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CN101795568A - 外寄生物的防控 - Google Patents

外寄生物的防控 Download PDF

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CN101795568A
CN101795568A CN200880019109A CN200880019109A CN101795568A CN 101795568 A CN101795568 A CN 101795568A CN 200880019109 A CN200880019109 A CN 200880019109A CN 200880019109 A CN200880019109 A CN 200880019109A CN 101795568 A CN101795568 A CN 101795568A
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麦克尔·J·克拉夫德
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Bayer animal health GmbH & Co.KG
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Divergence Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
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Abstract

本发明公开了通过给动物使用有效量的4-叔丁基苯乙基喹唑啉-4-基醚、或4-氯-5-乙基-2-甲基-N-[(4-叔丁基苯基)甲基]吡唑-3-甲酰胺、或5-氯-N-[2-[4-(2-乙氧基乙基)-2，3-二甲基苯氧基]乙基]-6-乙基-4-嘧啶胺、或4-氯-3-乙基-1-甲基-N-[4-(对甲苯氧基)苯甲基]吡唑-5-甲酰胺，防控侵染宠物和家畜的外寄生物的方法。

Description

外寄生物的防控
发明背景
在动物、例如宠物和家畜的饲养中，外寄生物导致了大量损失、包括经济损失，特别是因为许多外寄生物可能作为疾病媒介物。
动物外寄生物的防控是一项正在进行中的挑战。例如，大量品种的蜱已经发展出对大范围的杀虫剂，例如砷、六氯己烷、毒杀芬、DDT、除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯和有机磷化合物的抗性，尽管这些化合物具有不同的作用方式以及在外寄生物中的几种不同的原始攻击位点。因此，非常希望开发出并商业化其它用于外寄生物防控的、具有新的作用方式的活性药剂，这一点已经被广泛接受。
带有喹唑啉、吡唑或嘧啶核的化合物，它们在作物化学应用中的杀真菌、杀虫和杀螨用途已广为人知(参见美国专利No.5,411,963)。然而，几份报告指出，在正常使用下，喹螨醚(fenazaquin)和吡螨胺(tebufenpyrad)对于昆虫害虫具有有限的活性谱，并且对于有益的螨物种也具有相对低的毒性(Pest Manag Sci 200561(2)：103-10)。
发明简述
本文描述了用于预防和/或抑制动物的外寄生物的方法。方法包括给动物使用有效量的4-叔丁基苯乙基喹唑啉-4-基醚(喹螨醚)、4-氯-5-乙基-2-甲基-N-[(4-叔丁基苯基)甲基]吡唑-3-甲酰胺(吡螨胺)、5-氯-N-[2-[4-(2-乙氧基乙基)-2，3-二甲基苯氧基]乙基]-6-乙基-4-嘧啶胺(嘧螨醚(pyrimidifen))、和4-氯-3-乙基-1-甲基-N-[4-(对甲苯氧基)苯甲基]吡唑-5-甲酰胺(唑虫酰胺(tolfenpyrad))。喹螨醚、吡螨胺、嘧螨醚和唑虫酰胺被认为能够通过与复合物I在辅酶Q0处结合，抑制了线粒体电子传递链，从而影响代谢，它们代表了在动物卫生中用于外寄生物防控的新的作用方式。
某些线粒体电子传递抑制剂的未曾预料到的抗蜱和抗蚤性质，是相当重要的，因为只有相当少的农用杀虫剂可以有效地用于对抗动物的外寄生物。
本文描述了防控动物外寄生物的组合物和方法。方法需要使用含有下列化合物的组合物：4-叔丁基苯乙基喹唑啉-4-基醚(式I)，4-氯-5-乙基-2-甲基-N-[(4-叔丁基苯基)甲基]吡唑-3-甲酰胺(式II)，5-氯-N-[2-[4-(2-乙氧基乙基)-2，3-二甲基苯氧基]乙基]-6-乙基-4-嘧啶胺(式III)和以式IV公开的4-氯-3-乙基-1-甲基-N-[4-(对甲苯氧基)苯甲基]吡唑-5-甲酰胺，来防控侵染动物的蜱、螨、蚤、蝇和虱。
Figure G2008800191092D00021
式I
Figure G2008800191092D00022
式II
Figure G2008800191092D00023
式III
式IV。
式I、式II、式III和式IV所示的化合物适合用于防控节肢动物，这些节肢动物攻击农业家畜例如牛、绵羊、山羊、马、猪、驴、骆驼、水牛、兔、鸡、火鸡、鸭、鹅，其它驯养动物例如狗、猫、笼养鸟、观赏鱼，以及所谓的实验动物例如仓鼠、豚鼠、大鼠和小鼠。通过防控这些节肢动物，死亡和产量(例如肉、奶、羊毛、皮革、蛋等)降低的情况可以被减少，因此可能进行更经济、更简单的动物科学管理。
本文描述了用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式I的化合物或其盐的组合物。
本文描述了用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式II的化合物或其盐的组合物。
本文描述了用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式III的化合物或其盐的组合物。
本文描述了用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式IV的化合物或其盐的组合物。
在本文描述的方法的各种不同实施方案中：非人类对象是哺乳动物；非人类对象是鸟类；给药包括局部给药，给药包括非肠道(例如经口)给药；非人类对象侵染有外寄生物或具有被外寄生物侵染的风险。在各种不同实施方案中：外寄生物是节肢动物；外寄生物选自硬蜱科、软蜱科、痒螨科、疥螨科、蝇科、啮毛虱科或蚤科；外寄生物选自牛蜱属、扇头蜱属、革蜱属、璃眼蜱属、钝眼蜱属、耳蜱属、钝缘蜱属、畜虱属、螫蝇属、牛毛虱属或栉头蚤属。
在本文描述的方法的各种不同实施方案中：组合物是固体；组合物是液体或凝胶；给药包括给非人类对象施用含有所述化合物的液体组合物；给药包括给非人类对象施用含有所述化合物的固体组合物；给药包括在非人类对象上喷洒、浸涂或点滴；化合物在液体组合物中的存在量以重量计为0.01到50.0％；化合物在液体组合物中的存在量以重量计为0.02到10.0％；非人类对象选自牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、狗、猫和马；局部给药包括给非人类对象安装含有组合物的固体物件(例如标、项圈、项圈标、耳标、尾标、肢缚带或缰绳)；固体物件包括聚合物材料。
本文描述了含有式I的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物。
本文描述了含有式II的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物。
本文描述了含有式III的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物。
本文描述了含有式IV的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物。
本文描述了含有式I的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象。
本文描述了含有式I的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象。
本文描述了含有式II的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象。
本文描述了含有式III的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象。
本文描述了含有式IV的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象。
在各种不同的实施方案中，组合物是粉末。
在下面随附的描述中提供了本发明的一个或多个实施方案的详细情况。从说明书以及从权利要求书中，本发明的其它特点、目标和优点，将变得明显。
发明详述
在20世纪90年代，为了保护作物和其它植物免于植物害虫例如蛛螨(例如两点蛛螨)或锈螨(例如苹果锈螨)的掠食，上市几种具有线粒体复合物I抑制剂活性的化合物。这些化合物包括喹螨醚(4-叔丁基苯乙基喹唑啉-4-基醚；式I)、吡螨胺(4-氯-5-乙基-2-甲基-N-[(4-叔丁基苯基)甲基]吡唑-3-甲酰胺；式II)、嘧螨醚(5-氯-N-[2-[4-(2-乙氧基乙基)-2，3-二甲基苯氧基]乙基]-6-乙基-4-嘧啶胺)、唑虫酰胺(4-氯-3-乙基-1-甲基-N-[4-(对甲苯氧基)苯甲基]吡唑-5-甲酰胺；式IV)、唑螨酯(4-[[(1，3-二甲基-5-苯氧基-吡唑-4-基)亚甲基氨基]氧基甲基]苯甲酸叔丁酯)和哒螨酮(4-氯-2-叔丁基-5-[(4-叔丁基苯基)甲基硫烷基]哒嗪-3-酮)。
Figure G2008800191092D00061
式V(唑螨酯)
Figure G2008800191092D00062
式VI(哒螨酮)。
尽管作用于保守位点(复合物I的辅酶Q0)并干扰必需过程(线粒体电子传递)，但这些杀虫剂显示出了令人吃惊的和未预料到的种特异性。尽管主要用作杀螨剂对抗植物寄生的螨，但普遍来说，这些化合物被证实在田间条件下对掠食性螨和许多有益昆虫只有极小的影响(Pest Manag Sci 200561(2)：103-10)。
复合物I抑制剂的效能的大的种依赖性差异的具体的例子，可以在Hackler等对喹螨醚的研究中看到。喹螨醚对于棉蚜(LC50为2.6ppm)和蚊子幼虫(LC50为0.725ppm)具有高活性，但是对于甘蓝银纹夜蛾(LC50为188ppm)效能低，对于南部南瓜十二星叶甲和烟草夜蛾幼虫二者的活性在400ppm以上(Hackler等，1998“从杀螨剂开发广谱杀虫剂活性(Development of broad-spectrum insecticide activity from amiticide)”，Synthesis and Chemistry of Agrochemicals V(Baker等主编)，American Chemical Society，Washington DC，pp.147-156)。这些种敏感性差异可能是由于内在的活性差异(即活性位点改变)、代谢差异和/或穿透性差异。例如，喹螨醚被烟草夜蛾幼虫大量代谢，这可以解释针对这个物种的不好的效能。此外，大鼠肝脏微粒体对喹螨醚的降解比鳟鱼肝脏微粒体的更强，这可能部分解释了化合物对鱼类的毒性比对哺乳动物高。目前，在化合物与活性位点或代谢或穿透性差异的相互作用中的这些种依赖性差异，不可能先验性地预测。
令人吃惊的是，我们发现喹螨醚(4-叔丁基苯乙基喹唑啉-4-基醚)和某些其它的线粒体复合物I抑制剂对蚤和蜱有活性，这是两类关系遥远的节肢动物，在动物科学管理中都是商业重要的外寄生物。
化合物4-叔丁基苯乙基喹唑啉-4-基醚、4-氯-5-乙基-2-甲基-N-[(4-叔丁基苯基)甲基]吡唑-3-甲酰胺、5-氯-N-[2-[4-(2-乙氧基乙基)-2，3-二甲基苯氧基]乙基]-6-乙基-4-嘧啶胺和4-氯-3-乙基-1-甲基-N-[4-(对甲苯氧基)苯甲基]吡唑-5-甲酰胺都对动物寄生虫(外寄生物)具有活性，例如硬蜱、软蜱、疥螨、恙螨虱、发虱、羽虱和蚤。这些寄生虫包括螨目硬蜱科的外寄生物，例如牛蜱，例如牛蜱属物种，例如微小牛蜱(Boophilus microplus)、消色牛蜱(Boophilus decoloratus)和具环牛蜱(Boophilus annulatus)；扇头蜱属物种例如血红扇头蜱(Rhipicephalussanguineus)、具尾扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus appendiculatus)、Rhipicephaluspulchellus和外翻扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus evertsi)；璃眼蜱属物种例如长蟓璃眼蜱(Hyalomma truncatum)、麻点璃眼蜱(Hyalomma rufipes)、残缘璃眼蜱(Hyalomma detritum)、边缘璃眼蜱(Hyalommamarginatum)、嗜驼璃眼蜱(Hyalomma dromedarii)和Hyalommaanatolicum excavatum；革蜱属物种例如变异革蜱(Dermacentorvariabilis)和安氏革蜱(Dermacentor andersoni)；钝眼蜱属物种例如彩饰钝眼蜱(Amblyomma variegatum)、希伯莱钝眼蜱(Amblyommaherbraeum)、Amblyomma pomposum、美洲钝眼蜱(Amblyommaamericanum)、卡延钝眼蜱(Amblyomma cayennenese)、斑点钝眼蜱(Amblyomma maculatum)、宝石钝眼蜱(Amblyomma gemma)和Amblyomma lepidium；软蜱科的外寄生物，例如耳蜱属物种例如刺耳蜱(Otobius megnini)和钝缘蜱属物种例如Ornithodoros savignyi、拉合尔钝缘蜱(Ornithodoros lahorensis)和Ornithodoros tholozani；痒螨科外寄生物例如绵羊痒螨(Psoroptes ovis)和马痒螨(Psoroptes equi)；以及疥螨科外寄生物，例如牛疥螨(Sarcoptes bovis)或人疥螨(Sarcoptesscabici)；双翅目的外寄生物，包括叮咬和吸血蝇类；虱目的外寄生物，包括吸虱和羽虱；以及蚤目的外寄生物，包括但不限于猫蚤(猫栉头蚤(Ctenocephalides felis))和狗蚤(犬栉头蚤(Ctenocephalides canis))。
活性化合物可以以例如片剂、胶囊、饮剂、兽用顿服药、颗粒剂、糊剂、大丸剂、直通方法、栓剂的方式进行肠内给药。化合物可以非肠道给药，例如通过注射(肌肉内、皮下、静脉内、腹膜内等)。化合物也可以作为植入物给药，经鼻给药，以例如浸蘸或浸渍、喷洒、倾到、点滴、清洗、撒粉的形式通过皮肤给药，以及在含有活性化合物的成型物件的帮助下给药，所述物件为例如项圈、耳标、尾标、肢缚带、缰绳、标记装置等。
从可商购的剂型制备的使用形式中的活性化合物的含量可以在宽泛的范围内变化。使用形式中的活性化合物的浓度可以为0.0000001到95％重量的活性化合物，优选在0.0001到10％重量之间。
当用于牛、家禽、家畜等时，活性化合物组合可以作为含有以重量计1到80％量的活性化合物的剂型(例如粉剂、乳剂、可流动形式)，直接或稀释100到10000倍后使用，或者它们也可以用作化学物质蘸液(chemical dip)。
式I、II、III和IV的化合物，以游离碱形式或农业上可接受的酸加成盐的形式，例如作为盐酸盐或乙酸盐，通过局部处理动物，例如通过撒粉、通过使用稀释的含水形式蘸或喷，施加于螨目的外寄生物。式I、II、III和IV的化合物优选以游离碱的形式使用。稀释程度可以改变，尽管以使用的活性药剂的重量计，优选情况下浓度在0.01到50.0％、特别是0.02到10％的范围内。治疗优选以7到21天的间隔期重复。
活性药剂可以被方便地配制成撒粉剂、浓撒粉剂、可润湿粉剂、可乳化浓缩物或溶液，使用常规的固体或液体佐剂。本发明的特别优选的组合物是液体浓缩物，特别是优选含有3.0到50％重量的活性药剂的液体浓缩物，在使用前用水稀释。这样的液体浓缩物优选包含乳化剂，例如源自于高分子量醇的聚乙二醇醚、硫醇或具有氧化烯的烷基酚，以及稀释剂例如液体芳香烃类或矿物油。
适合的固体载体是例如铵盐和经过研磨的天然矿物例如高岭土、粘土、滑石粉、白垩、石英、硅镁土、蒙脱土或硅藻土，以及经过研磨的合成材料例如高分散性二氧化硅、氧化铝和硅酸盐；适合用于颗粒剂的固体载体是例如经过碾碎和分级处理的天然岩石例如方解石、大理石、浮石、海泡石和白云石，或其它合成的无机和有机岩粉颗粒，以及有机材料颗粒例如锯末、椰子壳、玉米芯和烟草茎；适合的乳化剂和/或泡沫形成剂是例如非离子和阴离子乳化剂，例如聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚，例如烷芳基聚二醇醚、烷基磺酸酯盐、烷基硫酸酯盐、芳基磺酸酯盐或蛋白水解物；适合的分散剂是例如木质素-亚硫酸盐废液和甲基纤维素。
羧甲基纤维素以及粉末、颗粒或胶乳形式的天然和合成聚合物，例如阿拉伯胶、聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯乙酸酯，或其它天然磷脂例如脑磷脂和卵磷脂，以及合成的磷脂，可用于剂型中。其它的添加剂可以是矿物油和植物油。也可以使用着色剂例如无机颜料，例如氧化铁、二氧化钛和普鲁士蓝，以及有机着色剂例如茜素着色剂、偶氮着色剂和金属酞菁着色剂，以及微量营养物质例如铁、锰、硼、铜、钴、钼和锌的盐。
剂型一般含有0.1到95％重量的活性化合物，优选在0.5到90％之间。
式I、II、III和IV中的化合物对抗动物外寄生物的作用可以从下面的实施例中看到。实施例应该被解释为仅仅是说明性的，不以任何方式对余下的公开内容进行限制。所有在本文中引用的出版物在此以其全文引为参考。
实施例1：在浸蘸存活率性分析中针对美洲钝眼蜱(A.americanum)幼虫的活性
使用了以前描述过的、可以有效地预测化合物针对野外成年蜱的效能的方案(White，WH.等，An in vitro larval immersion microassay foridentifying and characterizing candidate acaricides.(用于鉴定和定性候选杀螨剂的体外幼虫浸渍微量分析方法)，J Med Entomol.2004 Nov；41(6)：1034-42)，将来自二甲亚砜(DMSO)储液的测试化合物或单独的2％DMSO分发到圆底96孔板中，与含有1％乙醇和0.2％Triton X100的水性缓冲液混合。最终的DMSO浓度不超过2％。将幼虫阶段的单星蜱(美洲钝眼蜱Amblyomma americanum)分发到含有测试化合物的孔中，浸没30分钟。随后将蜱分发到组织活体检查袋中，使其干燥1小时。干燥后，将袋在25℃和95％湿度下温育24小时，对活的和死的幼虫进行计数。本研究的结果显示在表1中。
表1：处理后24小时活的/总的蜱幼虫数
Figure G2008800191092D00111
Figure G2008800191092D00112
Figure G2008800191092D00113
Figure G2008800191092D00114
Figure G2008800191092D00115
实施例2：针对猫栉头蚤(C.felis)卵的活性
测试化合物针对蚤卵的评估，是常用的用于确定商业化产品对这些昆虫寄生虫的效能的分析方法(McTier TL等，Evaluation of theeffects of selamectin against adult and immature stages of fleas(Ctenocephalides felis felis)on dogs and cats.(评估司拉克丁(selamectin)针对狗和猫身上的成年和未成熟阶段的蚤(猫栉头蚤Ctenocephalides felis felis)的效应)，Vet Parasitol.2000 Aug23；91(3-4)：201-12；Dryden M等，Efficacy of a topically appliedformulation of metaflumizone on cats against the adult cat flea，flea eggproduction and hatch，and adult flea emergence.(在猫身上表面使用氰氟虫腙(metaflumizone)剂型对成年猫蚤、蚤卵产生和孵化以及成年蚤出现的效应)，VetParasitol.2007Dec 15；150(3)：263-7)。将化合物溶解在丙酮中，将每种溶液100μl放置在5ml玻璃小瓶中，允许其空气干燥。将来自猫蚤(猫栉头蚤Ctenocephalides felis)的40个不超过48小时的卵以及蚤污物(主要是成年蚤的粪便物质和宿主的皮屑)，放置在小瓶中。将小瓶用纸巾覆盖，允许空气交换，并在25℃和90％湿度下温育5天，对幼虫的数量进行计数。本研究的结果显示在表2中：
表2：5天后从40个卵出现的蚤幼虫的数量(占总卵数的百分比)。
Figure G2008800191092D00122
Figure G2008800191092D00123
Figure G2008800191092D00124
Figure G2008800191092D00125

Claims (32)

1.一种用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式I的化合物或其盐的组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00011
2.一种用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式II的化合物或其盐的组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00012
3.一种用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式III的化合物或其盐的组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00013
4.一种用于治疗非人类对象的方法，所述方法包括给对象给药含有式IV的化合物或其盐的组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00021
5.权利要求1-4任一项的方法，其中给药包括局部给药。
6.权利要求1-4任一项的方法，其中给药包括非肠道给药。
7.权利要求1-6任一项的方法，其中非人类对象被外寄生物侵染或具有被外寄生物侵染的风险。
8.权利要求7的方法，其中非人类对象被外寄生物侵染。
9.权利要求7的方法，其中非人类对象具有被外寄生物侵染的风险。
10.权利要求7的方法，其中外寄生物是节肢动物。
11.权利要求7的方法，其中外寄生物选自硬蜱科、软蜱科、痒螨科、疥螨科、蝇科、啮毛虱科或蚤科。
12.权利要求7的方法，其中外寄生物选自牛蜱属、扇头蜱属、革蜱属、璃眼蜱属、钝眼蜱属、耳蜱属、钝缘蜱属、畜虱属、螫蝇属、牛毛虱属或栉头蚤属。
13.权利要求1-4任一项的方法，其中组合物是固体。
14.权利要求1-4任一项的方法，其中组合物是液体或凝胶。
15.权利要求5的方法，其中给药包括给非人类对象施用含有所述化合物的液体组合物。
16.权利要求5的方法，其中给药包括给非人类对象施用含有所述化合物的固体组合物。
17.权利要求15的方法，其中给药包括在非人类对象上喷洒、浸涂或点滴。
18.权利要求16的方法，其中化合物在液体组合物中的存在量以重量计为0.01到50.0％。
19.权利要求16的方法，其中化合物在液体组合物中的存在量以重量计为0.02到10.0％。
20.权利要求1-4任一项的方法，其中非人类对象选自牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、狗、猫和马。
21.权利要求6的方法，其中局部给药包括给非人类对象安装含有组合物的固体物件。
22.权利要求21的方法，其中固体物件选自项圈、项圈标、耳标、尾标、肢缚带或缰绳。
23.权利要求21的方法，其中固体物件包括聚合物材料。
24.含有式I的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00041
25.含有式II的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00042
26.含有式III的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00043
27.含有式IV的化合物或其盐的单位剂量形式的药物组合物：
Figure F2008800191092C00044
28.含有式I的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象：
Figure F2008800191092C00051
29.含有式II的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象：
Figure F2008800191092C00052
30.含有式III的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象：
Figure F2008800191092C00053
31.含有式IV的化合物或其盐的组合物，其中组合物适合于局部给药于非人类对象：
32.权利要求27-31任一项的组合物，其中组合物是粉末。
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