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CN101907025A - 内燃机多燃料燃烧系统 - Google Patents

内燃机多燃料燃烧系统 Download PDF

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CN101907025A
CN101907025A CN2010102157907A CN201010215790A CN101907025A CN 101907025 A CN101907025 A CN 101907025A CN 2010102157907 A CN2010102157907 A CN 2010102157907A CN 201010215790 A CN201010215790 A CN 201010215790A CN 101907025 A CN101907025 A CN 101907025A
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fuel
chamber
combustion
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隆武强
冷先银
田江平
齐鲲鹏
盛凯
董全
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Dalian University of Technology
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Dalian University of Technology
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Priority to CN2010102157907A priority Critical patent/CN101907025A/zh
Publication of CN101907025A publication Critical patent/CN101907025A/zh
Priority to CN2011101650982A priority patent/CN102251897A/zh
Priority to US13/807,446 priority patent/US20130104850A1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2011/001042 priority patent/WO2012000307A1/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B19/00—Engines characterised by precombustion chambers
    • F02B19/12—Engines characterised by precombustion chambers with positive ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/17—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the intake system
    • F02M26/20—Feeding recirculated exhaust gases directly into the combustion chambers or into the intake runners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0602—Control of components of the fuel supply system
    • F02D19/0607—Control of components of the fuel supply system to adjust the fuel mass or volume flow
    • F02D19/061—Control of components of the fuel supply system to adjust the fuel mass or volume flow by controlling fuel injectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
    • F02D19/0642—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions
    • F02D19/0644—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions the gaseous fuel being hydrogen, ammonia or carbon monoxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0663—Details on the fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02D19/0686—Injectors
    • F02D19/0689—Injectors for in-cylinder direct injection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0663—Details on the fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02D19/0686—Injectors
    • F02D19/0692—Arrangement of multiple injectors per combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/08—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed simultaneously using pluralities of fuels
    • F02D19/081—Adjusting the fuel composition or mixing ratio; Transitioning from one fuel to the other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M21/00—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
    • F02M21/02—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels
    • F02M21/0203—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels characterised by the type of gaseous fuel
    • F02M21/0215—Mixtures of gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Biogas; Mine gas; Landfill gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
    • F02M25/025—Adding water
    • F02M25/03—Adding water into the cylinder or the pre-combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/08—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed simultaneously using pluralities of fuels
    • F02D19/082—Premixed fuels, i.e. emulsions or blends
    • F02D19/084—Blends of gasoline and alcohols, e.g. E85
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

一种内燃机多燃料燃烧系统，其属于内燃机燃烧领域。这种燃烧系统包括主燃烧室和点火室，配有各自的燃料喷射系统，适于压燃的柴油和汽油等燃料的混合燃料喷向主燃烧室，适于点燃的汽油或气体燃料喷向点火室。主燃烧室内喷入柴油和易蒸发燃料的混合燃料，能够更有效地降低缸内温度，让最低压缩比不必太小。采用低压缩比，使主燃烧室里形成的预混合气不能压缩自燃，然后通过火花塞点燃点火室内的混合气来引燃主燃烧室内的混合气，从而有效地控制燃烧的着火点。采用废气再循环技术控制燃烧速率，降低NOx排放，避免爆震。采用高膨胀比以保证高的热效率，从而解决内燃机对不同种燃料的适应性问题，实现压燃式内燃机预混合燃烧的着火点和燃烧速率可控的高效清洁燃烧。在一台186单缸柴油机上的试验表明，NOx排放下降90％，碳烟排放降低92％，经济性提高2.3％。

Description

内燃机多燃料燃烧系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种内燃机多燃料燃烧系统，其属于内燃机燃烧领域。
背景技术
众所周知，一方面内燃机燃料的多元化进展在加快，另一方面，为了满足日趋严格的排放法规和对经济性的要求，柴油机和汽油机的技术越来越复杂，成本不断提升，尤其是电动车和混合动力车技术的快速发展，对内燃机形成了严峻的挑战。
发明内容
为了解决内燃机对不同种燃料的适应性问题，提高内燃机的性能，并减少成本，增强内燃机的竞争力，本发明提供一种内燃机多燃料燃烧系统，这种燃烧系统应采用低压缩比和高膨胀比，对增压内燃机还要进行增压空气强化冷却，使缸内的预混合气不能压缩自燃，然后通过在点火室内点燃汽油来引燃主燃烧室内的预混合气，从而有效地控制预混合燃烧的着火点，并通过废气再循环技术把部分废气重新引入缸内，控制预混合燃烧的速率，实现着火点和燃烧速率可控的混合燃料预混合燃烧，并保持高效率。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：一种内燃机多燃料燃烧系统包括一个由主燃烧室和一个与主燃烧室相连通的点火室，在所述主燃烧室中安装一个主喷油嘴，在所述点火室中安装一个副喷油嘴和一个火花塞，主喷油嘴喷射适于压燃的两种以上燃料的混合燃料、或喷射适于压燃和适于点燃的混合燃料，副喷油嘴喷射适于点燃的燃料；所述内燃机采用低压缩比高膨胀比循环方式，足够的低压缩比使得主燃烧室的混合气不被压燃着火，而是由火花塞先点燃点火室内的混合气，再引燃主燃烧室内的混合气；进气方式采用自然吸气或增压进气，采用自然吸气时，有效压缩比小于14，膨胀比则大于14，在采用增压进气时，有效压缩比小于11，膨胀比则大于11，用中冷器把增压后的空气进行强制冷却，在进气行程或压缩行程，用主喷油嘴向主燃烧室内喷射适于压燃的混合燃料或喷射压燃燃料和点燃燃料的混合燃料与空气混合；用所述副喷油嘴向点火室内喷射适于点燃的燃料，形成可点燃的混合气，火花塞点燃点火室内的混合气，燃烧火焰从点火室高速进入主燃烧室，引燃主燃烧室内的混合气；在怠速运转时，所述主喷油嘴停止喷射，只有副喷油嘴喷射燃料燃烧运行。
所述点火室的喷口至少为一个。
所述主喷油嘴设置在进气道内。
所述主燃烧室内可以喷入柴油和生物柴油、二甲醚和汽油、乙醇等的混合燃料，也就是说，主燃烧室可以喷入至少包含一种适于压燃燃料的混合燃料；所述点火室也可以喷入甲醇、乙醇、压缩天然气、液化石油气、氢气等易于点燃的燃料。
上述技术方案的指导思想是：由于预混合压燃着火燃烧方式，很难控制着火点。采用降低压缩比和进气温度的方法，降低压缩终点的缸内温度，使缸内混合气不能依靠压缩高温而自燃，通过向点火室内喷射适量易于点燃的燃料，点燃点火室内的混合气后，高温火焰经通道喷出，引燃主燃烧室内的混合气，从而实现着火点可控的压燃燃料的混合燃料均质预混合燃烧。而采用适当高的膨胀比，有利于提高内燃机的效率，降低油耗；采用废气再循环技术引入部分废气到缸内，可控制柴油预混合燃烧的速率。
本发明的有益效果是：这种内燃机多燃料燃烧系统采用低压缩比和高膨胀比，对增压内燃机还要进行增压空气强化冷却，使缸内的预混合气不能压缩自燃，然后通过在点火室内点燃汽油来引燃主燃烧室内的预混合气，从而有效地控制了压燃燃料预混合燃烧的着火点，并通过废气再循环技术把部分废气重新引入缸内，控制预混合燃烧的速率，实现了着火点和燃烧速率可控的混合燃料预混合燃烧，并保持高效率。这种内燃机可以适应多种燃料，不需复杂的高压共轨电控供油系统，后处理系统也较为简单。向主燃烧室喷入柴油和汽油等易挥发燃料的混合燃料，可以更多地降低缸内温度，从而保证有效压缩比不必设置太低。此外，由于通过点燃点火室内混合气，引燃主燃烧室的混合气，因此可以有效解决压燃机的冷启动问题。在一台186单缸柴油机上的试验表明，NOx排放下降90％，碳烟排放降低92％，热效率提高2.3％。特别是，这种点燃式内燃机能适合多种不同特性的燃料。
附图说明
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
图1是一种内燃机双燃料燃烧系统示意图。
图中：1、主燃烧室，2、主喷油嘴，3、点火室，4、副喷油嘴，5、火花塞。
具体实施方式
在图1所示的内燃机多燃料燃烧系统实施例中：设计燃烧室容积使内燃机的几何压缩比为13，设计进气门关闭时刻使内燃机的有效压缩比为10，进气充量为涡轮增压后经过强制冷却的空气，主喷油嘴2采用雾化好，贯穿距短的伞喷油嘴，在进气过程中向主燃烧室1喷射柴油、汽油和乙醇的混合物，在缸内形成均质的混合气；由于缸内压缩初始温度低，有效压缩比低，均质混合气不能依靠压缩高温自燃着火。在压缩上止点前70°曲轴转角，副喷油嘴4向点火室3内喷射适量汽油，由于压缩上止点前主燃烧室1内的气体向点火室3流动，背压高，所喷汽油被封在点火室3内，使点火室3内形成适宜点燃的汽油混合气；并在压缩上止点附近驱动火花塞5点燃点火室3内的混合气，点火室3内的工质着火燃烧后压力升高，火焰喷入主燃烧室1，引燃主燃烧室1内的混合气，从而控制主燃烧室1内的三种燃料预混合气的燃烧始点在上止点之后，实现着火点可控的柴油、汽油和乙醇的预混合燃烧，其燃烧速率可以通过在进气充量中引入部分冷却过的废气来进行控制，从而实现柴油汽油乙醇均质混合气在较低的温度下快速平稳地燃烧。试验结果表明，NOx排放降低90％，碳烟排放降低92％；由于膨胀比高于压缩比，内燃机的热效率提高2.3％。
从实施例可见，内燃机工作时，以低压缩比高膨胀比的循环方式工作。内燃机的有效压缩比不大于可以使混合燃料的混合气自燃着火的最小压缩比，以确保缸内的混合气不能自燃着火；对于增压内燃机，采用增压空气冷却系统将增压后的空气进行强制冷却，降低进气道内气体的温度。在进气行程或压缩行程向主燃烧室内喷射混合燃料；而副喷油嘴向点火室内喷射少量易点燃的燃料，使火花塞附近混合气的当量比为1左右，并利用火花塞点燃点火室内的混合气；点火室内的混合气着火燃烧后，点火室内气体压力急剧增加，燃烧火焰将从点火室高速冲入主燃室，引燃主燃室内的混合气，从而控制主燃烧室混合气的着火点。为了保证燃料不会喷出点火室外，油束不对准点火室出口。通过EGR阀门、EGR冷却器及相关管路，可以将部分内燃机尾气重新引入气缸内，以控制主燃烧室混合气的燃烧速率。在怠速运转时，主喷油嘴可以停止喷射，只有副喷油嘴喷射燃料燃烧运行。因为燃烧速率快，内燃机具有较高的热效率。

Claims (3)

1.一种内燃机多燃料燃烧系统，它包括一个由主燃烧室(1)和一个与主燃烧室(1)相连通的点火室(3)，其特征是：在所述主燃烧室(1)中安装一个主喷油嘴(2)，在所述点火室(3)中安装一个副喷油嘴(4)和一个火花塞(5)，主喷油嘴(2)喷射适于压燃的两种以上燃料的混合燃料、或喷射适于压燃和适于点燃燃料的混合燃料，副喷油嘴(4)喷射适于点燃的燃料；所述内燃机采用低压缩比高膨胀比循环方式，足够的低压缩比使得主燃烧室(1)的混合气不被压燃着火，而是由火花塞(5)先点燃点火室(3)内的混合气，再引燃主燃烧室(1)内的混合气；进气方式采用自然吸气或增压进气，采用自然吸气时，有效压缩比小于14，膨胀比则大于14，在采用增压进气时，有效压缩比小于11，膨胀比则大于11，用中冷器把增压后的空气进行强制冷却，在进气行程或压缩行程，用主喷油嘴(2)向主燃烧室(1)内喷射适于压燃的混合燃料或喷射压燃燃料和点燃燃料的混合燃料与空气混合；用所述副喷油嘴(4)向点火室(3)内喷射适于点燃的燃料，形成可点燃的混合气，火花塞(5)点燃点火室(3)内的混合气，燃烧火焰从点火室(3)高速进入主燃烧室(1)，引燃主燃烧室(1)内的混合气。
2.据权利要求1所述的内燃机多燃料燃烧系统，其特征是：所述点火室(3)的喷口至少为一个。
3.据权利要求1所述的内燃机多燃料燃烧系统，其特征是：所述主喷油嘴(2)设置在进气道内。
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