CN101560331B - Method for preparing self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for self-adhesive waterproof rolls - Google Patents
Method for preparing self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for self-adhesive waterproof rolls Download PDFInfo
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- CN101560331B CN101560331B CN200910068955XA CN200910068955A CN101560331B CN 101560331 B CN101560331 B CN 101560331B CN 200910068955X A CN200910068955X A CN 200910068955XA CN 200910068955 A CN200910068955 A CN 200910068955A CN 101560331 B CN101560331 B CN 101560331B
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- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 16
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
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- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
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- KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C)=CC(CC=2C(=C(C=C(C)C=2)C(C)(C)C)O)=C1O KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for preparing self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for self-adhesive waterproof rolls, and relates to a method for preparing modified asphalt. Themethod is a modified asphalt preparation method with high performance price ratio and competitive strength. The method comprises the following steps: adopting 100 portions of 28-30 mesh particle rege nerated rubber, 100 portions of No.90 asphalt, 20 to 40 portions of tackifier, 2 to 10 portions of plasticizer, 5 to 40 portions of filler, 2 to 10 portions of viscosity regulator, 1 to 2 portions of anti-aging agent and 1 to 2 portions of vulcanizing agent; placing the 28-30 mesh particle regenerated rubber into an agitation reactor which is filled with the No.90 asphalt and has the temperature of between 120 and 150 DEG C, and adding the tackifier, the plasticizer, the filler, the viscosity regulator, the anti-aging agent and the vulcanizing agent into the agitation reactor in turn accordingto the proportion after the temperature is raised to be between 180 and 200 DEG C; and simultaneously adopting the speed of between 100 and 200 revolutions per minute for stirring, controlling the te mperature to between 160 and 180 DEG C and the reaction time to be between 20 and 40 minutes, and obtaining the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt. The product prepared by the method can be used for self-adhesive layers of the self-adhesive waterproof rolls.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to a preparation method of modified asphalt. In particular to a preparation method of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for self-adhesive waterproof coiled materials.
Background art:
at present, with the rapid development of the building industry, new waterproof materials and new processes are continuously innovated, and the novel waterproof coiled materials widely used for various buildings, such as polymer modified asphalt waterproof coiled materials or polymer waterproof coiled materials and the like, have excellent physical and mechanical properties and have various characteristics.
However, when a general waterproofing roll is used for paving, it is necessary to thermally melt the waterproofing roll or to apply an adhesive containing a volatile organic solvent to the surface of the waterproofing roll to increase the adhesion between the waterproofing roll and the building base. Moreover, as a waterproof layer of a building, when the building is used for a long time, the waterproof layer formed by the waterproof coiled material is damaged, water can flow everywhere, leakage points are not easy to find, and the maintenance is difficult.
The current self-adhesive waterproof roll comprises a waterproof substrate, a self-adhesive layer and a release paper, and the release paper is used as a protective liner to be rolled into a roll.
When in use, the self-adhesive waterproof roll can be directly laid on the base surface of a building, and has self-adhesive strength convenient for construction. The waterproof base material needs to have good waterproof permeability and certain strength, the self-adhesive layer needs to have the advantages of adhesion with a building base surface, high peeling strength, good self-healing performance, good high and low temperature resistance, unique self-healing hole filling property and adaptation to deformation and cracking of the building base surface, and when the self-adhesive layer is used for underground engineering, the self-adhesive layer can increase the adhesion between the waterproof coiled material and the building base surface, improve the moisture permeability resistance and can be constructed on a damp building base surface without open water.
The waterproof substrate of the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material can adopt a polymer modified asphalt waterproof coiled material, such as an SBS modified asphalt waterproof coiled material, namely a styrene and butadiene copolymer modified asphalt waterproof coiled material, an APP modified asphalt waterproof coiled material, namely an atactic polypropylene modified asphalt waterproof coiled material and the like;
the waterproof substrate of the self-adhesive waterproof roll can also be a high-molecular waterproof roll, such as EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer), namely an ethylene propylene diene monomer waterproof roll, CPE (chlorinated polyethylene), namely a chlorinated polyethylene waterproof roll, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), namely a polyvinyl chloride waterproof roll and the like.
The self-adhesive layer of the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material can adopt non-vulcanized rubber sheets or self-adhesive modified asphalt as self-adhesive materials.
Wherein, when the non-vulcanized rubber sheet is adopted as the self-adhesive material, the process is more complicated.
The self-adhesive modified asphalt overcomes the defects of high-temperature softening and low-temperature embrittlement of the asphalt, and has the good characteristics of good self-healing performance, good self-adhesive performance and the like. When the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material is used as a self-adhesive layer, compared with unmodified asphalt, the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material has high-temperature heat resistance, low-temperature crack resistance, self-adhesiveness and self-healing property.
At present, there are various asphalt modifying methods, and the traditional method is to modify asphalt by mixing various rubbers in the asphalt, or to modify asphalt by emulsifying rubbers and asphalt to prepare rubber asphalt emulsion. The waste tires are crushed into rubber powder modified asphalt with a certain mesh number, and the rubber powder modified asphalt is used for paving municipal roads or preparing self-adhesive waterproof coiled materials and is applied to building engineering.
However, when the asphalt is modified by only directly mixing a certain amount of waste rubber powder into the asphalt, the powder rubber and the asphalt cannot be molten, the mixing proportion of the powder rubber in the asphalt is small, the asphalt cannot be completely modified, the sensitivity to temperature is not greatly improved, and the defects of low-temperature embrittlement cracking and high-temperature softening still exist, so that the waste rubber powder cannot be well applied to municipal roads all the time.
In order to ensure the high performance of the waterproof material and the construction technology thereof, it is urgent to develop more and competitive novel waterproof materials with high cost performance.
The invention content is as follows:
the invention aims to provide a preparation method of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for a self-adhesive waterproof coiled material, which is higher in cost performance than a common self-adhesive waterproof coiled material and is a preparation method of competitive modified asphalt.
The modified asphalt prepared by the granular reclaimed rubber, the asphalt and the accessory ingredient can be used as a self-adhesive layer of the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material. Compared with the common preparation method of the self-adhesive layer which adopts the non-vulcanized rubber sheet as the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material, the preparation method of the self-adhesive layer has simple process; compared with the method of adopting the modified asphalt prepared by the method of directly mixing the waste rubber powder with the asphalt as the self-adhesive layer of the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material, the performance of the self-adhesive layer is improved. The self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt is a viscous waterproof material, has high peel strength and good adhesion with a building base surface, can be adhered by finger pressure, and realizes the comprehensive utilization of waste rubber.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
compounding of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt
Based on 100 percent of 28-30 mesh particle regenerated rubber, the weight percentage of each component is as follows:
28-30 mesh particle regenerated rubber 100
90# asphalt 100
20-40 parts of tackifier-rosin
2-10% of plasticizer-phthalate
5-40% of filler-light calcium carbonate
Viscosity modifier-soybean oil 2-10
1-2 of antioxidant-antioxidant A
Vulcanizing agent-sulfur 1-2
Wherein,
the particle reclaimed rubber is modified rubber powder, namely modified rubber powder meeting the standard of GD/T19208-2008 about vulcanized rubber powder;
the anti-aging agent A is N-phenyl-oc-naphthylamine.
2, a processing technology of the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt:
putting the 28-30 mesh particle regenerated rubber into a stirring reactor filled with 90# asphalt at the temperature of 120-150 ℃, heating to 180-200 ℃, and sequentially adding the tackifier, the plasticizer, the filler, the viscosity regulator, the anti-aging agent and the vulcanizing agent in the proportion; meanwhile, stirring at the speed of 100 plus 200 revolutions per minute, controlling the temperature at 160-180 ℃, and reacting for 20-40 minutes to obtain the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt.
The invention has the following operating principles and positive effects:
through the analysis of the combination process of the particle reclaimed rubber and the asphalt, the particle reclaimed rubber is well dispersed in the hot asphalt, at 160 ℃, the mixing of the asphalt and the particle reclaimed rubber can generate mutual diffusion, asphalt molecules with larger activation energy are formed, the asphalt molecules are filled in the space of the particle reclaimed rubber and invade into a small net structure of the particle reclaimed rubber, meanwhile, individual chain links of the particle reclaimed rubber molecules are diffused into the asphalt, and the mutual diffusion results in the structure of the self-adhesive particle reclaimed rubber modified asphalt.
The self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt prepared by the invention has the following characteristics:
(1) the use is convenient, the construction is simple and convenient, and heating or adhesive is not needed in the construction;
(2) the material has no solvent, is convenient to transport and store, is safe to use and protects the environment;
(3) the adhesive has certain adhesive force to various polar and nonpolar building base surfaces;
(4) realizes the comprehensive utilization of the waste rubber.
The self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt prepared by the invention has good self-healing property and good adhesion with concrete and unset concrete.
The mixing of the granular reclaimed rubber and the hot asphalt is different from the mixing of the waste rubber powder and the asphalt, because the waste rubber powder only undergoes a swelling process in the asphalt, the viscosity of the rubber powder modified asphalt is increased along with the increase of the rubber powder dosage, the production process is increased with difficulty, a colloid mill is required to be used for grinding and chain breaking, and the prepared self-adhesive rubber is not uniform.
The self-adhesive vulcanized rubber waterproof coiled material can be prepared by using the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt;
the self-adhesive vulcanized rubber waterproof coiled material is formed by sequentially compounding a vulcanized rubber waterproof base material, a self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt self-adhesive layer and barrier paper.
The preparation method of the self-adhesive vulcanized rubber waterproof roll comprises the following steps:
coating self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt with the temperature of 160-180 ℃ on the upper surface of the vulcanized rubber waterproof base material by a rolling pasting method to form a self-adhesive layer; and then the silicone oil-containing isolation paper is attached to the self-adhesive layer and is curled into a finished product roll, namely the vulcanized rubber waterproof roll using the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt as the self-adhesive layer. One surface of the rubber layer is a high-strength vulcanized rubber waterproof base material, and the other surface of the rubber layer is a self-adhesive layer made of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt and is isolated and protected by isolation paper.
The self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt is used as a self-adhesive layer to manufacture the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material, and the cost performance of the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt is higher than that of a common waterproof coiled material; the adhesive has high peel strength and good adhesion with the base surface of the building, and can be bonded with the base surface of the building by finger pressing without hot melting or brushing and cold construction by using an adhesive. During construction, the coiled material is only required to be opened, pre-laid on a base surface of a building, adhered and positioned, then the isolation paper coated with the silicone oil is slowly drawn out from the bottom surface, and the isolation paper is subjected to air expelling, pressing and compacting by using the rubber roller.
The self-adhesive particle reclaimed rubber modified asphalt prepared by the invention can be used as a self-adhesive layer to prepare a waterproof roll which can form a skin type self-adhesive waterproof layer, wherein one surface of the waterproof roll is the self-adhesive layer, and the other surface of the waterproof roll is a vulcanized waterproof roll.
In case the leakage occurs to the waterproof substrate of the self-adhesive waterproof roll, the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt on the self-adhesive layer can limit the water seepage area in a very small range around the seepage point, so that the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt is easy to find and repair during maintenance, prevents water from freely flowing between the waterproof substrate and the waterproof layer, and ensures the waterproofness and the durability of engineering.
The main performance index of the self-adhesive vulcanized rubber waterproof coiled material reaches JC840-1999 and GB18173.1-2006 standard indexes.
The heat resistance is as follows: heating at 80 deg.C for 2 hr without bubbles and sliding.
Flexibility: no crack at minus 20 ℃, phi 20mm and bending 180 degrees,
peel strength: n/mm is more than or equal to 1.5 or the adhesive surface is broken.
The self-adhesive vulcanized rubber waterproof coiled material has the following characteristics:
1. the low temperature resistance is excellent, and the method is suitable for winter construction.
2. Has good adhesion with concrete and unset concrete. The adhesive has large viscosity, is easy to adhere, and can heal the damaged part by self with slight force.
3. The high and low temperature resistance is good, and the performance index accords with JC840-1999 and GB18173.1-2006 standard indexes.
4. The product changes the common construction modes of hot melting, welding and adhesive bonding of the waterproof coiled material. The cold junction skin type bonding is adopted, and the construction is simple.
5. The industrial solid waste is utilized to recycle the waste rubber.
6. Construction is carried out at normal temperature, the release paper can be torn off and laid, and the process is simple.
The self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt prepared by the invention can also be used for anticorrosive materials.
In conclusion, the invention is a preparation method of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for waterproof coiled materials, the cost performance of the preparation method is higher than that of common waterproof coiled materials, and the preparation method is a preparation method of competitive modified asphalt.
The modified asphalt prepared by the granular reclaimed rubber, the asphalt and the accessory ingredient can be used as a self-adhesive layer of the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material. Compared with the common preparation method of the self-adhesive layer which adopts the non-vulcanized rubber sheet as the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material, the preparation method of the self-adhesive layer has simple process; compared with the method of adopting the modified asphalt prepared by the method of directly mixing the waste rubber powder with the asphalt as the self-adhesive layer of the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material, the performance of the self-adhesive layer is improved. The self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt is a viscous waterproof material, has high peel strength and good adhesion with a building base surface, can be adhered by finger pressure, and realizes the comprehensive utilization of waste rubber.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
example 1:
formula of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt
Based on 28-mesh particle regenerated rubber, the weight percentage of each component is as follows:
28-mesh particle reclaimed rubber 100kg
90# asphalt 100kg
Tackifier-rosin 20kg
Plasticizer-phthalic acid ester 2kg
Filler-light calcium carbonate 10kg
Viscosity modifier-soybean oil 3kg
Antioxidant 1 kg/antioxidant A
Vulcanizing agent-sulfur 1kg
237kg in total
A processing technology;
100kg of 28-mesh particle regenerated rubber is put into a reactor with the temperature of 120 ℃ and the temperature of 100kg of 90# asphalt, the temperature is raised to 180 ℃, 20kg of rosin, 2kg of phthalate, 10kg of light calcium carbonate, 3kg of soybean oil, 1kg of antioxidant A and 1kg of sulfur are sequentially added, the stirring speed is adopted at 100 r/min, the temperature is controlled to be about 180 ℃, and the reaction time is 30 minutes, so that the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt is obtained.
Coating self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt on a waterproof base material made of ethylene propylene diene monomer sheets by adopting a rolling pasting method to form a self-adhesive layer, pasting isolation paper containing silicon oil on the self-adhesive layer, curling and forming, and checking and warehousing to obtain the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material taking the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt as the self-adhesive layer.
Example 2:
formula of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt
Based on 30-mesh particle regenerated rubber, the weight percentage of each component is as follows:
30-mesh particle reclaimed rubber 100kg
90# asphalt 100kg
30kg of rosin
Phthalate 1kg
Light calcium carbonate 12kg
Soybean oil 2kg
0.5kg of antioxidant A
1.5kg of sulfur
247kg in total
A processing technology;
100kg of 28-mesh particle regenerated rubber is put into a reactor with the temperature of 120 ℃ and the temperature of 100kg of 90# asphalt, the temperature is raised to 180 ℃, 30kg of rosin, 1kg of phthalate, 12kg of light calcium carbonate, 2kg of soybean oil, 0.5kg of antioxidant A and 1.5kg of sulfur are sequentially added, the stirring is carried out at the speed of 100 revolutions per minute, the temperature is controlled to be about 180 ℃, and the reaction time is 40 minutes, so that the self-adhesive particle rubber modified asphalt is obtained.
The performance of the self-adhesive waterproof rolls prepared in examples 1 and 2 was measured, and the results were as follows:
the detection shows that the self-adhesive rubber asphalt waterproof coiled material reaches JC840-1999 standard index and the high polymer waterproof coiled material GB18173.1-2006 standard index.
The main measured values of the physical and mechanical properties are as follows:
according to the detection results, the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt prepared by the invention is used as the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material of the self-adhesive layer, all indexes of the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material meet the requirements of standard indexes, and the self-adhesive waterproof coiled material is an advanced self-adhesive waterproof coiled material which can be cold-constructed, has good flexibility and is prefabricated and molded. It has the function of self-healing and is widely applied to municipal engineering, constructional engineering, subway engineering and underground engineering.
Claims (2)
1. A preparation method of self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for self-adhesive waterproof coiled materials is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt comprises the following ingredients:
based on 28-30 mesh particle regenerated rubber, the rubber composition comprises the following components in parts by weight:
28-30 mesh particle regenerated rubber 100
90# asphalt 100
20-40 parts of tackifier-rosin
2-10% of plasticizer-phthalate
5-40% of filler-light calcium carbonate
Viscosity modifier-soybean oil 2-10
1-2 of antioxidant-antioxidant A
1-2 parts of vulcanizing agent-sulfur,
the processing technology of the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt comprises the following steps:
putting the 28-30 mesh particle regenerated rubber into a stirring reactor filled with 90# asphalt at the temperature of 120-150 ℃, heating to 180-200 ℃, and sequentially adding the tackifier, the plasticizer, the filler, the viscosity regulator, the anti-aging agent and the vulcanizing agent in the proportion; meanwhile, stirring at the speed of 100 plus 200 revolutions per minute, controlling the temperature at 160-180 ℃, and reacting for 20-40 minutes to obtain the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt.
2. The preparation method of the self-adhesive particle reclaimed rubber modified asphalt for the self-adhesive waterproof roll material according to claim 1, which is characterized in that:
the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt comprises the following ingredients:
based on 28-mesh particle regenerated rubber, the rubber comprises the following components in parts by weight:
28-mesh particle reclaimed rubber 100kg
90# asphalt 100kg
Tackifier-rosin 20kg
Plasticizer-phthalic acid ester 2kg
Filler-light calcium carbonate 10kg
Viscosity modifier-soybean oil 3kg
Antioxidant 1 kg/antioxidant A
Vulcanizing agent-sulfur 1kg
The total weight of the slurry is 237kg,
the processing technology comprises the following steps:
100kg of 28-mesh particle regenerated rubber is put into a reactor with the temperature of 120 ℃ and the temperature of 100kg of 90# asphalt, the temperature is raised to 180 ℃, 20kg of rosin, 2kg of phthalate, 10kg of light calcium carbonate, 3kg of soybean oil, 1kg of antioxidant A and 1kg of sulfur are sequentially added, the stirring speed is adopted at 100 r/min, the temperature is controlled to be about 180 ℃, and the reaction time is 30 minutes, so that the self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt is obtained.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN200910068955XA CN101560331B (en) | 2009-05-21 | 2009-05-21 | Method for preparing self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for self-adhesive waterproof rolls |
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| CN200910068955XA CN101560331B (en) | 2009-05-21 | 2009-05-21 | Method for preparing self-adhesive particle regenerated rubber modified asphalt for self-adhesive waterproof rolls |
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| CN101560331A CN101560331A (en) | 2009-10-21 |
| CN101560331B true CN101560331B (en) | 2011-02-09 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN101967868A (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2011-02-09 | 北京立高科技股份有限公司 | High-self-adhesive waterproof roll material of SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) modified asphalt and production process thereof |
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| CN109705590B (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2021-08-06 | 芜湖东方雨虹建筑材料有限公司 | Self-healing self-adhesive rubber asphalt, preparation method thereof and self-adhesive rubber asphalt waterproof coiled material |
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| CN1621450A (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2005-06-01 | 余建国 | SBS modified asphalt high-self-adhesive waterproof coiled material and its preparing process |
| CN101413325A (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2009-04-22 | 唐山德生防水材料有限公司 | Self-adhering polymer modification bitumen composite anti-root water-proof coiled material and preparing method thereof |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1621450A (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2005-06-01 | 余建国 | SBS modified asphalt high-self-adhesive waterproof coiled material and its preparing process |
| CN101413325A (en) * | 2008-11-28 | 2009-04-22 | 唐山德生防水材料有限公司 | Self-adhering polymer modification bitumen composite anti-root water-proof coiled material and preparing method thereof |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101967868A (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2011-02-09 | 北京立高科技股份有限公司 | High-self-adhesive waterproof roll material of SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) modified asphalt and production process thereof |
| CN101967868B (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2012-10-10 | 北京立高科技股份有限公司 | High-self-adhesive waterproof roll material of SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) modified asphalt and production process thereof |
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| CN101560331A (en) | 2009-10-21 |
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