CN101865111A

CN101865111A - A resonant compressor

Info

Publication number: CN101865111A
Application number: CN 201010164588
Authority: CN
Inventors: 孙天夫; 林皋; 李建波; 胡志强; 钟红
Original assignee: Dalian University of Technology
Current assignee: Dalian University of Technology
Priority date: 2010-05-06
Filing date: 2010-05-06
Publication date: 2010-10-20
Anticipated expiration: 2030-05-06
Also published as: CN101865111B

Abstract

The invention relates to a piston compressor that works on the principle of resonance without relying on prime movers such as motors or internal combustion engines. It provides a resonant compressor that directly absorbs mechanical quantities from the vibration of the working environment by relying on the principle of resonance to drive the compressor to work. , is a surplus energy utilization device. The characteristic is that when the natural frequency of the mechanism is close to the vibration frequency of the environment through feedback adjustment, the mechanism will resonate, thereby generating a relatively large amplitude to drive the piston to reciprocate and compress the refrigerant. The present invention can be applied in many vibrating places such as automobiles, ships, and trains. By absorbing the energy of harmful vibrations in the environment, it can eliminate harmful vibrations without consuming other energy, which is energy-saving and environmentally friendly; the mechanism is compact and the work is reliable; Moving parts, good explosion-proof performance, low processing cost, simple structure, small size and light weight.

Description

A resonant compressor

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及一种依靠共振原理工作的活塞式压缩机。The invention relates to a piston compressor working on the principle of resonance.

背景技术Background technique

目前，公知的空调制冷用活塞压缩机多为依靠专门的电机或内燃机驱动活塞压缩制冷剂用于制冷。活塞式压缩机具有压缩效率高，结构紧凑等优点。但驱动这种压缩机的电机或内燃机运行时却要耗费优质能源，且具有生产成本和维护成本高、可靠性差、易损坏等缺点。另外，一些空调压缩机如船用空调压缩机、车用空调压缩机一般都工作在震动较大的环境中，而震动的来源为频率较为固定的汽车发动机或船用发动机，这些震动往往是有害的。如果能吸收这些有害的震动的机械能，并使之转化为驱动制冷压缩机工作的动力，既减少了车、船的震动，又为压缩机提供了动力，而且还具有良好的防爆性，那将是一举两得。At present, most of the known piston compressors for air-conditioning and refrigeration rely on a special motor or internal combustion engine to drive the piston to compress the refrigerant for refrigeration. The piston compressor has the advantages of high compression efficiency and compact structure. However, the motor or internal combustion engine that drives this compressor consumes high-quality energy, and has the disadvantages of high production and maintenance costs, poor reliability, and easy damage. In addition, some air-conditioning compressors, such as marine air-conditioning compressors and vehicle air-conditioning compressors, generally work in an environment with large vibrations, and the source of the vibrations is an automobile engine or marine engine with a relatively fixed frequency, and these vibrations are often harmful. If it can absorb the mechanical energy of these harmful vibrations and convert it into the power to drive the refrigeration compressor, it will not only reduce the vibration of the car and ship, but also provide power for the compressor, and it also has good explosion-proof performance. It kills two birds with one stone.

压缩机简化模型原理的公式推导如下，模型简化图如附图7所示。The formula of the principle of the simplified model of the compressor is derived as follows, and the simplified diagram of the model is shown in Figure 7.

因为

其中T为工作周期，W为压缩机功率，F为活塞压缩空气时所受的平均反作用：F＝πr²p，r为缸径，p为平均输气压力；because

Among them, T is the working cycle, W is the power of the compressor, F is the average reaction suffered by the piston when compressing the air: F=πr ² p, r is the cylinder diameter, and p is the average air delivery pressure;

又： $\frac{1}{T} {&Integral;}_{0}^{T} c {[\overset{\cdot}{v} (t)]}^{2} dt = W$ again: $\frac{1}{T} {&Integral;}_{0}^{T} c {[\overset{&Center Dot;}{v} (t)]}^{2} dt = W$

故： ${&Integral;}_{0}^{T} {c [\overset{\cdot}{v} (t)]}^{2} dt = {&Integral;}_{0}^{\frac{T}{2}} F \overset{\cdot}{v} (t) dt$ Therefore: ${&Integral;}_{0}^{T} {c [\overset{\cdot}{v} (t)]}^{2} dt = {&Integral;}_{0}^{\frac{T}{2}} f \overset{&Center Dot;}{v} (t) dt$

所以可求出： $C = \frac{{&Integral;}_{0}^{\frac{T}{2}} F \overset{\cdot}{v} (t) dt}{{&Integral;}_{0}^{T} {[\overset{\cdot}{v} (t)]}^{2} dt}$ So it can be obtained: $C = \frac{{&Integral;}_{0}^{\frac{T}{2}} f \overset{&Center Dot;}{v} (t) dt}{{&Integral;}_{0}^{T} {[\overset{&Center Dot;}{v} (t)]}^{2} dt}$

又根据结构动力学，有滑块运动方程：

According to structural dynamics, there is a slider motion equation:

其中m为滑块质量，k为弹性元件刚度Where m is the mass of the slider, k is the stiffness of the elastic element

起对应的齐次方程为：

The corresponding homogeneous equation is:

通解为：v(t)＝Gexp(st)代入(2)The general solution is: v(t)=Gexp(st) is substituted into (2)

得：(ms²+cs+k)Gexp(st)＝0Get: (ms ² +cs+k)Gexp(st)＝0

上式除以mGexp(st)并引入如下记号： The above formula is divided by mGexp(st) and the following notation is introduced:

则有：Then there are:

${s the s}^{22} + + \frac{c c}{m m} s the s + + {ω ω}^{22} = = 00 - - - - - - ((33))$

解之得：The solution is:

${s the s}_{1,2 1,2} = = - - \frac{c c}{22 m m} &PlusMinus; &PlusMinus; \sqrt{{((\frac{c c}{22 m m}))}^{22} - - {ω ω}^{22}} - - - - - - ((44))$

令

带入(4)得：s_1，2＝-ξω±iω_D make

Put into (4) to get: s _{1, 2} = -ξω±iω _D

其中：

为阻尼体系的自震频率in:

is the natural vibration frequency of the damped system

得方程

的解为：get the equation

The solution is:

v(t)＝[G₁exp(iω_Dt)+G₂exp(-iω_Dt)]exp(-ξt) (5)v(t)＝[G ₁ exp(iω _D t)+G ₂ exp(-iω _D t)]exp(-ξt) (5)

G₁、G₂为共轭常数。G₁＝G_R+iG_I、G₂＝G_R-iG_I G ₁ and G ₂ are conjugate constants. G ₁ =G _R +iG _I , G ₂ =G _R -iG _I

将欧拉变换：Transform Euler:

exp(iθ)＝cosθ+i sinθ exp(-iθ)＝cosθ-isinθ代入(5)式有：exp(iθ)=cosθ+i sinθ exp(-iθ)=cosθ-isinθ is substituted into formula (5):

$v v ((t t)) = = [[v v ((00)) cos cos {ω ω}_{D D.} t t + + ((\frac{\overset{\cdot &Center Dot;}{v v} ((00)) + + v v ((00)) ξω ξω}{{ω ω}_{D D.}})) {sin sin ω ω}_{D D.} t t]] exp exp ((- - ξt ξt))$

所以对于简谐激励的情况，有运动方程：So for the case of simple harmonic excitation, there are equations of motion:

$m m \overset{\cdot \cdot \cdot \cdot}{v v} ((t t)) + + c c \overset{\cdot &Center Dot;}{v v} ((t t)) + + kv kv ((t t)) = = \frac{{p p}_{00}}{m m} sin sin \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω} t t - - - - - - ((66))$

此方程的补解为(5)式：v_c(t)＝[G₁exp(iω_Dt)+G₂exp(-iω_Dt)]exp(-ξt)The supplementary solution of this equation is formula (5): v _c (t)=[G ₁ exp(iω _D t)+G ₂ exp(-iω _D t)]exp(-ξt)

特解为： $v_{p} (t) = G_{1} \cos \overset{&OverBar;}{ω} t + G_{2} \sin \overset{&OverBar;}{ω} t - - - (7)$ The special solution is: $v_{p} (t) = G_{1} \cos \overset{&OverBar;}{ω} t + G_{2} \sin \overset{&OverBar;}{ω} t - - - (7)$

将式(7)代入式(6)得：Substitute formula (7) into formula (6):

$[[- - {G G}_{11} {\overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω}}^{22} + + {G G}_{22} \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω} ((22 ξω ξω)) + + {G G}_{11} {ω ω}^{22}]] cos cos \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω} t t$

$+ + [[{- - G G}_{22} {\overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω}}^{22} - - {G G}_{11} \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω} ((22 ξω ξω)) + + {G G}_{22} {ω ω}^{22} - - \frac{{p p}_{00}}{m m}]] sin sin \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ωt ωt}$

为使上式在t取任何值时都成立，需要两个方括号内的量都为零，由此得：In order to make the above formula valid when t takes any value, the quantities in the two square brackets need to be zero, thus:

-G₁(1-β²)+G₂(2ξβ)＝0-G ₁ (1-β ² )+G ₂ (2ξβ)=0

${G G}_{22} ((11 - - {β β}^{22})) - - {G G}_{11} ((22 ξβ ξβ)) = = \frac{{p p}_{00}}{k k}$

其中 $β = \frac{\overset{&OverBar;}{ω}}{ω}$ in $β = \frac{\overset{&OverBar;}{ω}}{ω}$

解之得G₁、G₂，并代入(6)，再代入(5)，可得总反应为：Solve to get G ₁ and G ₂ , and substitute into (6), and then into (5), the total reaction can be obtained as:

$v v ((t t)) = = (({A A cos cos ω ω}_{D D.} t t + + {B B sin sin ω ω}_{D D.} t t)) exp exp ((- - ξωt ξωt))$

$+ + \frac{{p p}_{00}}{k k} [[\frac{11}{{((11 - - {β β}^{22}))}^{22} + + {((22 ξβ ξβ))}^{22}}]] [[((11 - - {β β}^{22})) sin sin \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω} t t - - 22 ξβ ξβ cos cos \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω} t t]]$

振幅：amplitude:

$ρ ρ = = \frac{{p p}_{00}}{k k} {[[{((11 - - {β β}^{22}))}^{22} + + {((22 ξβ ξβ))}^{22}]]}^{- - \frac{11}{22}} = = \frac{{p p}_{00}}{k k} {[[{((11 - - {β β}^{22}))}^{22} + + {((\frac{c c}{mω mω} β β))}^{22}]]}^{- - \frac{11}{22}}$

代入 $ω = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}},$ $β = \frac{\overset{&OverBar;}{ω}}{ω}$ 得：substitute $ω = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}},$ $β = \frac{\overset{&OverBar;}{ω}}{ω}$ have to:

$ρ ρ = = \frac{{p p}_{00}}{k k} {[[{((11 - - {β β}^{22}))}^{22} + + {((22 ξβ ξβ))}^{22}]]}^{- - \frac{11}{22}} = = \frac{{p p}_{00}}{k k} {[[{((11 - - \frac{m m \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω}}{k k}))}^{22} + + {((\frac{c c \overset{&OverBar; &OverBar;}{ω ω}}{k k}))}^{22}]]}^{- - \frac{11}{22}}$

由以上可见，振幅(即活塞行程)只与质量刚度比和阻尼刚度比有关，又阻尼c已知。故适当调节配重质量和弹性元件刚度即可获得需要的输气量。在弹簧刚度k确定后，只需适当调节m即可。It can be seen from the above that the amplitude (that is, the piston stroke) is only related to the mass stiffness ratio and the damping stiffness ratio, and the damping c is known. Therefore, the required air delivery volume can be obtained by properly adjusting the mass of the counterweight and the stiffness of the elastic element. After the spring stiffness k is determined, it is only necessary to adjust m appropriately.

发明内容Contents of the invention

本发明要解决的技术问题是在保留活塞式压缩机压缩效率高，结构紧凑等优点的前提下，无须依靠电机或内燃机等原动机，提供了一种共振压缩机，依靠共振原理从工作环境的震动中直接吸取机械量，驱动压缩机工作，是一种余能利用装置。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a resonant compressor without relying on prime movers such as motors or internal combustion engines on the premise of retaining the advantages of high compression efficiency and compact structure of the piston compressor. It directly absorbs mechanical energy during vibration and drives the compressor to work. It is a device for utilizing residual energy.

本发明提供了一种共振弹簧阻尼机构。当通过反馈调节使机构的固有频率与环境震动频率相近时，机构会发生共振，从而产生较大振幅驱动活塞往复式运动压缩制冷剂。The invention provides a resonance spring damping mechanism. When the natural frequency of the mechanism is close to the vibration frequency of the environment through feedback adjustment, the mechanism will resonate, thereby generating a large amplitude to drive the piston to reciprocate and compress the refrigerant.

本发明采用的技术方案如下：The technical scheme that the present invention adopts is as follows:

滑块12、配重器13及活塞11连接构成压缩机的运动部分，运动部分穿过导轨3，通过上弹性元件2和下弹性元件4装配于压缩机顶板1和底座9之间，共同构成压缩机的能量转换机构。在能量转换机构的作用下活塞11在汽缸10内做往复运动压缩制冷剂。装配于配重器13内部的调节器14可以提供配重液供给量沿导管15滑动，起到稳定配重液，防止配重液由于配重的运动而分布不均。配重液由供液调节系统的输液软管穿过导管15及调节器14注入调节器14与配重器13组成的空腔中，导管15可以在顶板1的孔洞中自由滑动。The slider 12, the counterweight 13 and the piston 11 are connected to form the moving part of the compressor. The moving part passes through the guide rail 3 and is assembled between the top plate 1 and the base 9 of the compressor through the upper elastic element 2 and the lower elastic element 4 to form a joint. The energy conversion mechanism of the compressor. Under the action of the energy conversion mechanism, the piston 11 reciprocates in the cylinder 10 to compress the refrigerant. The regulator 14 assembled inside the counterweight 13 can provide the supply of counterweight fluid to slide along the conduit 15 to stabilize the counterweight fluid and prevent the counterweight fluid from being unevenly distributed due to the movement of the counterweight. The counterweight liquid is injected into the cavity formed by the regulator 14 and the counterweight 13 through the conduit 15 and the regulator 14 through the infusion hose of the liquid supply regulation system, and the conduit 15 can slide freely in the hole of the top plate 1 .

衬套B固定在滑块12上，固定有活塞11的滑块12通过衬套B在导轨3上自由滑动。上弹性元件2装配在滑块12与顶板1之间。下弹性元件4装配在滑块12与底座9之间。导轨3的一端由螺钉A固定在顶板1上，另一端通过螺纹连接固定在底座9上。配重器13通过螺栓J固定在滑块12上，密封垫H布置在配重器13和滑块12之间起密封作用。下柔性环片阀片6及上柔性环片阀片8由螺钉G固定在阀板7两侧，分别组成出气阀和进气阀。阀板7由开有出气孔E的端盖5固定在底座9上。端盖5由螺钉F固定在底座9上。底座9一侧开有进气口D。气缸10通过螺钉C固定在底座9上。导管15可以在顶板1的孔洞中自由滑动，配重器13的调节器14可以在导管15内自由滑动，密封塞I固定在调节器14底端，起密封作用。本压缩机也可通过设置外壳制成全封闭或半封闭式压缩机。The bushing B is fixed on the slide block 12, and the slide block 12 with the piston 11 fixed thereon slides freely on the guide rail 3 through the bushing B. The upper elastic element 2 is assembled between the slider 12 and the top plate 1 . The lower elastic element 4 is assembled between the slider 12 and the base 9 . One end of the guide rail 3 is fixed on the top plate 1 by a screw A, and the other end is fixed on the base 9 through a screw connection. The counterweight 13 is fixed on the slider 12 by bolts J, and the gasket H is arranged between the counterweight 13 and the slider 12 to play a sealing role. The lower flexible ring valve plate 6 and the upper flexible ring valve plate 8 are fixed on both sides of the valve plate 7 by screws G, forming an outlet valve and an inlet valve respectively. The valve plate 7 is fixed on the base 9 by the end cover 5 having the air outlet E. The end cover 5 is fixed on the base 9 by screws F. There is an air inlet D on one side of the base 9 . Cylinder 10 is fixed on the base 9 by screw C. Conduit 15 can slide freely in the hole of top plate 1, and the adjuster 14 of counterweight 13 can slide freely in conduit 15, and sealing plug 1 is fixed on adjuster 14 bottom, plays sealing effect. The compressor can also be made into a fully-hermetic or semi-hermetic compressor by setting a casing.

对于大型船舶，发动机转速变化不大的时，及环境震动频率变化不大时，调节器14及导管15可以省去不装。For large ships, when the engine speed changes little, and when the environmental vibration frequency changes little, the regulator 14 and the conduit 15 can be omitted.

本发明具有以下突出效果：在很多有震动的场所如汽车、轮船、火车上可以应用，本发明：通过吸收环境的有害震动的能量运行，既消除有害震动又不耗费其他能量，节能环保；机构紧凑，工作可靠；无需原动件，防爆性好，加工成本低，结构简单，体积小，重量轻。The present invention has the following outstanding effects: it can be applied in many places with vibrations, such as automobiles, ships, and trains. The present invention operates by absorbing the energy of harmful vibrations in the environment, eliminating harmful vibrations without consuming other energy, energy saving and environmental protection; mechanism Compact and reliable; no moving parts, good explosion-proof performance, low processing cost, simple structure, small size and light weight.

附图说明Description of drawings

图1是压缩机整体装配半剖图。Figure 1 is a half-sectional view of the overall assembly of the compressor.

图2是压缩机整体装配侧视图。Figure 2 is a side view of the overall assembly of the compressor.

图3是压缩机整体装配俯视图。Figure 3 is a top view of the overall assembly of the compressor.

图4是不用经常调节配重时压缩机整体装配半剖图。Fig. 4 is a half-sectional view of the overall assembly of the compressor when the counterweight is not frequently adjusted.

图5是不用经常调节配重时压缩机整体装配侧视图。Fig. 5 is a side view of the overall assembly of the compressor when the counterweight is not frequently adjusted.

图6是不用经常调节配重时压缩机整体装配俯视图。Fig. 6 is a top view of the overall assembly of the compressor when the counterweight is not frequently adjusted.

图7是压缩机模型简化图。Figure 7 is a simplified diagram of the compressor model.

图中：1顶板；2上弹性元件；3导轨；4下弹性元件；5端盖；6下柔性环片阀片；7阀板；8上柔性环片阀片；9底座；10气缸；11活塞；12滑块；13配重器；14调节器；15导管；A螺钉；B衬套；C螺钉；D进气口；E出气口；F螺钉；G螺钉；H密封垫；I密封塞；J螺钉。In the figure: 1 top plate; 2 upper elastic element; 3 guide rail; 4 lower elastic element; 5 end cover; 6 lower flexible ring valve piece; 7 valve plate; 8 upper flexible ring valve piece; 9 base; 10 cylinder; 11 Piston; 12 Slider; 13 Counterweight; 14 Regulator; 15 Conduit; A Screw; B Bushing; C Screw; D Air Inlet; E Air Outlet; F Screw; G Screw; H Seal; I Seal Plug ; J screw.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

结合附图和技术方案详细说明本发明的具体实施：衬套B由减磨材料构成，其作用为便于保证加工精度及减少滑块12与导轨3的摩擦。上弹性元件2及下弹性元件4可由弹簧、弹簧钢片等元件组成。密封垫H，密封塞I由橡胶材料组成，起密封作用，The specific implementation of the present invention will be described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and technical solutions: the bushing B is made of anti-friction material, and its function is to facilitate the processing accuracy and reduce the friction between the slider 12 and the guide rail 3 . The upper elastic element 2 and the lower elastic element 4 can be composed of springs, spring steel sheets and the like. Gasket H and sealing plug I are made of rubber material, which play a sealing role.

压缩机安装前，先将外部供液调节系统的输液软管穿过导管15和调节器14。外部供液系统可以根据压缩机运行时外部环境的主要震动频率通过输液软管向调节器14与配重器13组成的空腔中注入配重液起到调节配重器13质量的目的。配重液为粘性和密度均较大的液体组成，如硅油等。Before the compressor is installed, first pass the infusion hose of the external liquid supply regulation system through the conduit 15 and the regulator 14 . The external liquid supply system can inject the counterweight liquid into the cavity formed by the regulator 14 and the counterweight 13 through the infusion hose to adjust the quality of the counterweight 13 according to the main vibration frequency of the external environment when the compressor is running. The counterweight fluid is composed of a liquid with high viscosity and density, such as silicone oil.

然后将压缩机底座9固定在有震动的平台上，或为压缩机设置外壳制成全封闭或半封闭式压缩机之后固定在有震动的平台上。之后连接好出气口E和进气口D即可。Then the compressor base 9 is fixed on a vibrating platform, or is fixed on a vibrating platform after the compressor is provided with a shell to make a fully enclosed or semi-hermetic compressor. Then connect the air outlet E and the air inlet D.

本发明适于安装在有机械震动的环境中，如汽车、轮船、火车上等。压缩机工作时，由于压缩机固有原频率与环境震动主要频率相近，会使压缩机发生共振，从而使滑块12沿导轨3相对底座9产生幅度较大的往复式运动，驱动活塞11在气缸10内压缩制冷剂做功，并通过下柔性环片阀片6及上柔性环片阀片8组成的排气阀和吸气阀排除和吸进制冷剂，从而起到压缩制冷剂的目的。The invention is suitable for being installed in environments with mechanical vibrations, such as automobiles, ships, trains and the like. When the compressor is working, since the natural frequency of the compressor is similar to the main frequency of the environmental vibration, the compressor will resonate, so that the slider 12 will generate a relatively large reciprocating motion along the guide rail 3 relative to the base 9, and the driving piston 11 will move in the cylinder. 10 compresses the refrigerant to do work, and discharges and sucks the refrigerant through the exhaust valve and suction valve composed of the lower flexible ring valve plate 6 and the upper flexible ring valve plate 8, thereby achieving the purpose of compressing the refrigerant.

Claims

1. A resonant compressor, characterized in that: the slider (12), the counterweight (13) and the piston (11) are connected to form the moving part of the compressor, the moving part passes through the guide rail (3), and passes through the upper elastic element (2) and the lower elastic element (4) are assembled between the top plate (1) and the base (9) of the compressor, and jointly constitute the energy conversion mechanism of the compressor; under the action of the energy conversion mechanism, the piston (11) moves in the cylinder (10 ) to perform reciprocating motion to compress the refrigerant; the regulator (14) assembled inside the counterweight (13) provides the supply of counterweight fluid to slide along the conduit (15); the counterweight fluid is passed through the infusion hose of the liquid supply adjustment system The conduit (15) and the regulator (14) are injected into the cavity formed by the regulator (14) and the counterweight (13), and the conduit (15) slides freely in the hole of the top plate (1).

The bushing (B) is fixed on the slide block (12), and the slide block (12) with the piston (11) fixed slides freely on the guide rail (3) through the bushing (B); the upper elastic element (2) is assembled on the slide between the block (12) and the top plate (1); the lower elastic element (4) is assembled between the slider (12) and the base (9); one end of the guide rail (3) is fixed on the top plate (1) by a screw (A) The other end is fixed on the base (9) through threaded connection; the counterweight (13) is fixed on the slider (12) through bolts (J), and the gasket (H) is arranged between the counterweight (13) and the slider between the blocks (12); the lower flexible ring valve plate (6) and the upper flexible ring valve plate (8) are fixed on both sides of the valve plate (7) by screws (G), forming an air outlet valve and an air inlet valve respectively; The valve plate (7) is fixed on the base (9) by the end cover (5) with the air outlet (E); the end cover (5) is fixed on the base (9) by the screw (F); the base (9) There is an air inlet (D) on the side; the cylinder (10) is fixed on the base (9) by screws (C); the conduit (15) slides freely in the hole of the top plate (1), and the adjustment of the counterweight (13) The device (14) slides freely in the conduit (15), and the sealing plug (1) is fixed at the bottom end of the regulator (14).

2. A resonant compressor according to claim 1, further characterized in that the compressor is made into a fully-hermetic or semi-hermetic compressor by setting a shell.

3. A resonant compressor according to claim 1, further characterized in that: no regulator (14) and conduit (15) are used.