CN101784331A - Scr排放控制系统 - Google Patents
Scr排放控制系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101784331A CN101784331A CN200880101237A CN200880101237A CN101784331A CN 101784331 A CN101784331 A CN 101784331A CN 200880101237 A CN200880101237 A CN 200880101237A CN 200880101237 A CN200880101237 A CN 200880101237A CN 101784331 A CN101784331 A CN 101784331A
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9495—Controlling the catalytic process
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
- F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
- F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. dosing of reducing agent
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2250/00—Combinations of different methods of purification
- F01N2250/02—Combinations of different methods of purification filtering and catalytic conversion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
- F01N2610/146—Control thereof, e.g. control of injectors or injection valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/04—Methods of control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0406—Methods of control or diagnosing using a model with a division of the catalyst or filter in several cells
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/04—Methods of control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0412—Methods of control or diagnosing using pre-calibrated maps, tables or charts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/08—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the engine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N9/005—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus using models instead of sensors to determine operating characteristics of exhaust systems, e.g. calculating catalyst temperature instead of measuring it directly
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种排放控制系统(14)。该排放控制系统可以具有接收废气流的SCR装置(28)。该排放控制系统还可以具有在SCR装置中的催化剂处或催化剂的上游处将还原试剂引入废气流的喷射器(26)。该排气控制系统还可以具有与喷射器通信的控制器(30),该控制器能够通过利用在多个SCR反应中的至少一个必须完成后才能开始其余的SCR反应的近似法来计算还原试剂的第一量。控制器还能够根据第一量调整喷射器。
Description
技术领域
本发明整体上涉及用于SCR过程的控制器,更具体地,涉及计算所喷射的还原试剂的量的控制器。
背景技术
发动机废气排放对于发动机制造商来说变得越来越重要。政府和管理机构针对多种公路和越野车辆执行越来越严格的排放标准。车辆发动机排出的废气中污染物的含量必须是根据发动机的类型、尺寸和/或等级来进行控制。制造商必须开发新技术以在向消费者提供高性能和经济型的设备的同时满足这些标准。
发动机制造商为了满足废气流污染物法规所采用的一种方法是使用选择性催化还原(“SCR”)催化剂来净化发动机废气流中的氮氧化物(“NOx”)。SCR系统的工作原理是在有催化剂的情况下,向发动机废气流中释放诸如氨(“NH3”)等还原剂。NH3可以储存在催化剂的表面涂层上,在该处NH3与废气流中的NOx反应生成对环境无害的产物,例如氮气(“N2”)和水(“H2O”)。SCR过程的化学反应过程可以通过下述反应式来表示:
4NH3(ads)+4NO+O2→4N2+6H2O (2)
4NH3(ads)+2NO+2NO2→4N2+6H2O (3)
8NH3(ads)+6NO2→7N2+12H2O (4)
4NH3(ads)+3O2→2N2+6H2O (5)
反应式(1)描述了氨吸附于催化剂或从催化剂解吸附,反应式(2)到(4)是“脱NOx”反应,描述在有催化剂的情况下还原剂与NOx之间的反应,而反应式(5)描述了氨的氧化。
通常希望废气流中被转化为H2O和N2的NOx的量最大化。为了实现这一目标,需要增加储存在催化剂表面上的NH3的量。但是,NH3也可能从催化剂解吸附,并被催化剂下游的废气流带走释放入大气中(即流失)。由于未发生反应的NH3释放入大气中被浪费,因此不希望发生NH3流失。NH3解吸附速率很大程度上取决于催化剂的温度。当催化剂的温度上升时,NH3从催化剂表面解吸附的速率指数式上升。
与发动机或涡轮机基本在稳定工况下操作的工业用或固定SCR应用不同,公路卡车和越野机械使用的移动式SCR系统经受瞬变的发动机转速和负载。在低负载和低温的瞬时循环周期下,催化剂的表面可以储存大量的NH3。当发动机负载增加时,排气温度增加且热的废气流迅速加热SCR催化剂,从而导致所存储的NH3解吸附。解吸附的NH3可能进入废气流并且被排入大气中。
一种在仍然试图保持良好的NOx转换率的同时克服NH3流失的方法是基于模型的控制。基于模型的控制器使用内部模型来计算有效地与NOx反应并减少NOx且同时不造成流失所需要的还原剂的适合的量。但是,对描述包括反应式(1)到(5)的SCR过程的微分方程求解可能需要大量的计算并且难以实时地进行。
C.M.Schar等人的名称为“Control-Oriented Model of an SCRCatalytic Converter System”的SAE论文2004-01-0153(’0153论文)中示出了一种描述反应式(1)到(5)以控制SCR过程的方法。具体说来,’0153论文中公开了一种使用Eiley-Rideal机理来描述SCR过程的控制导向的SCR模型。
4NH3(ads)+4NOx+O2→4N2+6H2O (6)
由此,’0153论文通过将一氧化氮(“NO”)和二氧化氮(“NO2”)这两项合并为NOx一项而限制了需要求解的反应式的数量。然后,使用该简化的反应式来设计用于SCR装置的基于模型的控制。
虽然’0153论文可以列出一种通过将反应式(2)至(4)组合为单个虚拟的反应来简化SCR计算的方法,虚拟反应所得到的结果可能并不是最理想的。例如,’0153方法可能仅仅考虑单个全局脱NOx反应,而不能区分NO和NO2成分之间的差别,这在一些情况下是不希望的。仅当在SCR上游不存在柴油氧化催化剂或催化烟尘过滤器时,NO和NO2可以被合并为一项的假设才可能是现实的。由于三个脱NOx反应之间的反应速率和化学剂量比的差别,使用单个虚拟的反应可能需要对每个发动机和后处理配置进行昂贵的模型标定。
发明内容
本发明旨在克服上述的一个或多个问题。
在一个方面,本发明针对一种排放控制系统。该排放控制系统可以包括接收废气流的SCR装置。排放控制系统也可以包括喷射器,该喷射器在SCR装置内的催化剂处或催化剂上游将还原试剂引入废气流中。排放控制系统还可以包括与喷射器通信的控制器,控制器能够通过利用必须先完成多个SCR反应中的至少一个才能开始其余的SCR反应的近似法来计算还原试剂的第一量。控制器也能够至少根据第一量调整喷射器。
在另一个方面,本发明针对一种控制SCR过程的方法。该方法可以包括形成废气流并且将废气流引导至催化剂。该方法也可以包括计算喷射入废气流中的还原试剂的第一量,其中通过利用必须先完成多个SCR反应中的至少一个才能开始其余的SCR反应的近似法来计算第一量。该方法还可以包括至少根据还原试剂的第一量来调整在催化剂处或催化剂上游处当前正喷入废气流中的还原试剂的量。
附图说明
图1为示例性地公开的流体系统的框图。
图2为示出所公开的控制系统的示例性的操作的控制图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了流体系统10的框图,包括功率源12和排放控制系统14。功率源12可以为内燃机,例如柴油机、汽油机、气体燃料发动机(例如天然气发动机)或本领域技术人员已知的任何其他类型的燃烧发动机。功率源12可以具有将化学势能(通常以可燃气体的形式)转换为有用机械功的多个燃烧室20。功率源12被认为也可以是熔炉或类似的非发动机装置。功率源12可以通过通道16接收空气并且可以通过通道18排出废气流。
空气可以通过进气阀15进入流体系统10。进气阀15可以为蝶形阀、闸门阀、球阀、球心阀或本领域已知的任何其他类型的阀。进气阀15可以是螺线管致动、液压致动、气压致动或以任何其他方式致动。进气阀15可以与通道16流体连通以引导空气通过进气歧管(未示出)进入功率源12。
排放控制系统14可以减少燃烧过程之后从功率源12排出的有害气体和颗粒物的排放。排放控制系统14可以包括柴油氧化催化剂(“DOC”)22、催化或无催化柴油微粒过滤器24、喷射器26、选择性催化还原(“SCR”)装置28和控制器30。可以想到,DOC 22、微粒过滤器24和SCR装置28可以是串联的独立的装置,或者DOC22、微粒过滤器24和SCR装置28中的两个或更多可以被结合为单个装置(例如CRTTM或CCRTTM)。也可以想到,可以使用多个DOC22、微粒过滤器24和SCR装置28。排放控制系统14在SCR装置28的下游可以包括额外的过滤或催化装置,例如,氨氧化催化剂。
DOC 22可以是将碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和/或氮氧化物转换为有害程度较低的产物的流通式装置。DOC 22可以为具有蜂窝状结构(未示出)的空心构件,废气可以从蜂窝状结构中流通。蜂窝状结构可以具有活性催化剂层,该活性催化剂层包括任何适合的催化材料,例如,铂、铝、钯、铑、钡、铈、碱金属、碱土金属、稀土金属或其任意组合。由于废气流与催化剂互相作用,废气流中的碳氢化合物可以被氧化。可以想到,DOC 22也可以将NO氧化为NO2,NO2可以用于氧化微粒过滤器24中的颗粒物。也可以想到,如果需要DOC 22也可以被省略。
微粒过滤器24可以在废气流通过通道38被释放入大气之前过滤废气流中的颗粒物或烟尘。微粒过滤器24可以包括被布置为蜂窝型、网孔型和/或任何其他适合的构造的过滤元件(未示出)。微粒过滤器24的过滤元件可以由诸如泡沫混凝土、烧结金属、纸、陶瓷、碳化硅或其任意组合的本领域已知的任何适合的过滤材料制成。可以想到,微粒过滤器24可以被动地或主动地再生以从微粒过滤器24的过滤元件中去除颗粒物。也可以想到,微粒过滤器24可以包括催化材料(即催化型柴油微粒过滤器)。微粒过滤器24中的催化材料可以增加废气流中的NO2的量以增加被动再生能力和NOx还原效率。
SRC装置28可以是能够对排气NOx与喷射器26所提供的还原试剂之间的反应进行催化的流通式装置。SRC装置28可以包括催化剂,或者特别地,可以包括催化剂载体材料和散布在催化剂载体材料中的金属助剂。催化剂载体材料可以包括氧化铝、沸石、磷酸铝、六铝酸钙、铝硅酸盐、锆酸盐、钛硅酸盐和钛酸盐中的至少一种。在一种实施方式中,催化剂载体材料可以包括氧化铝和沸石中的至少一种,而金属助剂可以包括银金属。可以使用这些材料的组合,也可以基于使用的燃料类型、使用的乙醇添加物、希望的空燃蒸汽比和/或为了遵循环境标准来选择催化剂材料。
喷射器26可以将还原试剂喷射到SCR装置28的表面。喷射器26可以位于SCR装置28处或者SCR装置的上游。喷射器26可以与还原试剂供给箱(未示出)流体联通以提供还原试剂的反复喷射。还原试剂可以是例如氨气、氨溶液、液态尿素、或氨发生器(未示出)产生的氨。
控制器30可以是单个微处理器或多个微处理器,包括用于控制喷射器26所喷射的还原试剂的量的装置。多种可购买到的微处理器可以被配置为执行控制器30的功能。应当理解,控制器30可以容易地具体化为能够控制多种机械功能的普通机械微处理器。此外,多种电路可以与控制器30相关联,例如电源电路、信号调节电路、数据采集电路、信号输出电路、信号放大电路和本领域已知的其他类型的电路。控制器30可以通过通信线路42与喷射器26通信并且通过通信线路40与功率源12通信。可以想到,控制器30可以与其他机械传感器(未示出)通信,例如,NOx传感器、NH3传感器、温度传感器、质量流量传感器和/或可以提供与排放控制系统14的操作特性相关联的信息的任何其他流体系统传感器。
如图2所示,控制器30可以包括内部逻辑/程序,以允许控制器在给定一个或多个输入的情况下计算一个或多个希望的输出。例如,控制器30可以包括限定能够在稳定状态下还原NOx的第一前馈控制结构44的程序。第一前馈控制结构44可以使用存储在控制器30的存储器中的一个以上多维映射48。映射48可以具有多个输入和多个输出。映射48的输入可以包括例如特征性的催化剂温度、空间速度和在SCR装置入口处的NO2/NOx比。映射48可以由稳态模拟和/或经验数据产生。映射48的输出可以包括第二喷射量m2和希望的催化剂表面覆盖率θdes。第二喷射量m2可以是还原排气中的NOx并使得稳定状态下的流失最小化所需要的还原试剂的量。催化剂表面覆盖率θ可以是SCR装置催化剂表面上被NH3分子覆盖的活性区域的部分。可以想到,每次喷射量可以是时间(即喷射速率)的函数。
控制器30也可以包括限定第二前馈控制结构46以说明流体系统10中的动态变化的程序。动态变化可以包括例如废气流、排气温度、NOx浓度的突然变化。第二前馈控制结构46可以是例如具有比例增益50的视觉状态反馈控制器。第二前馈控制结构46可以包括作为SCR过程的动态模型的SCR模型52。可以想到,第二前馈控制结构46可以具有一个或多个输入以及一个或多个输出。第二前馈控制结构46的一个输入可以是希望的催化剂表面覆盖率θdes,其可以由第一前馈控制结构44获取。第二前馈控制结构46的一个输出可以是第一喷射量m1。可以想到,第一喷射量m1可以与第二喷射量m2结合以形成可以由喷射器26施加的第三喷射量m3。
由控制器30所使用的SCR模型52可以包括解耦并允许对描述SCR过程(包括反应式(1)至(5))的多个微分方程进行求解的近似法。多个微分方程可以包括速率方程、热量和质量传递方程以及本领域已知的其他方程。例如,方程可以表示为:
其中C为组分浓度,c为比热,Ω为催化剂的NH3储存容量,R表示反应速率源项,Vwc/void为几何常量,u为废气流速率,T为温度,z为空间坐标,ρ为密度,t为时间且为空隙率。下标“g”和“s”分别表示固态和气态。可以想到,多个微分方程可以包括额外的和/或不同的方程或项。
控制器30可以使用多个微分方程的解耦解来实时计算θ的值。为了获取解耦解,控制器30可以近似为相等摩尔量的NO和NO2经过反应(3)直到反应结束。一旦反应(3)结束,未包含在相等摩尔量内的NO或NO2可以经过反应(2)或反应(4),取决于初始(即,在反应(3)之前)是否有较大摩尔量的NO或者NO2。例如,当NO的初始摩尔量超过NO2的初始摩尔量时,近似法可以决定相等摩尔量的NO和NO2进行反应(3)。然后,可能存在未参与反应(3)的残余量的NO。根据近似法,残余量的NO可以接着进行反应(2)。替代地,当NO2的初始摩尔量大于NO的初始摩尔量时,近似法可以决定在反应(3)之后,残余的NO2进行反应(4)。
换句话说,近似法可以假设反应(2)到(4)顺序发生(例如首先发生反应(3),然后发生反应(2)或(4)而不是并行发生(即反应(2)到(4)同时发生)。因为反应(3)的速度可能比反应(2)和(4)更快,所以该近似法可以准确地描述反应过程。
SCR模型52可以通过沿着SCR装置催化剂长度映射的多个控制体积或计算单元格来求解。其解可以通过下式表示:
其中a和b为常量,其大小可以取决于的初始值是否大于CNO,in的初始值或反之,L为控制体积/计算单元格的长度,T为在控制体积/计算单元格长度上的平均温度,下标“in”和“out”分别表示每个控制体积/计算单元格处的入口值和出口值,且上标“n-1”和“n”分别表示上一个时间步长和当前时间步长的值。第一控制体积/计算单元格可以对应于SCR装置28的入口,而最末控制体积/计算单元格可以对应于SCR装置28的出口(剩余的控制体积/计算单元格位于第一和最末控制体积/计算单元格之间)。每个单元格的θ可以被实时地计算并用于计算所有单元格的平均值θest。
工业实用性
根据本发明的控制系统可以适用于需要对SCR过程进行控制的任何流体系统。更具体地,根据本发明的控制系统可以用于限制从燃烧发动机排出的废气流中的污染物的量。根据本发明的控制系统可以具有带有内部模型的控制器,控制器实时地计算与废气流中的NOx反应并且防止流失所需要的喷射的还原试剂的量。
如图1,空气可以通过进气阀15被吸入流体系统10并通过通道16进入功率源12。燃料在进入燃烧室20之前可以与空气混合,且燃料空气混合物可以被功率源12燃烧以产生机械功和废气流。废气流可以包括空气污染物和颗粒物的复杂混合物。
废气流可以通过通道18传送至DOC 22。废气流可以经过DOC22的活性催化层,从而导致废气流中的碳氢化合物被氧化。然后废气流可以被传送至微粒过滤器24,在微粒过滤器中废气流可以经过一个或多个过滤元件以去除废气流中的颗粒物。可以想到,颗粒物当沉积在微粒过滤器24的过滤元件上时,可以被动地或主动地再生。
离开微粒过滤器24的废气流可以被传送至SCR装置28,其中可以还原废气流中的NOx。例如,控制器30能够向喷射器26(在SCR装置28处或在SCR装置的上游)发出指令以便将还原试剂喷入废气流中。控制器30可以包括允许其选择性地致动喷射器26的程序。
如图2,在控制器30的操作中,第一前馈控制结构44可以接收一个或多个输入。第一前馈控制结构输入可以被引用至映射48以获取θdes和m2。然后θdes可以被提供给第二前馈控制结构46,并将其与θest进行比较以获取表面覆盖误差θerr。可以将θerr乘以比例增益50以获得m1。然后可以将m1加上m2以获得还原试剂的第三喷射量m3。可以想到,m1的值可以是正的或负的,由此分别增加或减小m3的值。可以通过通信线路42(如图1)将m3的值发送至喷射器26,喷射器26可以应用该值。也可以将m3的值反馈至SCR模型52以允许计算新的θest的值,并最终获得新的m3的值。
当还原试剂为诸如尿素等复合物时,在喷射入废气流中时可能经过水解过程。在水解过程中,尿素可能会分解为包括例如氨气和二氧化碳的副产品。然后尿素中的NH3可以被存储在催化剂的表面上以与NOx反应从而还原NOx。也可以想到,还原试剂可以是能够直接被催化剂吸收的氨。
根据本发明的控制系统可以实现几个优点。特别地,根据本发明的控制器的模型可以在实时计算中说明NO和NO2,从而允许在包括DOC或催化型烟尘过滤器(即催化型柴油微粒过滤器)的流体系统中使用控制系统。同时,由于在根据本发明的控制器的模型中使用所有的脱NOx反应,根据本发明的控制系统也能够在仅进行少量标定的情况下用于多种发动机。
本领域技术人员将很清楚,对根据本发明的控制系统可以进行多种修正和变形。考虑到根据本发明的控制系统的说明书和实践,其他的实施方式对于本领域技术人员来说也将是很清楚的。说明书和实施例仅意于被认为是示例性的,真正的范围由权利要求及其等同物来确定。
Claims (10)
1.一种排放控制系统(14),包括:
SCR装置(28),其接收废气流;
喷射器(26),其在所述SCR装置中的催化剂处或在催化剂的上游处将还原试剂引入废气流中;以及
控制器(30),其与所述喷射器通信,所述控制器能够:
通过利用在多个SCR反应中的至少一个必须完成后才能开始其余的SCR反应的近似法来计算还原试剂的第一量;以及
至少根据所述第一量调整所述喷射器。
2.如权利要求1所述的排放控制系统,其中:
所述还原试剂包括还原剂;且
计算所述第一量以在使得还原剂流失最小化的同时还原废气中的NOx。
3.如权利要求1所述的排放控制系统,其中,将所述近似法应用于SCR模型以形成描述所述多个SCR反应的解耦解。
4.如权利要求3所述的排放控制系统,其中,在多个计算单元格上求解。
5.如权利要求1所述的排放控制系统,其中,所述控制器进一步包括多个映射(48)。
6.如权利要求5所述的排放控制系统,其中:
所述控制器使用所述多个映射来确定还原试剂的第二量;
将所述第一量加上所述第二量以得到还原试剂的第三量;且
喷射器将所述第三量施加于废气流。
7.一种控制SCR过程的方法,包括:
形成废气流;
将所述废气流连通至催化剂;
计算喷入废气流中的还原试剂的第一量,其中通过利用在多个SCR反应中的至少一个必须完成后才能开始其余的SCR反应的近似法来计算第一量;以及
至少根据还原试剂的第一量来调整当前在催化剂处或催化剂上游正喷入废气流中的还原试剂的量。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,应用近似法以形成描述所述多个SCR反应的解耦解。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中:
所述还原试剂包括还原剂;且
所述解的输出为计算得到的还原剂在催化剂上的表面覆盖率。
10.一种流体系统(10),包括:
功率源(12);
用于将空气连通至所述功率源的进气通道(16);
用于将废气流从所述功率源排出的排气通道(18);
如权利要求1至6的任意一项所述的从所述排气通道接收废气流的排放控制系统(14);
喷射器(26),该喷射器在所述排放控制系统内的催化剂处或催化剂的上游处将还原试剂引入废气流中以使其与废气流反应;
与所述喷射器通信的控制器(30),该控制器能够:
通过利用在多个SCR反应中的至少一个必须完成后才能开始其余的SCR反应的近似法来计算还原试剂的第一量;以及
至少根据所述第一量调整所述喷射器。
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US11/882,218 US8209956B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2007-07-31 | SCR emissions control system |
US11/882,218 | 2007-07-31 | ||
PCT/US2008/008658 WO2009017598A1 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-16 | Scr emissions control system |
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CN200880101237A Pending CN101784331A (zh) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-16 | Scr排放控制系统 |
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US (1) | US8209956B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101784331A (zh) |
DE (1) | DE112008002014B9 (zh) |
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-
2007
- 2007-07-31 US US11/882,218 patent/US8209956B2/en active Active
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2008
- 2008-07-16 DE DE112008002014.0T patent/DE112008002014B9/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-07-16 CN CN200880101237A patent/CN101784331A/zh active Pending
- 2008-07-16 WO PCT/US2008/008658 patent/WO2009017598A1/en active Application Filing
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US8209956B2 (en) | 2012-07-03 |
DE112008002014B4 (de) | 2020-02-27 |
US20090031710A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
DE112008002014B9 (de) | 2020-08-20 |
WO2009017598A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
DE112008002014T5 (de) | 2010-06-10 |
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