CN101855237A - 肽配体定向药物递送 - Google Patents
肽配体定向药物递送 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101855237A CN101855237A CN200880114789A CN200880114789A CN101855237A CN 101855237 A CN101855237 A CN 101855237A CN 200880114789 A CN200880114789 A CN 200880114789A CN 200880114789 A CN200880114789 A CN 200880114789A CN 101855237 A CN101855237 A CN 101855237A
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Abstract
本发明基于其3D晶体结构,本发明提供了用于结合EGFR表面口袋的新型肽配体(Leu-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Thr)。当与脂质体表面PEG部分的远端接合时,肽定向脂质体被EGFR高表达的癌细胞(H1299和SPCA1)特异性且有效地结合和摄取。向细胞靶向递送脂质体抗癌药物阿霉素可以在体外获得更好的疗效。在体内,通过尾静脉注射靶向脂质体,使用活体动物荧光显像系统研究其在异种移植肿瘤组织中的分布和蓄积的时间过程。看到LARLLT靶向脂质体在肿瘤位点逐步富集,并且优选在注射后保持80小时以上。
Description
发明背景
在癌症的治疗中,广泛使用了化学疗法,但药物对正常组织的毒性导致的严重副作用经常削弱其疗效。为了改善化疗剂的治疗指数,许多研究已经将重点放在向肿瘤组织特异性递送药物,而避免向正常组织递送药物的策略上。
已经开发并且已经在患者中使用了几种基于脂质体的抗癌药物制剂,与非脂质体制剂相比,它们具有更好的疗效和更小的副作用。Doxil(也被称为Caelyx)是最成功的产品之一(1),其包含涂覆PEG的脂质体(隐形脂质体),具有延长的血清半衰期和通过渗漏脉管系统(leakyvasculatures)逐步外渗并在肿瘤中蓄积的能力。除了这样的被动靶向机制外,还提出了主动靶向策略,其中使用抗体或靶向配体对脂质体定向,以进一步促进载药脂质体与肿瘤之间的相互作用。已经对抗体靶向免疫脂质体进行了深入研究,并且在动物和临床研究中都表现出潜力(2-6)。同时,为了治疗癌症,还检验了以小分子配体(7,8)和肽(9,10)构建主动靶向脂质体。
与计算机模拟(in silico)或体外(in vitro)结合研究相比,用于结合的体内(in vivo)环境复杂得多,其中有许多解剖学上的屏障以及来自如网状内皮系统(RES)的天然清除机制和其他非特异性相互作用的干扰。已经利用免疫脂质体和小分子靶向脂质体确定了许多变量(variables)(33,34)。已经确定了几种影响各种主动靶向脂质体的药物代谢动力学特性和外渗行为的因素(33,34)。对表面结合的配体的免疫清除是主要关注点(35,36)。发现包含IgG的免疫脂质体与Fc受体相互作用并被迅速清除(37,38,39)。甚至小分子配体叶酸的结合都会导致体内脂质体的RES清除增强(8)。此外,还发现表面配体密度(40)和PEG接头的长度(8,9)都很重要。
表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在很多种人类癌症中过表达,包括但不限于肺癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌和卵巢癌。还发现其与各种晚期疾病和不良预后的特征有关(11)。已有报道称各种EGFR靶向载体和接合物能够提高细胞毒性药物、毒素或放射性核素向癌细胞的递送,并抑制动物模型中肿瘤的生长(12-16)。Mamot及其同事开发出一种EGFR特异性免疫脂质体,一系列研究表明其在体内和体外都有较好的递送特性和抗肿瘤效果(17-19)。
已经有几种药物被成功地开发成EGFR靶向,包括酪氨酸激酶抑制剂特罗凯()和易瑞沙(),以及其封闭抗体爱必妥()。除了设计定向于EGFR的药物外,其他策略是开发能够将现有治疗剂定向至EGFR的系统。许多研究已经开发出利用其天然配体-表皮生长因子(EGF),来靶向递送细胞毒性药物、毒素、脂质体,以及其它药物/基因递送系统和放射性核素系统(12-15)。但是EGF对癌症细胞的内源性促增殖效应一直是关注点。提出了两种其它策略。一种是使用抗体或抗体片段来定向结合到EGFR(17,18,27),另一种是使用较小的肽或EGF片段(12,28,29)。能与EGFR强有力地特异性结合,但具有小免疫原性和促增殖效应的小肽是非常需要的。
在本领域内还需要有效地向靶细胞,例如EGFR过表达的细胞递送治疗剂的材料和方法。本发明满足了这种需求及其他需求。
发明概述
本发明提供能够用于向期望的靶细胞递送药物,例如治疗剂和/或显像剂的肽。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供的肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8。在一个实施方案中,肽可以包含序列LARLLT(SEQ ID NO:1)。本发明的肽可以是任意长度,例如长度为从大约6个氨基酸到大约15个氨基酸或从大约6个氨基酸到大约10个氨基酸。本发明的肽的长度可以是6、7、8、9、10或更多个氨基酸。在某些实施方案中,本发明的肽的长度为6个氨基酸,并由选自SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8的序列组成。在某些实施方案中,本发明的肽可以由氨基酸序列LARLLT组成。本发明还提供了模拟本发明的肽的EGFR结合活性的模拟肽,以及保留其功能的氨基酸取代。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的肽和模拟肽可以直接或间接地连接一种或多种化合物。在某些实施方案中,本发明的肽与治疗剂和/或显像剂连接。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包含脂质和肽的分子,所述肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ IDNO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8。在某些实施方案中,肽可以包含序列LARLLT。任选地,肽可以通过使用接头间接地连接到脂质。可以使用本领域技术人员已知的任何接头。可以与本发明的肽和模拟肽连接的适合脂质的例子包括但不限于,1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。在某些实施方案中,接头可以包括聚乙二醇(PEG)。连接接头的脂质的例子为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)。这样的分子可以进一步连接一种或多种本发明的肽和模拟肽。
本发明的肽和模拟肽可以连接活性剂,例如治疗剂和/或显像剂。连接可以是直接或间接的。本发明的肽和模拟肽可以通过肽或模拟肽与活性剂上的官能团直接反应来连接活性剂。本发明的肽和模拟肽可以通过肽和活性剂与接头反应间接连接活性剂。通常,接头为能够与肽和活性剂都形成共价连接的双官能分子。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明包括脂质体。本发明的脂质体的例子为包含含有本发明的脂质和肽的分子的脂质体,例如所述肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ IDNO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8。在某些实施方案中,肽可以包含序列LARLLT。如上所述,用于本发明的脂质体的分子可以包含位于脂质部分与肽部分之间的接头。在一个实施方案中,脂质可以为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。在一个实施方案中,接头可以为聚乙二醇(PEG)。在一个实施方案中,脂质-接头-肽的组合可以为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)-LARLLT。本发明的脂质体可以使用任何本领域技术人员已知的脂质或脂质组合来制备。可以用于制备脂质体的适合脂质的例子包括但不限于磷脂(例如,磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油和磷脂酰乙醇胺),溶血脂质和聚乙二醇化的磷脂。适合的脂质可以以任意比率组合。任选地,用于本发明的脂质体可以为热敏脂质体,其由具有从大约39.0℃到大约45℃的凝胶向液体的相变温度的脂质组成。基于摩尔百分比,一个适合的脂质体的例子可以包含的DPPC∶MSPC的比率为99∶1、98∶2、97∶3、96∶4、95∶5、90∶10到大约80∶20、75∶25、70∶30、65∶35、60∶40或甚至51∶49。可以将一种或多种其他脂质(例如肽-接头-脂质和/或聚乙二醇化的脂质)结合到热敏脂质体中。
本发明的脂质体可以进一步包含一种或多种选自治疗化合物和显像化合物的化合物。通常,本发明的脂质体包括双分子层并限定内部空间,且化合物处在脂质体的内部空间、脂质体的双分子层之中或者处在内部空间和双分子层之中。在某些实施方案中,化合物可以与脂质体外部相结合。一种适合包含在本发明脂质体中的化合物类型的例子为抗癌化合物。适合的抗癌化合物的例子包括但不限于烷化剂、抗代谢物、纺锤体毒素植物生物碱、细胞毒性抗肿瘤抗生素、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体或其片段、光敏剂、激酶抑制剂、抗肿瘤酶和酶的抑制剂、细胞凋亡诱导剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、类视黄醇和含铂化合物。在某些实施方案中,本发明的脂质体可以包含多烯紫衫醇。在某些实施方案中,本发明的脂质体可以包含阿霉素。在某些实施方案中,本发明的脂质体可以包含含铂化合物,例如卡铂或顺铂。
本发明还提供了向需要化合物的受试者给予化合物的方法。此方法通常包括使化合物与肽结合,所述肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8,以及用肽-结合的化合物接触受试者。在某些实施方案中,肽可以包含序列LARLLT。结合可以为共价或非共价的。在某些实施方案中,肽可以直接或间接地连接活性剂。在某些实施方案中,肽连接脂质且肽-连接的脂质是脂质体形式。被递送的化合物可以是脂质体的一部分,例如位于脂质双分子层之中或者可以包含在脂质体的内部空间中。备选地,肽可以连接化合物,而化合物可以被包括在脂质体中,例如在脂质体双分子层之中或内部空间中。当肽连接脂质时,肽-连接的脂质可以包含位于脂质和肽之间的接头。用于本发明方法的合适脂质的例子为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。适合的接头可以包括聚乙二醇(PEG)。因此,通过接头连接本发明的肽的脂质的例子为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)-LARLLT,其可以结合到脂质体中并用在本发明的方法中。本领域技术人员已知的任何其他脂质都可以包括在本发明包含脂质-接头-肽的脂质体之中。在某些本发明的方法中,化合物可以与包含上述肽-接头-脂质的脂质体相结合,并且脂质体可以具有从大约39.0℃到大约45℃的凝胶向液体的相变温度。可以向有需要的受试者给予这种脂质体,并且受试者的一部分可以被加热到高于脂质体凝胶向液体的相变温度的温度。
可以使用任何合适的加热靶组织的方法,例如应用射频辐射,应用可以是高强度聚焦超声的超声,应用微波辐射,如温水浴、光的产生红外辐射的来源以及如放射性同位素、或电场和磁场产生的辐射的其他形式外部和内部应用的辐射。
可以使用本发明的方法给予任何化合物。可以给予的化合物的合适的例子包括但不限于治疗化合物和显像化合物,其直接或间接地连接本发明的肽或可以包括在脂质体中,该脂质体包含连接到本发明的肽的脂质。在本发明的一个方法中,脂质体可以包含双分子层并限定内部空间,化合物可以处在脂质体的内部空间、脂质体的双分子层或者内部空间和双分子层之中。本发明的方法可以用于递送治疗性化合物,例如抗癌化合物。抗癌化合物包括但不限于烷化剂、抗代谢物、纺锤体毒素植物生物碱、细胞毒性抗肿瘤抗生素、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体或其片段、光敏剂、激酶抑制剂、抗肿瘤酶和酶的抑制剂、细胞凋亡诱导剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、类视黄醇和含铂化合物。在某些实施方案中,本发明的方法可以用于递送多烯紫衫醇。在某些实施方案中,本发明的方法可以用于递送阿霉素。在某些实施方案中,本发明的方法可以用于递送含铂化合物,例如卡铂或顺铂。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了治疗癌症的方法。该方法可以包括向有需要的受试者给予与本发明的肽结合的抗癌化合物。一个结合的例子是将本发明的肽直接或间接地连接抗癌化合物。另一个例子是将抗癌化合物包括在脂质体中,其中该脂质体包含与肽结合的脂质,该肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8。在某些实施方案中,肽可以包含序列LARLLT。通常,肽直接或通过接头连接脂质。合适的脂质为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。合适的接头为聚乙二醇(PEG)。因此,在一个例子中,肽-接头-脂质可以结合到脂质体中,脂质体用于递送抗癌化合物,该肽-接头-脂质为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)-LARLLT。可以用于制备脂质体的合适脂质的例子包括但不限于,磷脂(例如,磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油和磷脂酰乙醇胺),溶血脂质和聚乙二醇化的磷脂。任选地,用于本发明治疗癌症的方法的脂质体可以具有从大约39.0℃到大约45℃的凝胶向液体的相变温度。按摩尔百分比计,一个合适的脂质体的例子包含的DPPC∶MSPC的比率为99∶1、98∶2、97∶3、96∶4、95∶5、90∶10到大约80∶20、75∶25、70∶30、65∶35、60∶40或甚至51∶49。可以将肽-接头-脂质结合到脂质体中。可以使用的任何已知的抗癌剂包括但不限于,烷化剂、抗代谢物、纺锤体毒素植物生物碱、细胞毒性抗肿瘤抗生素、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体或其片段、光敏剂、激酶抑制剂、抗肿瘤酶和酶的抑制剂、细胞凋亡诱导剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、类视黄醇和含铂化合物。在某些实施方案中,抗癌化合物可以为多烯紫衫醇。在某些实施方案中,抗癌化合物可以为阿霉素。在某些实施方案中,抗癌化合物可以为含铂化合物,例如卡铂。在某些本发明治疗癌症的方法中,抗癌化合物可以与包含上述肽-接头-脂质的脂质体相结合,并且脂质体具有从大约39.0℃到大约45℃的凝胶向液体的相变温度。该方法可以进一步包括加热受试者的一部分。可以使用任何加热受试者的方法,例如应用微波能量、其他电磁波能量、射频消融、高强度聚焦超声、超声波、应用热水等。
附图简述
图1.EGFR上LARLLT和对照肽的对接结构(Docked structure)。A.来自PDB的EGFR结构模型,填充星号的区域为EGF结合位点,圈出的区域为我们选择用于对接的结合口袋。B.EGFR口袋内LARLLT的最低能量对接构象。肽以球-棒模式表示。潜在的氢键以圆柱体示出。C.EGFR口袋内对照肽的最低能量对接构象。
图2.配体定向结合到EGFR高表达细胞的脂质体的荧光显微镜研究。区域A:LARLLT、对照肽和EGF靶向脂质体与H1299细胞的结合。(i)LARLLT脂质体,(iii)EGF脂质体,(v)对照肽脂质体。(ii)、(iv)、(vi)为(i)、(ii)、(v)中相同区域的相差显微图。区域B:在50x摩尔过量的游离配体存在下,在4℃或37℃下LARLLT靶向脂质体与H1299的结合。(i)在37℃下采用过量游离LARLLT时的结合,(ii)在37℃下无游离LARLLT时的结合,(iii)在4℃下采用过量游离LARLLT时的结合,(iv)在4℃下无游离LARLLT时的结合,(v)在37℃下采用过量游离EGF时的结合,以及(vi)在37℃下无游离EGF时的结合。区域C:LARLLT、对照肽脂质体与SPC-A1细胞的结合。(i)LARLLT脂质体,(iii)对照肽脂质体,(ii)和(iv)为(i)和(iii)中相同区域的相差显微图。
图3.H1299细胞对接合LARLLT的脂质体的内化。A.胞饮的LARLLT脂质体的相差和荧光图像的叠加。B.使用共焦荧光显微镜的Z stack扫描模式得到的从细胞的顶部到底部的11张切片。
图4.包含阿霉素的靶向脂质体的细胞杀伤作用。A.H1299细胞。计算的采用LARLLT脂质体(黑菱形)时的IC50为~13μg/ml,对照肽脂质体(空方形)为85μg/ml,以及单独的游离阿霉素(黑三角)为5.7μg/ml;B.SPCA1细胞。计算的采用LARLLT脂质体(黑菱形)时的IC50为~5μg/ml,对照肽脂质体(空方形)为15μg/ml,以及单独的游离阿霉素(黑三角)为2μg/ml。
图5.荷瘤小鼠中Cy5.5和Cy5.5标记的肽的荧光图。所示图像是在注射游离的Cy5.5染料、LARLLT-Cy5.5和对照肽-Cy5.5的1小时和6小时后拍摄的。
图6.肽定向脂质体在肿瘤组织中的分布和蓄积的荧光图。所示图像(从左到右)为小鼠的彩图(light picture),在注射LARLLT脂质体(上列)和对照肽脂质体(下列)1小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时和80时之后拍摄的荧光图。
图7为显示在药物注射后的不同时间点,在裸鼠的异种移植H460瘤块内蓄积的阿霉素的浓度的柱状图。实心黑柱代表注射阿霉素溶液后的肿瘤阿霉素浓度。带虚线的黑柱代表注射常规阿霉素脂质体后的肿瘤阿霉素浓度,带波浪线的黑柱代表注射LARLLT修饰的阿霉素脂质体后的肿瘤阿霉素的浓度。
图8为显示用各种包含浓度为0.01到10μg/ml的阿霉素的制剂处理H460细胞时观测到的荧光的线图。x=游离阿霉素,◇=D4*脂质体,▲=D44+4脂质体,○=D42+2脂质体,●=Thermodox脂质体。D4为包含SEQID NO:1的脂质体,D4*为包含SEQ ID NO:2的脂质体。D4-ThermoDox2+2包含的DPPC∶MSPC∶DSPE-MPEG2000∶D4-DSPE-MPEG2000的摩尔比为90∶10∶2∶2,以及D4-ThermoDox4+4包含的DPPC∶MSPC∶DSPE-MPEG2000∶D4-DSPE-MPEG2000的摩尔比为90∶10∶4∶4。D4*-ThermoDox包含的DPPC∶MSPC∶DSPE-MPEG2000∶D4*-DSPE-MPEG2000的摩尔比为90∶10∶2∶2。
发明详述
肽
本发明提供的小肽能够与EGFR强有力且特异性地结合。通常,本发明的肽和模拟肽能够与EGFR结合且不会诱发免疫原性反应和/或促增殖效应。
本发明的示例性肽为包含氨基酸序列Leu Ala Arg Leu Leu Thr(SEQID NO:1)的肽。本发明的肽的另外例子包括但不限于,其中SEQ ID NO:1中的一个或多个氨基酸被不同的氨基酸取代的肽。在某些实施方案中,SEQID NO:1中仅有一个位点将被取代。在某些实施方案中,SEQ ID NO:1中有一个以上的位点将被取代。SEQ ID NO:1的任意位点都可以被取代。在某些实施方案中,SEQ ID NO:1中的一个或多个位点将被一个或多个天然存在的氨基酸取代。在某些实施方案中,SEQ ID NO:1中的一个或多个位点将被一个或多个非天然存在的氨基酸取代。在某些实施方案中,本发明的肽可以包含一个或多个D-氨基酸。
通常,本发明的肽的氨基酸取代可以为保守取代。本发明所使用的保守取代是指用一个物理和/或化学特性相似的氨基酸取代另一个氨基酸。标准的遗传学上的编码氨基酸可以根据其特性,尤其是极性和电荷进行分类。一种简便的分组如下:甘氨酸和丙氨酸;丝氨酸、苏氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺和半胱氨酸;赖氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸;天冬氨酸和谷氨酸;缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和蛋氨酸;以及苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸。来自一个组的氨基酸被相同组中的另一种氨基酸取代被称之为“保守取代”。该取代通常不会从本质上影响本发明的肽的性质,例如与EGFR结合的能力。本发明的肽包括与SEQ ID NO:1的区别仅在于有一个或多个保守取代的肽。
本发明的肽的例子包括但不限于:
Leu Ala Arg Leu Leu Thr(SEQ ID NO:1)
Xaa1Ala Arg Leu Leu Thr(SEQ ID NO:3)
Leu Xaa2Arg Leu Leu Thr(SEQ ID NO:4)
Leu Ala Xaa3Leu Leu Thr(SEQ ID NO:5)
Leu Ala Arg Xaa4Leu Thr(SEQ ID NO:6)
Leu Ala Arg Leu Xaa5Thr(SEQ ID NO:7)
Leu Ala Arg Leu Leu Xaa6(SEQ ID NO:8)
Xaa1选自缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和蛋氨酸;Xaa2是甘氨酸;Xaa3选自赖氨酸和组氨酸;Xaa4选自缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和蛋氨酸;Xaa5选自缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和蛋氨酸;以及Xaa6选自丝氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺和半胱氨酸。本发明还涉及包含多于一个上述取代的肽。
此外,本发明涉及表现出与本发明的肽相同的结合EGFR能力的非肽化合物。这种能够模仿本发明的肽的活性的模拟肽或“小分子”可以用于实施本发明。本领域技术人员能够利用熟知的技术设计出模拟肽,如在Fauchere J.,Adv.Drug Res.15:29(1986);和Evans等,J.Med.Chem.30:1229(1987)中描述的技术。
可以以类似于本发明的肽的方式使用具有结合EGFR能力的模拟肽。通常,这样的模拟肽具有的一个或多个肽键任选地被可以转化为具有期望性质的键取代,期望的性质如对体内化学降解有抗性。这种键包括但不限于--CH2NH--、--CH2S--、--CH2CH2--、--CH=CH--、--COCH2--、--CH(OH)CH2--和--CH2SO--。
本发明的肽和模拟肽可以与任何期望的物质相结合,以将物质递送到期望的靶细胞。合适的物质的例子包括但不限于,化合物(例如,活性剂、治疗剂、显像剂等),脂质体(例如,热敏脂质体和隐形脂质体)和纳米颗粒(例如,蛋白纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒和结晶小分子纳米颗粒)。
本发明的肽和模拟肽与被递送的物质的结合可以为共价或非共价的,以及直接或间接的。在某些实施方案中,本发明的肽可以共价地连接到被递送的物质上,例如通过接头。
接头的例子为能够共价连接本发明的肽和被递送的物质的交联剂。交联剂通常与本发明的肽和被连接的物质上存在的功能基团(例如-OH、NH2、COOH和-SH基团)反应。由于不同交联剂与不同功能基团反应的能力不同,可以选择不同的交联剂。
通过本领域目前已知的活化官能团接合或偶联多肽的技术是特别适用的。参见,例如Aurameas等,Scand.J.Immunol.,Vol.8,Suppl.7:7-23(1978)和美国专利第4,493,795、3,791,932和3,839,153号,它们被特别引入本发明作为肽偶联的公开内容。此外,可以进行位点定向的偶联反应从而将偶联后多肽定向造成的任何活性损失减至最小。参见,例如Rodwell等,Biotech.,3:889-894(1985),和美国专利第4,671,958号。示例性的加成连接方法包括使用Michael加成反应产物,二醛如戊二醛,Klipstein等,J.Infect.Dis.,147:318-326(1983)等,或使用碳二亚胺技术,正如使用水溶性碳二亚胺形成酰胺键。备选地,可以使用异型双官能交联剂SPDP(N-琥珀酰亚胺-3-(2-吡啶二硫代)-丙酸酯)接合肽,其中已经引入了N-或C-端半胱氨酸。
本发明阐明的肽与活性剂的接合,可以受到本领域熟知的化学接合方法的影响,如形成肽键、使用缩合剂、利用熟知的双功能交联试剂。接合可以是直接地,包括不涉及任何插入部分的键,例如直接的肽键,或者间接的,其中包含插入部分的键,如蛋白质或肽,例如血浆白蛋白或其他间隔(spacer)分子。例如,键可以通过异型双官能团或同型双官能交联剂,例如碳二亚胺、戊二醛、N-琥珀酰亚胺-3-(2-吡啶二硫代)-丙酸酯(SPDP)及衍生物、双马来酰亚胺、4-(N-马来酰亚胺基甲基)环己烷-1-羧酸酯等形成。还可以在不使用外加交联剂的情况下,通过利用被接合分子上的反应基团来完成交联。化学交联肽分子的方法是本领域内普遍知晓的,并且多种异型或同型双官能试剂在例如美国专利第4,355,023、4,657,853、4,676,980、4,925,921和4,970,156中有描述,其他的交联试剂可通过商业途径获得,例如来自Pierce Chemical Co.,Rockford,IL.61105,其中每一篇都引入本发明作为参考。在生理条件下,可以采用可裂解交联剂,尤其是形成可裂解的二硫键的交联剂,使接合物裂解形成游离的治疗剂。这种可裂解的交联剂的例子为4-琥珀酰亚胺氧羰基-a-(2-吡啶二硫代)-甲苯。进行这样的接合,包括交联,应当不会实质上影响肽或与其结合的活性剂的所需功能。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,本发明的肽和模拟肽可以连接纳米颗粒。可以使用多种纳米颗粒,如不同的聚合物纳米微粒和金属纳米微粒、脂质体、囊泡(niosomes)、固体脂质颗粒、胶束、量子点、树枝状化合物(dendrimers)、微囊、细胞、细胞形骸(cell ghosts)、脂蛋白和不同的纳米装配体(nanoassemblies)。蛋白纳米颗粒可以使用本领域中任何已知的技术制备,例如使用改进的去溶剂化-交联法。水溶液中的蛋白(2%,w/v)可以与活性剂在缓冲液中孵育,然后逐滴加入乙醇形成结合活性剂的蛋白纳米颗粒。这些可以与本发明的肽交联,例如使用戊二醛。利用硼氢化钠作为还原剂,根据标准湿化学方法可以合成金纳米颗粒。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的肽和模拟肽可以连接脂质,包括但不限于直接连接到脂质的头部基团区域,或者通过如聚合物(例如PEG)的接头连接到头部基团区域,并结合到脂质体中。脂质体(可以是热敏脂质体,即具有从大约39.0℃到大约45℃的凝胶向液体的相变温度的脂质体)通常包含活性剂(例如,治疗剂和/或显像剂)。
本发明的脂质体通常包含一种或多种磷脂酰胆碱。可以用于实施本发明的磷脂酰胆碱的适合例子包括但不限于,1,2-二月桂酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DLPC)、1,2-二肉豆蔻酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DMPC)、1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DPPC)、1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DSPC)、1,2-二油酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DOPC)和1-棕榈酰-2-由酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(POPC)。
本发明的脂质体通常包含一种或多种磷脂酰甘油,磷脂酰甘油的适合的例子包括但不限于,1,2-二肉豆蔻酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸甘油(DMPG)、1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸甘油(DPPG)、1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸甘油(DSPG)和1-棕榈酰-2-油酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸甘油(POPG)。
本发明的脂质体通常包含一种或多种溶血脂质。本发明所使用的“溶血脂质”是指任何仅包括一个共价连接到甘油部分的酰基链的磷脂酸衍生物(1,2-二酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸酯)。磷脂酸衍生物包括但不限于磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油和磷脂酰乙醇胺。本领域技术人员已知的任何溶血脂质可以用于实施本发明。溶血脂质包括但不限于,单棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(MPPC)、单月桂酰磷脂酰胆碱(MLPC)、单肉豆寇酰磷脂酰胆碱(MMPC)、单硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(MSPC)及其混合物。
本发明的脂质体还可以包含连接了亲水聚合物的脂质,例如共价连接PEG的脂质。
活性剂
本发明的肽和模拟肽可以用于递送活性剂。本发明所使用的“活性剂”包括任何期望递送到受试者的特定部位的化合物。任何活性剂都可以用于实施本发明。
抗癌药物可以用作本发明的热敏脂质体中的活性剂。抗癌药物的合适的例子包括:
烷化剂,例如氮芥(例如,苯丁酸氮芥、氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、苯丙氨酸氮芥),亚硝基脲类(例如,卡莫司汀、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、链脲佐菌素)、含铂化合物(例如,卡铂、顺铂、奥沙利铂、BBR3464),白消安,达卡巴嗪,双氯乙基甲胺(Mechlorethamine),甲基苄肼,替莫唑胺,塞替派和尿嘧啶氮芥;
抗代谢物,以例如叶酸(例如,氨基蝶呤、氨甲蝶呤、培美曲塞、雷替曲塞),嘌呤代谢(例如,克拉曲滨、氯法拉滨、氟达拉滨、巯基嘌呤、喷司他丁、硫鸟嘌呤),嘧啶代谢(例如,卡培他滨、阿糖胞苷、氟尿嘧啶、氟尿苷、吉西他滨)为靶点;
纺锤体毒素植物生物碱,例如紫杉烷(例如,多烯紫衫醇、紫杉醇)和长春花(例如,长春花碱、长春新碱、长春地辛、长春瑞宾);
细胞毒性/抗肿瘤抗生素,例如蒽环类抗生素(例如,柔红霉素、阿霉素、表柔比星、伊达比星、米托蒽醌、戊柔比星、洋红霉素、nacetyladriamycin、柔红霉素苯腙、5-亚氨基柔红霉素(5-imidodaunomycin)、N30乙酰柔红霉素(acetyldaunomycin)和表柔比星),博来霉素,丝裂霉素和放线菌素;
拓扑异构酶抑制剂,例如喜树碱类(例如,喜树碱、拓扑替康、伊立替康),鬼臼(例如,依托泊苷、替尼泊苷)。
单克隆抗体或其片段,例如阿伦单抗(Alemtuzumab)、贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab)、西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab)、吉妥单抗(Gemtuzumab)、帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)、利妥昔单抗(Rituximab)、托西莫单抗(Tositumomab)和曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab);
光敏剂,例如氨基乙酰丙酸、氨基乙酰丙酸甲酯、卟吩姆钠和维替泊芬;
激酶抑制剂,例如达沙替尼(Dasatinib)、埃罗替尼(Erlotinib)、吉非替尼(Gefitinib)、伊马替尼(Imatinib)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)、尼罗替尼(Nilotinib)、索拉非尼(Sorafenib)、舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)和凡德他尼(Vandetanib);
酶,例如天冬酰胺酶、培门冬酶,和酶抑制剂,如羟基脲;
细胞凋亡诱导剂,例如三氧化二砷、万珂(Velcade)和奥利默森钠(Genasense);
生物反应调节剂,例如地尼白介素(Denileukin Diftitox);
抗激素,例如醋酸戈舍瑞林、醋酸亮丙瑞林、双羟萘酸曲普瑞林、醋酸甲地孕酮、他莫昔芬(Tamoxiifen)、托瑞米芬、氟维斯群、睾内酯、阿那曲唑、依西美坦和来曲唑;
类视黄醇,例如9-顺-视黄酸和全-反-视黄酸。
在其他实施方案中,本发明的热敏脂质体可以包含一种以上的抗肿瘤剂,或者一种以上的热敏脂质体可以用于本发明的方法,其中每种都包含不同的活性剂,例如不同的抗癌药物。
可以用于实施本发明的其他活性剂包括但不限于,抗生素、抗真菌剂、抗炎剂、免疫抑制剂、抗感染剂、抗病毒剂、驱虫和抗寄生虫化合物。
活性剂可以为显像剂。适合用于本发明的脂质体制剂的显像剂包括超声造影剂、X-射线造影剂(例如,金和钡基药剂、碘海醇、威视派克(Visipaque)和其他碘基药剂,以及其他微粒药剂)、磁共振造影剂(例如,含锰、铁、钆和其他镧系元素的顺磁性材料)、核医学药剂(如放射性同位素或含放射性同位素的化合物)。
使用方法
可以利用任何合适的途径向受试者给予与本发明的肽相结合的活性剂,例如静脉内、动脉内、肌肉内、腹膜内、皮下、皮内、关节内、鞘内、侧脑室内以及其他途径,如吸入、口服或直接在粘膜上(舌下)。使用本发明的材料和方法可以治疗任何组织。可以使用本发明的材料和方法治疗的组织的例子包括但不限于,肝、肾、骨骼、软组织、头和颈部组织、肌肉、肾上腺组织、肺、胸、甲状腺(thryroid)、胰腺、包括子宫内膜和宫颈组织的子宫组织、卵巢和前列腺。可以被治疗的组织包括癌组织,其他患病或受损的组织,若是期望的话,还有健康组织。
使用本发明的方法给予受试者的活性剂的剂量可以由本领域技术人员确定,适宜在延长的时间周期内静脉内给药,例如从大约1分钟到大约24小时。
正如本领域内已知的,可以根据载体中包含的活性剂来调节活性剂的剂量。
当活性剂被结合到包含本发明的肽的热敏脂质体中时,在给予热敏脂质体之前和/或期间和/或之后可以加热受试者的靶组织。在一个实施方案中,首先加热靶组织(例如10到30分钟),加热后尽可能块地将热敏脂质体递送至受试者。在另一个实施方案中,热敏脂质体被递送到受试者,给药后尽可能快地加热靶组织。加热可以持续长达3小时。
可以使用任何适合的加热靶组织的方式,例如应用射频辐射,应用可以为高强度聚焦超声的超声波,应用微波辐射,如温水浴、光的产生红外辐射的来源以及其他形式的外部和内部应用的辐射,如由放射性同位素或电场和磁场产生的辐射。
对于相关领域的普通技术人员而言非常显而易见的是,在不背离本发明的范围或其任何实施方案的情况下,可以对本发明所述的方法及应用做出其他合适的修改和改进。现在已经详细描述了本发明,参考以下实施例将更加清楚地理解本发明,因此所包括的实施例仅是为了说明而不意在限制本发明。
实施例
实施例1
蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱、1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE),1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)、1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[马来酰亚胺(聚乙二醇)2000](DSPE-PEG2000-Mal)和胆固醇都购自Avanti Polar Lipids(AL,USA)。Lissamine TM罗丹明B,1,2-双十六酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(罗丹明DHPE)和N-(荧光素-硫代氨甲酰)-1,2-双十六酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(荧光素DHPE)购自Invitrogen公司。N-琥珀酰亚胺3-(2-吡啶二硫代)-丙酸酯(SPDP)和三(羧乙基)膦(TCEP)购自PierceBiotechnology,Inc.。Cy5.5Mono NHS Ester由GE Healthcare提供。所有其他分析纯级的化学品获自国药集团化学试剂有限公司(SinopharmChemical Reagent Co.Ltd,中国,上海)。
非活性状态的EGFR的晶体结构是从PDB下载的(http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/,code:1NQL)。建立3D结构模型,并使用由Sheng-Hung Wang博士提供的PSCAN 2.2.2程序(http://home.pchome.com.tw/team/gentamicin/mol/mol.htm)扫描侯选的结合口袋。选择顶部附近表面上的口袋,如图1所示。认真分析口袋中的氨基酸残基结构,基于Mekler-Idlis的氨基酸配对理论(20)设计出包含132个六肽(Hexapeptides)的集中库。
使用Autodock3.0筛选库,并对与EGFR表面口袋的结合分级。为了加速计算,在多重处理器上运行程序,我们修改了软件从而能够进行平行计算。所有的计算都是在上海交通大学超级计算中心(SJTUsupercomputing center)中的SGI Onyx3800机器上进行的。首先对132个肽初筛,选出50个具有较低结合能量的肽。对于每个肽,分别进行了100次对接(docking)尝试,每次对接由250,000次能量评估组成,其中使用了拉马克(Lamarckian)遗传算法局部搜索(genetic algorithm local search,(GALS))算法(21)。基于Csaba和David(22)描述的方法选择所有其他对接参数。使用相同的算法,在精确的搜索相中用1千万次能量评估来进一步评估所选择的50个肽。比较肽的最低对接能量,选出20个最低的,送至合成和湿法筛分。BIACore结合研究表明,其中两种肽以浓度依赖方式结合到EGFR。尤其是具有序列LARLLT(SEQ ID NO:1)的肽(在对接研究中排在第四位)明显是潜在的结合物。
在PSCAN程序的协助下选出的结合口袋如图1A所示(圈出的)。该结合口袋位于易于从外部接近的表面上,但是又不太靠近EGF结合位点。我们推定该口袋的空间结构不太可能因有或没有EGF的结合和EGFR二聚作用而变化。口袋底部有一些疏水残基,开口处周围有亲水残基(带电残基:Asp51、Glu73、Glu110、Arg48、Lys56、Arg74;极性残基:Thr106、Ser53、Ser62)。
将我们所选择的用于本研究的两个肽(LARLLT和对照肽)对接到口袋中,寻找最佳的对接结构。就最低对接能量和自由结合能量而言,LARLLT分别为-17.9kcal/mol和-8.54kcal/mol,对照肽分别为-12.52kcal/mol和-3.85kcal/mol。
如图1B所示,肽LARLLT精确定位于口袋中,几乎所有的残基都与EGFR上的残基相互作用。存在六个潜在的氢键,涉及位于两端(LEU1、ALA2和THR6)和中心(ARG3)的残基。在N-端,LEU1的氨基氢与GLU73的羧基氧相互作用,ALA2主链的氧与GLU73主链的酰胺氢相互作用。在羧基端,THR6既是氢键供体,也是受体,使用其羧基端的氧与SER53的羟基氢相互作用,其侧链的羟基氢与ASP51的羧基氧相互作用。在中间,ARG3通过静电相互作用(与GLU73和GLU110)和氢键与EGFR相互作用。这三个精确分隔的关键残基(LEU1、THR6、ARG3)像锚一样固定于EGFR口袋中后,它们还利用更疏水的口袋底部,促进了LARLLT的较疏水性残基ALA2、LEU4和LEU5之间的相互作用。如对接结构所示(图1),LARLLT上的残基与EGFR之间的详细相互作用非常符合M-I配对理论(20)。
相反地,如图1C所示,对照肽SEQ ID NO:2具有相同的氨基酸组成但是其序列被打乱,甚至不能在口袋内中匹配。带电ARG1与ASP51相互作用,但是其他相互作用都太弱而不能固定对照肽。
实施例2
由GL Biochem Ltd.(Shanghai)合成并纯化肽LARLLT,通过HPLC和MS确认结构和纯度。为了对比,还合成了命名为D4*具有与LARLLT相同的氨基酸组成,但是序列被打乱的肽(RTALLL,对照肽(SEQ IDNO:2))。为了对两种肽进行荧光标记,以1∶2的摩尔比将Cy5.5-NHS与LARLLT或对照肽混合,25℃下孵育过夜,避光。使用的荧光肽没有经进一步纯化。
实施例3
将EGF或LARLLT/对照肽溶解在PBS-EDTA中,并在室温下与溶解于DMSO中的N-琥珀酰亚胺-3-(2-吡啶二硫代)-丙酸酯(SPDP)以1∶1.2的摩尔比混合1小时,然后冻干。同时,将氯仿中的DSPE-PEG2000-Mal脂质蒸干形成薄膜,并在HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.4)中水化,浓度大约为0.4mM。为了接合,将硫化的(thioated)的蛋白或肽加到三(2-羧乙基)膦(TCEP)溶液中,在室温和氮气下孵育1小时,迅速与MAL-PEG2000-DSPE胶束溶液以5∶1的摩尔比混合,并在10℃和氮气下保持搅拌反应过夜。通过HPLC分析,此反应后几乎所有的Mal-PEG-DSPEs都被修饰。过量的蛋白质/肽可以使用标准技术除去,例如通过凝胶过滤柱、透析等。
实施例4
使用干膜水化法制备所有的脂质体,随后通过100nm膜挤出数次。本研究中使用的绝大多数脂质体都始于以下的脂质组成:EPC∶CHOL∶DSPE-PEG=10∶5∶0.5。除了罗丹明或荧光素标记的脂质体以外,将罗丹明-DHPE或荧光素-DHPE加到大约为0.6%摩尔总脂质的脂质组合物中。
对于Cy5.5标记的脂质体,首先以3∶1∶3.5的摩尔比在氯仿中混合Cy5.5-NHS、DSPE和三乙胺,在25℃下孵育过夜(避光),合成Cy5.5-DSPE。将得到的Cy5.5-DSPE以大约0.5%摩尔总脂质的量结合到脂质组合物中。形成脂质体后通过透析除去过量的Cy5.5。
实施例5
按照已开发的跨膜梯度方法(23,24)制备包封阿霉素的脂质体。简言之,在pH 4.0的125mM硫酸铵中将脂质水化,并挤出获得~100nm的脂质体。然后在HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.5)中透析,用20mM HEPES、150mMNaCl(pH 7.5)稀释到所需浓度。加入阿霉素,与脂质体一起在60℃下孵育10分钟。
基于Ishida等开发的方法稍作改进(25),将接合配体的脂质插到预制的脂质体中。简言之,以9∶100的摩尔脂质比,将DSPE-PEG2000-配体胶束溶液加到预制的脂质体溶液中,并在60℃下孵育1小时(包含阿霉素的脂质体为55℃下30分钟)。然后采用SnakeSkinTM可打褶的(Pleated)透析管10,000MWCO(Pierce Chemical公司)在PBS中透析该溶液4小时。作为对照的mPEG2000-DSPE胶束也被混合并以相同的比率孵育以制备出非靶向脂质体。
通过巯基-马来酰亚胺偶联反应将肽配体接合到DSPE-PEG2000上。监测反应并用反相HPLC分析来确认。使用广泛使用的孵育方法(25)将得到的肽-PEG-DSPE或mPEG-DSPE对照结合到预制的脂质体中。在孵育过程中,我们测试了不同的肽-PEG-脂质(或mPEG-脂质)与脂质的比率(3∶100、6∶100和9∶100摩尔),选择9∶100的比率来阻止脂质体与大多细胞的非特异性结合。我们证实了该方法不会干扰脂质体的完整性。在操作过程之中和之后,泄漏的包封的阿霉素不超过5%。使用Zetasizer3000H(Malvern Instruments)通过光子相关光谱法(PCS)确定脂质体的最终尺寸分布。与刚挤出时制备的脂质体(~110nm)相比,肽脂质结合之后的颗粒尺寸稍微大些(130~150nm),但是仍然稳定。
实施例6
在本研究中,使用均具有高EGFR表达水平的人非小细胞肺癌细胞系H1299和人肺腺癌细胞系SPCA1。在37℃下,含有5%CO2的潮湿空气中,用包含10%胎牛血清的RPMI1640培养基培养细胞。
由上海肿瘤研究所(Shanghai Cancer Institute)动物实验中心制备H1299和SPCA1异种移植小鼠模型。接种肿瘤细胞后约3-4周(肿瘤大小为直径约5-7mm),它们被用于体内成像实验中,之后人工处死。动物研究方案经上海交通大学药学院动物研究委员会(the Animal Study Committeeof Shanghai Jiaotong University,School of Pharmacy)批准。
实施例7
将EGFR高表达的H1299或SPCA1细胞置于直径35mm的培养皿中(每个培养皿1×106个细胞),并在RPMI1640培养基中培养24~48小时。当细胞培养达到大约80%汇合时,在RPMI1640中稀释配体-接合的罗丹明脂质体,并在4℃或37℃下加到培养皿中。在竞争性结合实验中,在加入LARLLT结合的脂质体之前2小时,将50倍摩尔过量的游离LARLLT或EGF加到培养基中。在特定的温度下孵育细胞4小时,随后用PBS(pH 7.4)清洗六次。使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM,Zeiss LSM,德国)可以看见剩余的边界和内化的荧光脂质体。为了进行流式细胞术研究,将H1299或SPCA1细胞置于直径35mm的孔中,直到细胞生长到大约80%汇合。在37℃下细胞与配体-修饰的荧光素标记的脂质体一起孵育3小时后,用PBS清洗细胞,并用胰蛋白酶处理形成悬浮液,用流式细胞仪(BDFACSCalibur,Becton Dickinson)进行分析。
在体外测试EGF、LARLLT或对照肽修饰的罗丹明标记的脂质体与EGFR高表达细胞的结合能力。如图2A所示,EGF和LARLLT修饰的脂质体与H1299细胞广泛地结合。EGF修饰的脂质体与LARLLT修饰的脂质体相比,荧光稍强,表明与EGF的结合更紧密。但是采用对照肽,几乎没有显示出荧光。用另一种EGFR表达细胞系SPC-A1观察到类似情形(图2C)。
在不同的温度下,进一步评估H1299细胞中详细的结合特征。4°时,主要在细胞表面上观察到荧光,大部分荧光可以被过量的未标记的游离LARLLT竞争除去(图2B-iii和iv)。但是37°时,游离的LARLLT的竞争效应不太明显(图2B-I和ii),表明LARLLT与EGFR结合后,可能有主动胞饮作用和受体转向(turnaround)。还值得注意的是37°时存在的游离EGF一定程度上实际影响了LARLLT脂质体的荧光,虽然并不完全(图2B-v和vi)。这可能是结合后EGF干扰LARLLT的胞饮途径。
图3显示了在较高放大倍数下(图3A)以及Z stack连续扫描图像(图3B)中H1299细胞对LARLLT修饰的脂质体的结合和摄取。在细胞内许多胞吞泡中观察到脂质的荧光。值得注意的是,LARLLT与远离EGF结合位点的EGFR上的微小表面口袋的结合能够启动这种主动胞饮作用。
为在较大的细胞群中比较结合到脂质体中的LARLLT和对照肽的不同结合效率,我们使用了流式细胞术。用荧光素-DSPE标记脂质体,并分别加到H1299和SPCA1细胞中。孵育3小时后,75%的结合LARLLT脂质体的H1299细胞显示出强荧光(101~103FL1值),但是对照肽脂质体结合后,仅有27%的细胞显示出荧光。对于SPCA1细胞而言,68%的结合LARLLT脂质体的细胞显示出荧光(35~103FL1值gate),仅有17%的结合对照肽的细胞显示出荧光。
实施例8
以104细胞/孔的密度将H1299和SPCA1细胞置于96-孔板中并培养过夜。在培养基中加入游离的阿霉素、LARLLT修饰的阿霉素脂质体和对照肽修饰的阿霉素脂质体,并孵育2小时。然后用新鲜培养基清洗细胞,并让其再生长48小时。经过不同处理后,使用MTT分析测定细胞活力(26)。
通过LARLLT或对照肽接合的脂质来修饰装载阿霉素的脂质体,并将其加到EGFR高表达的细胞中。使用MTT分析细胞杀伤作用。在H1299和SPCA1两种细胞中,与对照肽修饰的脂质体相比,LARLLT修饰的脂质体更好地递送药物(图4A和B)。在两种情况下,计算的LARLLT脂质体的IC50所表示的细胞毒性为对照肽脂质体的大约3-5倍。
实施例9
通过尾静脉向H1299或SPCA1异种移植荷瘤小鼠注射Cy5.5、LARLLT-Cy5.5、对照肽-Cy5.5以及LARLLT和对照肽结合的Cy5.5标记的脂质体。随后在不同的时间点麻醉小鼠,并用Optix体内荧光成像系统(GE Healthcare)成像。除了Cy5.5染料仅作为对照以外,所有其他组都包括至少3只小鼠。显示了每组中最具代表性的相同小鼠的代表性图像。为了消除Cy5.5(0.8-1.1ns)产生的大部分自发荧光的干扰,已经使用荧光寿命gating处理图像。
使用近红外染料Cy5.5标记LARLLT和对照肽,将其通过尾静脉注射到H1299荷瘤小鼠。注射后不同时间点对小鼠体内Cy5.5的荧光分布成像。在所有组中,包括无染料的对照组,首先看到全身的荧光,然后很快进一步看到肾和膀胱中的荧光。为了避免肾和膀胱中强荧光的干扰,我们仅示出皮下荷瘤区域的聚焦成像扫描(图5)。在Cy5.5染料注射的小鼠中,肿瘤区域的荧光信号与背景一样。但是在LARLLT-Cy5.5注射的小鼠中,在注射后1到6小时之间,与周围组织相比,肿瘤组织中的荧光信号更强。相反地,Cy5.5-对照肽注射的小鼠在肿瘤区域内未显示出任何荧光聚集。
通过尾静脉向H1299荷瘤小鼠注射LARLLT和对照肽修饰的Cy5.5标记的脂质体。在注射后的不同时间扫描小鼠全身,对不同时间点荷瘤区域的荧光强度定量。如图6所示,从6小时起,LARLLT修饰的脂质体逐渐蓄积在肿瘤区域内。甚至在80小时之后,信号与反差仍然明显。但是对于对照肽修饰的脂质体而言,肿瘤区域内的荧光强度总是与背景一样。我们计算出肿瘤区域内荧光强度与全身信号的相对比率(表1)。使用eXplore OptiView 1.0.0.0软件计算肿瘤区域和全身的荧光强度(NC)。还列出了肿瘤区域内的荧光百分比。
表1注射荧光脂质体后不同时间点肿瘤区域内的荧光强度
注射后1小时起比率实际上变得越来越好,直到76-80小时。当其看起来处于稳定状态时,表明肿瘤内部靶向脂质体逐渐蓄积以及之后保持强劲的势头。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的肽和模拟肽可以被设计为与远离EGF结合位点的表面口袋结合。由于肽和EGF之间没有直接的结合竞争,即使肽的结合亲和力可能低于EGF的结合亲和力,这样也可以使得本发明的肽和模拟肽(及连接肽的治疗剂)与EGFR高表达的细胞结合。
当本发明的肽和模拟肽接合到不同的化合物,例如接合到PEG2000-DSPE的远端,并结合到脂质体内时,本发明的肽和模拟肽保留了其EGFR结合能力,并介导EGFR高表达细胞对化合物(例如脂质体)的特异性连接和摄取。如上所示,当体内注射连接到本发明的肽和模拟肽的化合物(例如上文所示的结合肽的脂质体)时,化合物被定向到靶细胞(例如,肿瘤细胞),导致接合肽的化合物(例如,接合肽的脂质体)在靶点(例如,在肿瘤中)蓄积。
在我们的研究中,我们仅使用了PEG2000接头,当包含配体的脂质在2-4∶100的脂质比率条件下被结合时,发现在体内与细胞的接合最为显著(具有最小的背景非特异性结合)。可以使用本领域技术人员已知的任何其他接头。同样可以使用其他比率的脂质。
在体内使用相同的脂质体制剂。脂质体具有相对高的表面配体-PEG密度,在肿瘤内缓慢蓄积。事实上,几项早期研究已经表明在循环和外渗期间,主动靶向脂质体的表现充其量与隐形脂质体相似(4,6,41)。当它们与癌症细胞紧密结合并促进细胞摄取时,它们的靶向优点仅在外渗到肿瘤组织后才是显著的(8,42)。我们利用体内荧光成像系统的观察(图6)与该机制吻合。发现结合配体的LARLLT脂质体长时间停留于肿瘤组织内(>80小时)。然而对照组在12-24小时时间点附近未表现出在肿瘤组织内有显著蓄积,如同我们预期的非靶向隐形脂质体一样。
小动物体内荧光成像是一种新开发的工具,用于监测标记的药物和递送系统的生物分布。由于Cy5.5具有较高的组织渗透性和低背景,其成为最普遍使用的染料。体内成像技术的主要优点在于其非侵入性,可以在整个研究过程中连续监测相同的活体动物。许多早期研究已经使用放射性标记的药物或脂质来追踪其在体内的分布,为获得平均读数必须在不同时间点处死大量动物。根据我们的经验,使用体内成像系统,研究组中的不同动物仍然可能在其综合健康状况、生理学、代谢、肿瘤尺寸和位置等方面有差异。主动靶向脂质体以时间排序的分布情况还与用其他方法所报道的内容(8,41)一致。
实施例10
评估使用本发明的肽的靶向脂质体增强药物在靶肿瘤中蓄积的能力。向H460荷瘤裸鼠静脉注射5mg/kg阿霉素。将游离的阿霉素(图7,Dox)与结合到聚乙二醇化脂质体中的阿霉素(图7,PEG)以及结合到包含本发明的肽的脂质体中的阿霉素(图7,D4)进行比较。注射后0.5h、6h和48h处死小鼠,切除肿瘤并分析阿霉素的含量。每组实验使用的动物数为N=3。
如图7所示,与游离的阿霉素以及聚乙二醇化的脂质体中的阿霉素相比,包含本发明的肽的脂质体导致在肿瘤蓄积的阿霉素明显更多。
实施例11
对包含本发明的肽的脂质体的结合FACS分析
在无菌条件下,用细胞培养板培养H-460细胞,并通过刮离收集。加入脂质体样品(空Thermodox脂质体、ThermoDox、D4-ThermoDox、D4*-ThermoDox,其中D4ThermoDox包含SEQ ID NO:1,D4*ThermoDox包含SEQ ID NO:2)和盐酸阿霉素,并在37℃下与H-460细胞一起孵育4小时。测试包含不同量的本发明的肽(D4-ThermoDox)的两种不同脂质体。两种脂质体被命名为D4-ThermoDox2+2,其包含的DPPC∶MSPC∶DSPE-MPEG2000∶D4-DSPE-MPEG2000的摩尔比为90∶10∶2∶2,D4-ThermoDox4+4,其包含的DPPC∶MSPC∶DSPE-MPEG2000∶D4-DSPE-MPEG2000的摩尔比为90∶10∶4∶4。D4*-ThermoDox包含的DPPC∶MSPC∶DSPE-MPEG2000∶D4*-DSPE-MPEG2000的摩尔比为90∶10∶2∶2。孵育后,用PBS清洗细胞4次,使用阿霉素荧光(在488nm下激发,在575nm下发射)通过FACS计数。
检验以下各组:a.非治疗对照组;b.ThermoDox大约为0.01-10μg(阿霉素)/mL;c.D4-ThermoDox2+2大约为0.01-10μg(阿霉素)/mL;d.D4-ThermoDox4+4大约为0.01-10μg(阿霉素)/mL;e.D4*-ThermoDox大约为0.01-10μg(阿霉素)/mL;和f.盐酸阿霉素0.01-10μg。
实验至少重复三次,显示了相同实验中有代表性的柱状图。具体的数值可能因细胞数量和FACS参数的变化而变化,但是总体模式和制剂差异总是一致的。
在剂量为10μg/ml时,体内D4-ThermoDox(2+2)的阿霉素荧光强度比ThermoDox和D4*-ThermoDox更强,仅比游离的盐酸阿霉素弱。假定游离药物相对更易于渗透穿过细胞膜,经证实D4-脂质体比对照脂质体更易结合到H460细胞。在剂量为1μg/ml时,D4-ThermoDox(2+2,4+4)处理的细胞比ThermoDox和D4*-ThermoDox处理的细胞产生的阿霉素荧光信号更多。剂量为0.1μg/ml和0.01μg/ml时,不同制剂的脂质体之间没有显著差异。
图8为每个FACS柱状图的平均值相对每种测试制剂所给予阿霉素的量绘制的线图。使用药物溶液的阿霉素摄取(平均荧光强度)最高,是因为其能够非常有效地渗透细胞膜。比较不同的脂质体制剂,两种D4脂质体制剂比Thermodox对照和D4*脂质体对照好得多。
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本说明书中提及的所有出版物、专利及专利申请都表明了本发明所属领域的技术人员的技术水平,它们被引入本发明作为参考,其程度如同明确且单独地指出每篇出版物、专利或专利申请都被引入作为参考。
Claims (52)
1.一种包含选自下列的序列的肽:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8,其中肽的长度为大约6个到大约15个氨基酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的肽,其包含SEQ ID NO:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的肽,其由SEQ ID NO:1组成。
4.一种包含与肽结合的脂质的分子,该肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8。
5.根据权利要求4所述的分子,其包含位于所述脂质和所述肽之间的接头。
6.根据权利要求5所述的分子,其中所述脂质为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。
7.根据权利要求5所述的分子,其中所述接头包含聚乙二醇(PEG)。
8.根据权利要求4所述的分子,其包含1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)。
9.根据权利要求4所述的分子,其包含SEQ ID NO:1。
10.一种脂质体,其包含:
包含与肽结合的脂质的分子,
其中肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ IDNO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8。
11.根据权利要求10所述的脂质体,其中所述分子包含位于所述脂质和所述肽之间的接头。
12.根据权利要求10所述的脂质体,其中所述脂质为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。
13.根据权利要求12所述的脂质体,其中所述接头包含聚乙二醇(PEG)。
14.根据权利要求12所述的脂质体,其包含1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)-LARLLT。
15.根据权利要求10所述的脂质体,其中所述脂质体进一步包含选自下列的脂质:磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油和溶血脂质。
16.根据权利要求10所述的脂质体,其中所述脂质体包括1,2-二棕榈酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DPPC)和单硬脂酰基磷脂酰胆碱(MSPC)。
17.根据权利要求10所述的脂质体,其进一步包含选自治疗化合物和显像化合物的化合物。
18.根据权利要求17所述的脂质体,其中所述脂质体包含双分子层并限定内部空间,所述化合物位于脂质体的内部空间、脂质体的双分子层之中或者位于内部空间和双分子层之中。
19.根据权利要求17所述的脂质体,其中所述治疗化合物为抗癌化合物。
20.根据权利要求19所述的脂质体,其中所述抗癌化合物选自:烷化剂、抗代谢物、纺锤体毒素植物生物碱、细胞毒性抗肿瘤抗生素、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体或其片段、光敏剂、激酶抑制剂、抗肿瘤酶和酶的抑制剂、细胞凋亡诱导剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、类视黄醇和含铂化合物。
21.根据权利要求19所述的脂质体,其中所述抗癌化合物选自:多烯紫衫醇、阿霉素和卡铂。
22.根据权利要求17所述的脂质体,其包含显像剂。
23.根据权利要求17所述的脂质体,其包括1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)-LARLLT,其中所述治疗剂为卡铂。
24.一种向有需要的受试者给予化合物的方法,其包括:
将化合物与肽结合,该肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ IDNO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQID NO:8;以及
用结合肽的化合物接触受试者。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述肽连接脂质,肽连接的脂质为脂质体形式。
26.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述肽连接的脂质包含位于所述脂质和所述肽之间的接头。
27.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述脂质为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。
28.根据权利要求26所述的方法,其中所述接头包含聚乙二醇(PEG)。
29.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述肽连接的脂质包含1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)-LARLLT。
30.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述脂质体进一步包含1,2-二棕榈酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DPPC)和单硬脂酰基磷脂酰胆碱(MSPC),其中所述脂质体具有从大约39.0℃到大约45℃的凝胶向液体的相变温度。
31.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述脂质体进一步包含聚乙二醇化的脂质。
32.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述化合物选自治疗化合物和显像化合物。
33.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述脂质体包含双分子层并限定内部空间,所述化合物位于脂质体的内部空间、脂质体的双分子层之中或者位于内部空间和双分子层之中。
34.根据权利要求32所述的方法,其中所述治疗化合物为抗癌化合物。
35.根据权利要求34所述的方法,其中所述抗癌化合物选自:烷化剂、抗代谢物、纺锤体毒素植物生物碱、细胞毒性抗肿瘤抗生素、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体或其片段、光敏剂、激酶抑制剂、抗肿瘤酶和酶的抑制剂、细胞凋亡诱导剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、类视黄醇和含铂化合物。
36.根据权利要求34所述的方法,其中所述抗癌化合物选自多烯紫衫醇、阿霉素和卡铂。
37.根据权利要求32所述的方法,其中所述化合物为显像剂。
38.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括加热受试者的一部分。
39.根据权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述加热包括应用电磁能量、红外辐射或超声波。
40.一种治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的方法,其包括:
向受试者给予脂质体,其中该脂质体包含与肽结合的脂质,该肽包含选自下列的序列:SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ IDNO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8,并且脂质体包含抗癌化合物。
41.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述肽连接脂质。
42.根据权利要求41所述的方法,其中所述肽连接的脂质包含位于所述脂质和所述肽之间的接头。
43.根据权利要求41所述的方法,其中所述脂质为1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)。
44.根据权利要求41所述的方法,其中所述接头包括聚乙二醇(PEG)。
45.根据权利要求41所述的方法,其中所述肽连接的脂质包含1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](DSPE-PEG2000)-LARLLT。
46.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述脂质体进一步包含1,2-二棕榈酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DPPC)和单硬脂酰基磷脂酰胆碱(MSPC),并且其中所述脂质体具有从大约39.0℃到大约45℃的凝胶向液体的相变温度。
47.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述脂质体包含聚乙二醇化的脂质。
48.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述脂质体包括双分子层并限定内部空间,所述抗癌化合物位于脂质体的内部空间、脂质体的双分子层之中或者位于内部空间和双分子层之中。
49.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述抗癌化合物选自烷化剂、抗代谢物、纺锤体毒素植物生物碱、细胞毒性抗肿瘤抗生素、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体或其片段、光敏剂、激酶抑制剂、抗肿瘤酶和酶的抑制剂、细胞凋亡诱导剂、生物反应调节剂、抗激素、类视黄醇和含铂化合物。
50.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述抗癌化合物选自多烯紫衫醇、阿霉素和卡铂。
51.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中所述方法进一步包括加热受试者的一部分。
52.根据权利要求51所述的方法,其中所述加热包括应用电磁能量、红外辐射或超声波。
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CN104825394A (zh) * | 2015-04-17 | 2015-08-12 | 北京大学 | 靶向肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的脂质体载药系统 |
CN108635593A (zh) * | 2018-05-21 | 2018-10-12 | 天津科技大学 | 一种e-选择素肽配体修饰的靶向热敏脂质体的制备和应用 |
CN108635593B (zh) * | 2018-05-21 | 2022-03-11 | 天津科技大学 | 一种e-选择素肽配体修饰的靶向热敏脂质体的制备和应用 |
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JP2011502177A (ja) | 2011-01-20 |
EP2215107A4 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
EP2215107B1 (en) | 2012-10-17 |
WO2009059450A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
US20110200527A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
EP2215107A1 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
CN101855237B (zh) | 2014-10-22 |
WO2009062399A1 (en) | 2009-05-22 |
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