voltage height, electric current are big, according to the manufacture level of present thyristor, are difficult to find the thyristor module of the square encapsulation of satisfying the electric parameter requirement; If choose the thyristor module of round pie encapsulation, need the extra auxiliary equipment such as heat radiation, mounting fixing parts that increase, cause bulkyly, be not easy to install, be unfavorable for that also the densification of module designs; And thyristor is uncontrollable device, in case conducting can not be controlled its shutoff, turn-offs naturally at zero crossing, can not keep conducting state.
In sum, adopt the bypass circuit that is made of mechanical switch among the present invention, as shown in Figure 6, compare with above several bypass modes, this circuit structure is simple, selects for use element few, and cost is lower.At present, available mechanical switch mainly contains isolating switch, on-load switch, circuit breaker etc.Isolating switch mainly is used for insulating power supply, forms obvious cut-off point, guarantees maintenance safety, does not have special arc-control device, can only the very little electric current of break-make, and general manual operation; On-load switch is the electrical equipment of a kind of function between isolating switch and circuit breaker, has simple arc-control device, certain load current and the overload electric current of energy break-make, but volume is bigger; Circuit breaker has special arc-control device, and energy break-make load current and short circuit current have electromagnetic operating mechanism, can control divide-shut brake automatically, but operate time are longer, and volume is also bigger, is unfavorable for the densification design of link units.Therefore, need design a kind of simple in structure, easy for installation, volume is little, the mechanical switch of single-phase operation is as the bypass circuit of link units.
Mechanical switch is designed to exchange, the structure of indoor, single-phase operation, its structural representation mainly is made up of end of incoming cables (employing electric conductor) 1, leading-out terminal (employing electric conductor) 2, vacuum switch tube 3, insulation support 4, insulated tension pole 5, magnetic actuator 6 and control loop 7 etc. as shown in Figure 8.Constitute the major loop part of switches into and out of line end 1,2 and vacuum switch tube 3, magnetic actuator 6 and control loop 7 be as the control loop and the subsidiary loop of this mechanical switch, the discharging and recharging of control coil, thereby the breaking-closing operating of control mechanical switch.Control strategy according to device, mechanical switch is to carry out breaking-closing operating under the condition of device locking no-output electric current, therefore, mechanical switch does not need the arc extinguishing ability, vacuum switch tube can not need special arc control device, reduced the volume of mechanical switch greatly, be convenient to chain type STATCOM device and realize densification.
Mechanical switch adopts Direct Action Type to be arranged vertically, and can reduce the mechanical transfer link to greatest extent to improve the closing speed of switch.When link units broke down, mechanical switch can quick-make, reduced device because of chain link fault blocking time, thereby reduced the influence to system.
Mechanical switch is automatic divide-shut brake, and disposes the manual brake separating operation, adopts magnetic actuator, the electromagnetism actuating, permanent magnetism keeps, and does not have machinery and keeps and trip gear, concrete operation method is: the control power supply charges to capacitor by power module earlier, makes it store enough energy; When needs carry out the mechanical switch operation, master controller sends switching signal to the cell controller of each link units, cell controller again in this link units the control loop of bypass circuit send switching signal, the switch combined floodgate junction closure of control loop, the closing circuit conducting, just to the solenoid discharge of magnetic actuator, the charged rear drive vacuum tube of coil carries out closing operation to capacitor;
Magnetic actuator is made of permanent magnet 8, moving iron core 9 and closing coil 10, and the service position of magnetic actuator is the separating brake position during operate as normal.During combined floodgate, closing coil passes through electric current, the magnetic field that produces has increased the magnetic field intensity of following magnetic circuit, the magnetic line of force by following air gap increases, the suction that lower end moving unshakable in one's determination is produced increases, act on the vacuum switch tube contact by main shaft, pull bar, make the vacuum switch tube contact become closing position by the separating brake position.When moving arrival unshakable in one's determination final position, make closing coil no longer include electric current by control loop and pass through.Control loop adopts prior art known in those skilled in the art.
The inner main circuit of the bypass circuit chain link that is made of mechanical switch mainly comprises dc capacitor, H bridge circuit, discharge circuit, bypass circuit, getting can power supply, drive circuit and cell controller as shown in Figure 7.H bridge circuit, dc capacitor, discharge circuit and get can power supply parallel with one another, the H bridge circuit comprises two brachium pontis parallel with one another, the mid point of two brachium pontis is as the ac output end of this link units, be parallel with a bypass circuit between the ac output end, get and power supply resulting control power supply to be offered cell controller and drive circuit, cell controller is respectively to H bridge circuit, dc capacitor, discharge circuit, bypass circuit with get and can power supply control, and drive circuit drives IGBT device in the H bridge circuit and the IGBT device in the discharge circuit.Described H bridge circuit comprises two brachium pontis that are in parallel, each brachium pontis is by last, following two power electronic elements series connection constitutes, each power electronic element is flowed to by counter current by high-power IGBT device and diode and is formed in parallel, the upper end of two brachium pontis links to each other with the positive pole of dc capacitor C, two brachium pontis lower ends link to each other with the negative pole of dc capacitor C, the mid point of two brachium pontis is as the ac output end of this chain link, be connected from beginning to end with the interchange end of adjacent link unit again behind the bypass circuit in parallel between the ac output end, U is the output of a left side, adjacent link unit brachium pontis among the figure, and V is the output of the right brachium pontis in adjacent link unit; Discharge circuit comprises IGBT device Qd, discharge resistance Rd, diode and two resistance R 1 and R2, and parallel connection is carried out with two mutual resistance of connecting in IGBT device and the discharge resistance back that is in series, and diode is connected in parallel on the two ends of discharge resistance.Described cell controller adopts single-chip microcomputer.
Dc capacitor plays the voltage supporting role, and as the input power supply of getting the energy power supply.
The H bridge circuit is the core circuit of link units, according to controller instruction output bucking voltage.
Discharge circuit is mainly used in to dc-link capacitance provides overvoltage protection, dc capacitor discharge when promptly and normally withdrawing from; Circuit is mainly by discharge IGBT (Qd) formation of connecting with discharge resistance Rd, and after DC bus-bar voltage surpassed the threshold value of adjusting, the discharge IGBT conducting was discharged to dc-link capacitance by discharge resistance; Clamp resistance R 1 and R2 also are installed in this chain link, can be as the abundant discharge of auxiliary discharge resistance realization when discharge circuit is deactivated to dc capacitor.
Cell controller is responsible for accepting and carrying out the order that master controller issues, and the state of power model inside is uploaded to master controller, and power model is controlled, monitored and protects.
Drive circuit is used for drive triggering the IGBT device, and circuit is under the higher changing electric field environment, and the antijamming capability of signal is had higher requirements.Signal is connected with interface board by optical fiber, and the optical fiber connected mode can guarantee the electrical isolation between interface board and the drive circuit, can solve the interference problem in the signal conductive process.
Bypass circuit provides protection for whole chain link, and when link units was normally moved, the H bridge circuit was devoted oneself to work, and bypass circuit is out of service; When the inner generation of link units specific fault, signal reporting is given master controller, and master controller is given an order through judging, blocks the H bridge circuit, and the while bypass circuit is open-minded, and output current is transferred to bypass segment, realizes fault chain link exit function.
Link units is when operate as normal, and bypass circuit is out of service, and mechanical switch is in stand-by state; When link units is inner specific fault takes place, and can only withdraw from the fault chain link by the bypass redundant fashion, device still can just be considered bypass fault chain link under the situation of operate as normal, switches to bypass circuit.The condition of switching comprises: direct voltage is too high, direct current is under-voltage, discharge resistance is overheated, discharge IGBT is opened fault, discharge IGBT is turn-offed fault, H bridge IGBT temperature is too high, 2 road direct currents are got can power failure, discharge IGBT is opened number of times transfinites etc.Its bypass structure control flow as shown in Figure 9.
Concrete control mode is:
When 1) cell controller detects device link units inside and breaks down, block all IGBT trigger impulses of fault chain link H bridge unit, and chain link unit's fault type is reported master controller;
2) master controller receives after the fault-signal that reports, and issues control command, blocks all link units IGBT trigger impulses of three-phase;
3) master controller is judged, sees that whether each phase bypass chain number is less than redundant chain number;
4) if do not meet the demands, divide main circuit breaker, link units is discharged, and installs out of service;
5) if meet the demands, closed fault chain link mechanical switch is opened bypass circuit, reads mechanical switch position signal, and starts the record ripple;
6) after the bypass success, adjust control command, all chain link trigger impulses of release three-phase issue pwm signal again, start change of current chain, and device puts into operation again, finishes the bypass handover operation.
Because mechanical switch has permanent magnetism and keeps, in case the bypass success, though the control power supply power-fail, the situation that mechanical switch also can not occur disconnecting.
In some cases, though be the link units fault, a whole set of STATCOM device is out of service, and these faults comprise:
1) 3 road direct currents are got the whole faults of energy power supply;
2) H bridge IGBT short trouble;
3) the under-voltage fault of H bridge IGBT driving power;
4) chain link communication failure;
5) bypass failure;
6) direct voltage is on the rise under the bypass condition;
7) cell controller is restarted number of times transfinites.
Consider that mainly these several faults might cause IGBT to damage, perhaps link units has lost monitoring fully, perhaps can't enter bypass condition, thereby is necessary that the STATCOM device comes into operation again under situation about ascertaining the reason.
Claims (4)
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