CN101557819A - 修饰的环孢素的用途 - Google Patents
修饰的环孢素的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101557819A CN101557819A CNA2007800410447A CN200780041044A CN101557819A CN 101557819 A CN101557819 A CN 101557819A CN A2007800410447 A CNA2007800410447 A CN A2007800410447A CN 200780041044 A CN200780041044 A CN 200780041044A CN 101557819 A CN101557819 A CN 101557819A
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- Prior art keywords
- meleu
- ciclosporin
- ethyl
- hydroxyl
- alkyl
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Abstract
公开了在预防或治疗肝病中具有有用性质的非免疫抑制性结合亲环蛋白的环孢菌素。
Description
本发明涉及非免疫抑制性环孢素的新用途。
环孢素包括一类结构上独特的环状聚N-甲基化的十一肽,通常具有药理学活性特别是兔疫抑制活性或抗炎活性。已经鉴定到与亲环蛋白强结合但并非免疫抑制性的环孢素。WO2005021028A1公开了非免疫抑制性环孢素对丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)具有抑制作用的用途。
若在混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)中某环孢素具有至多环孢素A活性的5%、优选至多2%的活性,则认为其是非免疫抑制性的。混合淋巴细胞反应由T.Meo描述于《免疫学方法》(“Immunological Methods”),L.Lefkovits和B.Peris编辑,Academic Press,N.Y.第227-239页(1979)中。将来自Balb/c小鼠(雌性,8~10周)的脾细胞(0.5×106)与来自CBA小鼠(雌性,8~10周)的0.5×106辐照(2000拉德)或丝裂霉素C处理的脾细胞共孵育5天。辐照的同种异体细胞诱导Balb/c脾细胞的增殖反应,这可以通过掺入到DNA中的标记前体测量。刺激细胞由于经过辐照(或丝裂霉素C处理),它们对Balb/c细胞不发生增殖反应,但保留其抗原性。将测得的测试化合物的IC50与平行实验中环孢素A的IC50相比较。此外,非免疫抑制性环孢素缺乏抑制CN及下游NF-AT途径的能力。
纤维化是修复或反应过程中器官或组织中过度的纤维结缔组织的形成或发展。纤维化的一种形式,硬化,是以肝组织被替换为纤维化疤痕组织以及再生结节为特征的慢性肝病的后果,导致肝功能逐渐的丧失。肝星状细胞(HSC)是具有特征性的星状形态并位于窦周间隙的肝非实质细胞。肝损伤后,HSC经历向激活的肌纤维母细胞表型的转分化以及∝-平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达。激活的HSC然后增殖并生成细胞外基质蛋白诸如胶原蛋白。先前的免疫抑制药物、诸如环孢素和他克莫司对HSC中细胞增殖作用和胶原蛋白生成的作用的评价,已发现环孢素抑制细胞生长和胶原蛋白生成,但他克莫司不具有这样的作用,表明环孢素潜在地具有抗纤维发生作用。
目前已有的抗纤维化疗法涉及抑制肝脏炎症而不是控制纤维化。治疗干预的要点要求包括去除伤害性刺激,抑制肝脏炎症,下调星状细胞活化,并促进基质降解。
因此,本发明提供了非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素在预防或治疗肝病诸如移植硬化、慢性肝炎、硬化、肝癌,例如肝细胞癌或其发展中的用途。再者,非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素亦可用作例如有先天性肝纤维化的新生儿、或移植受者例如器官或组织移植例如肝移植受者的预防性治疗。
环孢素被认为与亲环蛋白结合,如果其与人重组亲环蛋白至少五分之一结合且环孢素A在竞争性ELISA试验中如Quesniaux在Eur.J.Immunol.1987171359-1365中所描。在该试验中,要试验的环孢素在亲环蛋白与包被的BSA-环孢素A孵育期间加入,并计算给出无竞争剂的对照反应50%抑制作用所需的浓度(IC50)。结果被表示为结合比(BR),其是试验化合物的IC50与同时试验的环孢素A自身的IC50比值的以10为底的对数(log)。因此,BR 1.0表明试验化合物与人亲环蛋白结合为环孢素A的十分之一,且负值表明结合强于环孢素A。对HCV有活性的环孢素具有低于0.7的BR,优选等于或小于零。
非免疫抑制性结合亲环蛋白的环孢素的实例包括例如式I的化合物
其中
W为MeBmt、二氢-MeBmt、8’-羟基-MeBmt或O-乙酰基-MeBmt1;
X为αAbu、Val、Thr、Nva或O-甲基苏氨酸(MeOThr);
R为Pro、Sar、(D)-MeSer、(D)-MeAla或(D)-MeSer(O乙酰基);
Y为MeLeu、硫代MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu、Melle、MeVal、MeThr、MeAla、MeaIle或MeaThr;N-乙基Val、N-乙基Ile、N-乙基Thr、N-乙基Phe、N-乙基Tyr或N-乙基Thr(O乙酰基);
Z为Val、Leu、MeVal或MeLeu;
Q为MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu、MeAla或Pro;
T1为(D)Ala或Lys;
T2为MeLeu或γ-羟基-MeLeu;且
T3为MeLeu或MeAla。
优选的式I的化合物为例如式Ia的化合物
其中
W’为MeBmt、二氢-MeBmt或8’-羟基-MeBmt;
X为αAbu、Val、Thr、Nva或O-甲基苏氨酸(MeOthr);
R’为Sar、(D)-MeSer、(D)-MeAla或(D)-MeSer(O乙酰基);
Y’为MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu、MeIle、MeVal、MeThr、MeAla,MeaIle或MeaThr;N-乙基Val、N-乙基Ile、N-乙基Thr、N-乙基Phe、N-乙基Tyr或N-乙基Thr(O乙酰基);
Z为Val、Leu、MeVal或MeLeu;且
Q’为MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu或MeAla。
基团W’、X、Y’、Z、Q’及R’独立地具有以下优选意义:
W’优选W”其中W”为MeBmt或二氢-MeBmt;
X优选X’其中X’为αAbu或Nva,更优选X”其中X”为αAbu;
R’优选R”其中R”为Sar;
Y’优选Y”其中Y”为γ-羟基-MeLeu、MeVal、MeThr、MeIle、N-乙基Ile或N-乙基Val;
Z优选Z’其中Z’为Val或MeVal;且
Q’优选Q”其中Q”为MeLeu。
式Ia化合物的优选基团为其中W’为W”、X为X’、Y’为Y”、Z为Z’、Q’为Q”且R’为R”的那些。
式Ia的优选化合物的实例为例如:
a)[二氢-MeBmt]1-[γ-羟基-MeLeu]4-环孢素;BR*=0.1;IR<1%
b)[MeVal]4-环孢素;BR=0.1;IR<1%
c)[MeIle]4-环孢素;BR=-0.2;IR<1%
d)[MeThr]4-环孢素;
e)[γ-羟基-MeLeu]4-环孢素;BR=0.4;IR<1%
f)[乙基-Ile]4-环孢素;BR=0.1;IR<2%
g)[乙基-Val]4-环孢素;BR=0;IR<2%
h)[Nva]2-[γ-羟基-MeLeu]4-环孢素;
i)[γ-羟基-MeLeu]4-[γ-羟基-MeLeu]6-环孢素;
j)[MeVal]5-环孢素;BR=0.4;IR=5.3%
k)[MeOThr]2-[(D)MeAla]3-[MeVal]5-环孢素;
j)[8’-羟基-MeBmt]1-环孢素;BR=0.35;IR=1.8%
k)[MeAla]6-环孢素;BR=-0.4;IR=3.2
l)[(γ-羟基-MeLeu]9-环孢素;BR=0.15;IR=2.9
IR=免疫抑制比率,以相对于环孢素A的活性百分数表示。
非免疫抑制性环孢素的其他实例为在WO 98/28330、WO 98/28329及WO 98/28328中公开的化合物,其内容文中引用作为参考,例如式II的化合物
其中Wa为
其中Ra为式Ic或Id的残基
-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-R4 Ic或-CH2-SH-R′4 Id
其中R4为C1-4烷硫基、氨基C1-4烷硫基、C1-4烷基氨基C1-4烷硫基、二C1-4烷基氨基-C1-4烷硫基、嘧啶硫基、噻唑硫基、N-C1-4烷基咪唑硫基、羟基C1-4烷基苯硫基、羟基C1-4烷基苯氧基、硝基苯基氨基或2-氧代嘧啶-1-基,且R’4为C1-4烷基;
Xa为Abu;
Ra为-NMe-CH(Rb)-CO-,其中Rb为H或-S-Alk-R0,其中Alk-R0为甲基;或Alk为直链或支链C2-6亚烷基或C3-6环亚烷基且R0为H;OH;COOH;C2-5烷氧基-羰基;NR1R2,其中每个R1及R2独立地选自H、C1-4烷基、C2-4链烯基、C3-6环烷基及苯基,其每个任选被卤素、C1-4烷氧基、C2-5烷氧基羰基、氨基、C1-4烷基氨基和/或二C1-4烷基-氨基取代,及苄基和杂环基,所述苄基及杂环基为饱和或不饱和的并且含有5个或6个环成员和1至3个杂原子,或R1和R2一起与它们所连接的氮原子形成4-6元杂环,其可以含有选自氮、氧及硫的另一杂原子,且任选被C1-4烷基、苯基或苄基取代;或每个R1及R2独立地为式Ib的基团
其中R1及R2如上所定义,R3为H或C1-4烷基且n为自2至4的整数;
Ya为MeLeu或γ-羟基-MeLeu;
Za为Val;且
Qa为MeLeu,条件是当Ya为MeLeu时,Rb不为H,或其可药用盐。
在式II中,当R1和/或R2为杂环残基时,它可为吡啶基、四氢吡啶基、哌啶基、咪唑基、噁唑基或噻唑基。例如,当R1及R2与它们连接的氮原子形成杂环残基时,杂环残基可选自氮杂环丁烷基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、N-甲基-哌嗪基、N-苯基哌嗪基、N-苄基哌嗪基、吡啶基、咪唑基、吗啉代、硫代吗啉代、四氢吡啶基、甲基四氢吡啶基(例如4-甲基-四氢吡啶基)或苯基四氢吡啶基(例如,4-苯基四氢吡啶基)。
式I、Ia或II的化合物可以以多种方法获得,所述方法可分为:
1)发酵
2)生物转化
3)衍生
4)部分合成
5)全合成
例如在EP 0 484 281 A1、WO 00/01715、WO 98/28330、WO 98/28329或WO 98/28328中所公开的,其内容此处引用作为参考。
在一系列进一步特定或备选实施方案中,本发明还提供了:
1.1用于预防或治疗需要其的个体中与肝病有关的病症的方法,其包括给所述个体施用治疗有效量的非免疫抑制性结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物。
根据本发明,非免疫抑制性结合亲环蛋白的环孢素可以以减轻或清除与肝病有关的一种或多种病征、症状或病症的有效量施用,例如有效抑制个体活组织检查样本中测定的胶原的生成。
1.2用于抑制培养基中HSC生长的方法,其包括向这种培养基使用有效量非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物。
1.3用于在需要其的患者中抑制与肝病有关的病症的方法,其包括给该个体施用治疗有效量的非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物。
1.4用于在需要其的移植受者中预防或治疗与肝病有关的病症复发的方法,其包括给所述受者施用治疗有效量的非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物。
2.非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物用于制备用于如上所定义的任意方法中使用的药物组合物的用途。
3.用于在如上所定义的任意方法中应用的药物组合物,其包含非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物,以及一种或多种可药用稀释剂或载体。
非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素(下文称“本发明的环孢素”)在治疗如上文说明的疾病及病症中的效用可在标准动物或临床试验,例如根据下文描述的方法中得到证实。
A.体外细胞培养:照Kato,等人,J.Hepatol(1999)31:91-99中所述,通过用胶原酶顺序原位灌流并用链霉蛋白酶消化,接着在双层(17%/11.5%)甲泛葡胺溶液中(Sigma Chemical,St.Louis,MO)离心,将HSC从雄性Wistar大鼠的肝脏中分离出来。HSC培养在加10%胎牛血清(FCS)的Dulbecco′s改良Eagle培养基(DMEM)中。试验在第三代和第四代之间连续传代的细胞上进行试验。为了测定小鼠的基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-1)和基质金属蛋白酶的组织抑制剂(TIMP-1),按照Shibata,等人,Cell Transplant(2003)12:499-507制备、从HSC分化的人细胞系的TWNT-4细胞,用于评价Fasudil对MMP-1和TIMP-1的影响。如前面报道的(ld),TWNT-4细胞在加有10%FCS的DMEM中培养。NIM811(Novartis Pharma AG,瑞士巴塞尔)溶解于DMEM中,并加至培养物中。细胞在2μM NIM811存在下在无血清的条件下24小时,HSC的细胞存活率超过90%。
1型胶原蛋白测定:培养的HSC在NIM811存在或缺失情况下在无血清的培养基中孵育24h。1型胶原蛋白照Iwamoto,等人,在J.Hepatol(2000)32:762-770中所述,在培养基质中通过ELISA进行测定。抗大鼠1型胶原蛋白抗体(LSL,日本东京)可用作第一抗体。结合过氧化物酶羊抗兔IgG(Organon Teknika Corporation,Durham,NC)用作第二抗体。鼠尾胶原蛋白I型(Advance Biofactures Corporation,Lymbrook,纽约)用作标准对照。
MMP-1、TIMP-1和胶原蛋白酶测定:培养的TWNT-4细胞在NIM811存在或缺失情况下在无血清的培养基中孵育24h。MMP-1和TIMP-1的生成在培养基质中用带Biotrak ELISA系统的ELISA进行测定,对人体MMP-1(Amersham Biosciences,Piscataway,美国新泽西)及hTIMP-1试剂盒(Daiichi Fine Chemical Co.Ltd.,日本富山),分别按照Fukushima,等人,Liver lnt(2005)25:829-838中所述的方法进行。在培养基质中的活性MMP-1和前-MMP-1用MMP-1 Biotrak Activity Assay System(Amersham)测定。
使用实时RT-PCR的基因表达分析:总RNA由TWNT-4细胞用Trizol试剂(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,美国加州)制备,其保存在NIM811存在或缺失的10%FCS中24h。cDNA由1.0mg RNA用GeneAmpTM RNA PCR使用随机六聚体(Applied Biosystems,Branchburg,美国纽约)合成。实时PCR按照Nakamuta,等人,lnt J.MoI Med(2005)16(4):631-635中的描述使用LightCycler-FastStart DNA Master SYBR Green 1(Roche,日本东京)进行。使用反应混合物(20μl),含LightCycler-FastStart DNA Master SYBRGreen 1、4mM MgCl2、0.5μM的上游和下游PCR引物,和作为模板的2ml的第一链cDNA。为了控制反应的变异,所有PCR对3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)表达进行规一化。可使用的引物如下:5’-AGGGTGAGACAGGCGAACAG-3′(正向引物)(SEQ ID NO.1)和5’-CTCTTGAGGTGGCTGGGGCA-3′(反向引物)(SEQ ID NO.2)用于人体1型胶原蛋白a1链(GenBankTM登录号NM-000088)(21);5′-AATGAGATGGCCACTGCCGC-3′(正向引物)(SEQ ID NO.3)和5’-CAGAGTATTTGCGCTCCGGA-3’(反向引物)用于人体a-SMA(GenBankTM登录号NM-000088);5’-GATCATCGGGACAACTCTCCT-3’(正向引物)和5’-TCCGGGTAGAAGGGATTTGTG-3’(反向引物)用于MMP-1(GenBankTM登录号NM002421);5′-TTCTGCAATTCCGACCTCGT-3’(正向引物)和5’-TCCGTCCACAAGCAATGAGT-3’(反向引物)(SEQ ID NO.4)用于TIMP-1(GenBankTM登录号NM003254);5’-GGATCTCAGGCATTCCTCGG-3’(正向引物)(SEQ ID NO.5)和5’-CAGTATGCCACCACGCACCA-3’(反向引物)(SEQ ID NO.6)用于Smad7(Quan,等人,J Biol Chem(2005)80:8079-8085);5′-GGCCGTTTGTATGTGCACCCTC-3′(正向引物)(SEQ ID NO.7)和5’-GGGCGATCTAATGAAGGGTCC-3’(反向引物)(SEQ ID NO.8)用于转化生长因子β受体I(TGFβRI)(Woszcyk等人,Med Sci Monit(2004)10:C33-C37))。
BrdU加入的分析:BrdU的HSC加入按照Higachi,等人J.Lab ClinMed(2005)145(6):316-322中的描述,使用细胞增殖ELISA(RocheDiagnostics GmbH,德国曼海姆)进行测定。简言之,亚融合HSC血清饥饿24h。然后将它们用DMEM洗涤并用加10%FCS的DMEM中的BrdU在NIM811存在或缺失下孵育24h。在细胞用BrdU标记后,消化细胞DNA并用与过氧化物酶结合的抗BrdU抗体孵育。BrdU的加入量通过在450nm(激发)和690nm(发射)下测定上清液的荧光强度进行估算。
细胞凋亡的分析:HSC在NIM811存在或缺失下、在无血清的条件中保存24h。将细胞在室温下在4%多聚甲醛/PBS中固定30min,并在4℃下在含Triton X-100的PBS中透化处理5min。然后将细胞用Hoecnst 33342染色,并使用原位细胞死亡检测试剂盒(Roche)按照生产商说明书用TUNEL法进行分析。样本用LSM510激光共聚焦显微镜(Zeiss)检视。对每个条件来自三个独立试验和三次不同的细胞制备的至少100个细胞进行计数。
磷酸化和非磷酸化-MAPK的蛋白质印迹分析:蛋白质印迹分析如Uchimur,等人,Hepatology(2001)33:91099中所述的进行。将HSC饥饿24h,然后在NIM811存在或不存在时处理2h。包含1×107TWNT-4细胞的全部细胞裂解液在100μl SDS-PAGE样本缓冲液中制备。蛋白裂解液接受12%SDS-PAGE,转移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜(Millipore,Bedford,MA),并用第一抗体对ERK1/2 MAPK、磷酸化-ERK1/2 MAPK(Thr202/Tyr204)、JNK、磷酸化-JNK(Thr183/Tyr185)、p38 MAPK或磷酸化-p38 MAPK(Thr180/Tyr182)(New England Biolabs,Beverly,MA)进行探测。抗体结合使用过氧化物酶连接的抗家兔IgG(AmershamPharmacia Biotech,Piscataway,纽约)作为第二抗体进行检测。使用ECL-plus(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,Piscataway,纽约)显象印迹以检视所述的抗体。ERK1/2 MAPK、磷酸化-ERK1/2 MAPK、JNK、磷酸化-JNK、p38 MAPK和磷酸化-p38 MAPK的水平是使用光学扫描系统用光密度测量法进行定量的。为了对比,磷酸化ERK1/2、JNK和p38 MAPK与未磷酸化的ERK1/2、JNK和p38 MAPK的比值分别由光密度测定数据进行计算。
磷酸化和非磷酸化-Smad2和Smad3的蛋白质印迹分析:如上文所述的对MAPK的分析进行蛋白质印迹分析,并用第一抗体对Smad2、磷酸化-Smad2(Thr/Tyr)、Smad3、或磷酸化-Smad3(Thr/Tyr)(Cell SignalingTechnology,Danvers,MA)进行探测。为了对比,磷酸化Smad2和Smad3与非磷酸化的Smad2和Smad3的比值分别由光密度数据计算。
统计学分析:全部结果以均值±SEM显示。使用单向ANOVA随后进行Scheffe’s检验和Mann-Whitney检验进行对比。
实施例1:NIM811对I型胶原蛋白聚集、MMP-1和TIMP-1生成及胶原蛋
白酶活性的影响
为了评价NIM811对HSC的ECM生成的影响,照上文所述调节大鼠HSC数量后在培养基质中测定I型胶原蛋白浓度。用升高浓度的NIM811以及环孢素对细胞的处理导致胶原蛋白聚集的浓度依赖性抑制;0.5μMNIM811降低了胶原蛋白聚集约50%。这一抑制作用至少在转录水平上因为用NIM811抑制胶原蛋白的表达被调控。如Nakamuta,等人,TransplantProc(2005)37:4598-4602中先前所报道的,环孢素以临床相关浓度0.125μM(150ng/ml)降低了胶原蛋白浓度约50%,然而他克莫司以临床相关浓度12.5nM(10ng/ml)未显著降低胶原蛋白的生成。胶原蛋白的聚集,除了以胶原蛋白生成的速率被测定外,用胶原蛋白酶活性加以调控,即通过MMP-1和TMIP-1的平衡被调控。NIM811导致胶原蛋白酶活性(活性的MMP-1)和前-MMP-1水平浓度依赖性升高;在0.5μM NIM811存在下,胶原蛋白酶活性升高了约2倍。但是,NIM811甚至在2.0μM浓度下未显著降低TIMP-1的生成。
实施例2:NIM811对I型胶原蛋白、MMP-1和TIMP-1基因表达的影响
如本文所述进行RT-PCR评价NIM811或环孢素对I型胶原蛋白、MMP-1和TIMP-1的mRNA水平的影响。I型胶原蛋白的表达在0.5μMNIM811存在下被降低约30%。与此相比,0.5μM NIM811升高了MMP-1的表达近2倍,但未改变TIMP-1。这些结果表明NIM811对基因表达的影响与其对蛋白生成的影响相似。
实施例3:法舒地尔对细胞增殖与凋亡的影响
前面的工作已证实,除了刺激胶原蛋白生成,活化的HSC通过间质胶原酶诸如MMP-1抑制间质胶原蛋白的降解,表明基质降解在纤维化进展期间被抑制(见Benyon等人,Gastroenterology(1996)110:821-831,Iredale,等人,Hepatology(1996)24:17-184,Iredale,等人,J.Clin Invest(1992)90:282-287)。已报道TIMP-1以独立于基质降解的抑制的方式调节细胞生长和凋亡(参阅Murphy等人,J.Biol Chem(2002)277:11069-11076)。NIM811以浓度依赖方式无细胞凋亡地抑制HSC细胞生长。
BrdU的加入如本文所述地测定以研究NIM811对细胞增殖作用的影响。定量分析显示2.0μM NIM811处理降低了新的DNA的合成近30%,尽管较低浓度的处理未降低。再者,在2μM NIM811存在下,未观察到细胞凋亡。我们的结果表明NIM通过胶原蛋白生成的抑制作用和胶原蛋白酶活性的提高对肝纤维化具有治疗潜力。
实施例4:NIM811对MAPK信号传导途径的影响
为了探索NIM811抑制胶原蛋白生成和细胞增殖作用及提高胶原蛋白酶活性的机制,NIM811对细胞内信号传导级联的影响,诸如在HSC中胶原蛋白生成和细胞增殖作用中起重要作用的包括ERK1/2、JNK、和p38(Marr,等人,Hepatology(2000)1:428-434)的MAPK如上文所述进行了评价。NIM811在0.5μM的浓度下分别提高了JNK和p38 MAPK的磷酸化近3.6倍和2.3倍。用NIM811处理以浓度方式显著提高了JNK和p38MAPK的磷酸化,但未抑制ERK1/2。前面已经证实环孢素通过神经钙蛋白依赖性NFAT途径和JNK和p38的神经钙蛋白依赖性激活途径(Mastuda等人,EMPO Reports(2000)1:428-434)产生免疫抑制作用。作为环孢素的类似物的NIM811未激活NFAT途径,因为其未与亲环蛋白A结合(Waldmeier等人,Mol Pharmacol,(2002)62(1):22-29)。NIM811和环孢素对JNK和p38的不同的影响可能来源于NIM811中缺乏NFAT途径。
实施例5:NIM811对TGFβ信号途径的影响
除了MAPK,TGF-β信号传导级联强烈刺激着胶原蛋白生成HSC(Friedman等人,J Biol Chem(1994)269:10551-10558)。TGF-β在细胞膜上与TGFβRII结合,并且然后TGFβRII在位于富含甘氨酸/丝氨酸的结构域的丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基上磷酸化TGFβRI(Wrana等人,CytokineGrowth-Factor Rev(2000)11:5-13)。磷酸化的TGFβRI在C-末端SSXS基序处磷酸化Smad2和Smad3,其形成复合或普通配偶体Smad4。这些Smad蛋白移位至核并激活靶基因诸如胶原蛋白(ld)的转录。因为通过Smad2和Smad3的信号级联如Friedman,等人,J Biol Chem(1994)269:10551-10558中所述强烈调控I型胶原蛋白基因的表达,所以评价了NIM811对Smad2和Smad3磷酸化的影响。用NIM811处理以浓度方式显著抑制Smad2和Smad3的磷酸化;0.5μM NIM811抑制Smad2和Smad3的磷酸化分别接近70%和60%。Smad7的表达通过TGFβRII磷酸化的抑制作用负调控TGFβ信号途径(Hayashi等人,Cell(1997)1165-1173)。0.5μMNIM811提高了Smad7的表达近2倍,并抑制TGFβRI近50%。这些结果提示NIM811可抑制激酶活性TGFβRII和/或TGFβRI。Smad7(ld)、亲免素FKBP(FK506-结合蛋白)12(40)和SARA(受体激活的Smad锚着蛋白)(41)与TGFβR结合并调控TGFβ信号传导。NIM811提高了Smad7的表达并抑制TGFβRI,表明NIM811抑制TGFβ信号传导途径至少部分通过受体水平的阻断。环孢素对Smad2、Smad3、Smad7、和TGFβRI亦具有相似的作用(未公开的数据)。
如前所述,NIM811对JNK和p38具有与环孢素相反的作用,尽管二者对胶原蛋白生成和细胞增殖显示出相似的作用,提示NIM和环孢素主要阻断了TGFβ信号传导途径而呈现抗纤维形成作用。
亲环蛋白是PPI酶家族,其催化氨基末端与脯氨酸残基结合的肽的顺-反式相互转化,促进蛋白构象的变化(Waldmeier,同上)。有多于十个亚型的亲环蛋白,它们涉及许多细胞过程,包括转录调控、免疫响应、蛋白分泌和线粒体功能(Waldmeier同上,Duina等人,Science(1996)274:1713-1715)。Watashi等人,Hepatology(2003)38:1282-1288,最近报道NIM811抑制HCV的体外复制的复制,然而他克莫司未显示这种作用。因为NIM811缺少与亲环蛋白A结合的能力(14),NIM811表现为通过与其他亲环蛋白、诸如亲环蛋白B或D结合发挥其药理作用。值得注意的是,NIM811借助结合HCV RNA聚合酶的功能调控物-亲环蛋白B,显示抗病毒作用(Watashi等人,Mol Cell(2005)19:11 1-122)。亦报道NIM811具有细胞保护性质,细胞保护作用取决于调控线粒体通透性转变的亲环蛋白D的相互作用的干扰(Waldmeier等人,Mol Pharmacol(2002)62:22-29)。Kon等人,Hepatology(2004)40:1170-1179报道NIM811预防对乙酰氨基酚诱导的培养的小鼠肝细胞的坏死和凋亡。
B.临床试验
总共15位肝纤维化/肝硬化患者参加了为期2周的研究。每位患者以7至15mg/kg p.o剂量接受本发明的环孢素,例如[MeIle]4-环孢素。在第0天及第14天测定每位患者中丙型肝炎抗原血清水平。
遭受肝纤维化/肝硬化特别是肝损伤的人可表现以下一种或多种病征或症状:(a)ALT升高,(b)对抗HCV抗体检测阳性,(c)通过对HCV-RNA检测阳性确定HCV的存在,(d)慢性肝病的临床特征,(e)肝细胞损害。此类标准可不仅用于诊断肝纤维化/肝硬化,也可用于评估患者对药物治疗的反应。
已知在不受控制的丙型肝炎中发生血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)升高,且对治疗的完全反应一般定义为这些血清酶,特别是ALT的正常化(Davis等人,1989,New Eng.J.Med.321:1501-1506)。ALT为肝细胞受到破坏时释放的酶且可表明HCV感染。
为了跟踪受试者中HCV复制对药物治疗反应的过程,可通过,例如嵌套式聚合酶链反应用来自HCV基因组N53及N54非结构基因区的两组引物测定血清样本中HCV RNA。Farci等人,1991,New Eng.J.Med.325:98-104。Ulrich等人,1990,J.Clin.Invest.,86:1609-1614。
肝脏活组织检查样本的组织学检查可使用第二种评估标准,参见,例如,Knodell等人,1981,Hepatology 1:431-435,它的组织学活性指数(肝门发炎、碎片坏死或桥接坏死、小叶损伤及纤维样变性)提供了疾病活性的记分法。
实施本发明的方法需要的日剂量将取决于例如,应用的非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素、宿主、施用方式、待治疗病症的严重度而变化。优选的日剂量范围为约每天自1至50mg/kg作为单次剂量或分份剂量。
用于患者的合适日剂量为例如,1至20mg/kg p.o或静脉内注射。用于经口施用的合适单位剂型包含大约0.25至10mg/kg活性成分,例如,[MeIle]4-环孢素,以及一种多种可药用稀释剂或载体。
本发明的环孢素可通过任意常规途径施用,特别是经肠施用,例如以用于饮用的溶液、片剂或胶囊形式经口或,例如以可注射溶液剂或混悬剂形式肠胃外施用。优选的药物组合物可为例如,如在UK 2,222,770A中描述的基于微乳剂的药物组合物。
本发明的环孢素可作为唯一成分或与其他药物一起施用,所述其他药物为例如具有抗HCV活性的药物,例如干扰素,例如干扰素-α-2a或干扰素-α-2b,例如IntronR A、RoferonR、AvonexR、RebifR或BetaferonR,与水溶性聚合体或与人白蛋白结合的干扰素,例如albuferon,抗病毒剂,例如利巴韦林、拉米夫定、NV08或NM283,HCV编码的因子如NS3/4A蛋白酶、解旋酶或RNA聚合酶的抑制剂或此种抑制剂的前体药物,抗纤维变性剂,例如N-苯基-2-嘧啶-胺衍生物,例如imatinib,免疫调节剂,例如霉酚酸、其盐或前体药物,例如霉酚酸钠或霉酚酸酯或S1P受体激动剂,例如FTY720或任选磷酸化的其类似物,例如在EP627406A1、EP778263A1、EP1002792A1、WO02/18395、WO02/76995、WO 02/06268、JP2002316985、WO03/29184、WO03/29205、WO03/62252及WO03/62248中公开的那些。
干扰素与水溶性聚合物的缀合物表示特别包括与聚环氧烷均聚物如聚乙二醇(PEG)或聚丙二醇、聚氧乙烯化多元醇、其共聚物及其嵌段共聚物的缀合物。作为基于聚环氧烷聚合物的备选方案,可应用有效非抗原性物质如葡聚糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯醇、基于碳水化合物的聚合物等等。此类干扰素-聚合物缀合物在美国专利号4,766,106、4,917,888,欧洲专利申请号0 236 987、欧洲专利申请号0 510 356及国际申请公开号WO 95/13090中描述。由于聚合修饰足可降低抗原性反应,所以外来干扰素不必完全为自体的。用于制备聚合物缀合物的干扰素可自哺乳动物提取物,如人、反刍动物或牛干扰素制备,或重组产生。优选的为干扰素与聚乙二醇的缀合物,也称为聚乙二醇化干扰素。
特别优选的干扰素缀合物为聚乙二醇化α-干扰素,例如聚乙二醇化干扰素-α-2a、聚乙二醇化干扰素-α-2b;聚乙二醇化共有干扰素或经聚乙二醇化纯化干扰素-α产物。聚乙二醇化干扰素-α-2a在欧洲专利593,868中描述且例如以商品名(Hoffmann-La Roche)可商业获得。聚乙二醇化干扰素-α-2b例如在欧洲专利975,369中描述且例如以商品名PEG-INTRON An(Schering Plough)可商业获得。聚乙二醇化共有干扰素在WO 96/11953中描述。优选的聚乙二醇化α-干扰素为聚乙二醇化干扰素-α-2a及聚乙二醇化干扰素-α-2b。聚乙二醇化共有干扰素也是优选的。
对于所用共同活性剂的日剂量取决于例如应用的化合物、宿主、施用方式及所治疗的疾病的严重性而变化。例如拉米夫定可以日剂量100mg施用。
聚乙二醇化干扰素可每周一至三次肠胃外施用,优选每周一次,周总剂量为2百万至1千万国际单位(IU),更优选5百万至1千万国际单位,最优选8百万至1千万国际单位。
根据上述内容,本发明进一步提供了以下方面:
4.药物组合,其包含a)第一种活性剂,其为非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物,和b)共同活性剂,例如,用于如上所定义的任意方法的如上定义的第二种药物。
5.如上定义的方法,所述方法包含例如相伴或依序共同施用治疗有效量的非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素,例如式I、Ia或II的化合物和共同活性剂,例如以上所定义的第二种药物。
如文中应用的术语“共同施用”或“组合施用”等等表示包含对一名患者施用经选择的治疗剂且意欲包括治疗方案,其中活性剂不必通过相同施用途径或在相同时间施用。
本发明的药物组合的施用与仅仅应用它的药物活性成分中一种的单一治疗相比产生有益效果,例如协同治疗效果。优选的协同组合为非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素与任选缀合聚合物的干扰素的组合。
进一步优选的组合为非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素与霉酚酸、其盐或前体药物,或与S1P受体激动剂,例如FTY720的组合。
[MeIle]4-环孢素或[MeVal]4-环孢素是根据本发明应用的优选的非免疫抑制结合亲环蛋白的环孢素。
Claims (12)
1.环孢素在制备用于预防或治疗与肝病相关的病症的药物组合物中的用途,其中所述环孢素(i)以0.7以下的结合比率(BR)结合人重组亲环蛋白,BR为在竞争ELISA试验中测定的环孢素IC50与环孢素A在同时发生的试验中IC50比率的以10为底数的对数;和(ii)在混合淋巴细胞反应中活性不超过环孢素A的5%。
2.根据权利要求1的环孢素用于制备抑制肝病的药物组合物的用途。
3.根据权利要求1的环孢素用于制备在移植受者中预防肝病复发的药物组合物的用途。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3的用途,其中所述环孢素为式I的化合物
其中
W为MeBmt、二氢-MeBmt、8’-羟基-MeBmt或O-乙酰基-MeBmt1;
X为αAbu、Val、Thr、Nva或O-甲基苏氨酸(MeOThr);
R为Pro、Sar、(D)-MeSer、(D)-MeAla或(D)-MeSer(O乙酰基);
Y为MeLeu、硫代MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu、MeIle、MeVal、MeThr、MeAla、MeaIle或MeaThr;N-乙基Val、N-乙基Ile、N-乙基Thr、N-乙基Phe、N-乙基Tyr或N-乙基Thr(O乙酰基);
Z为Val、Leu、MeVal或MeLeu,
Q为MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu、MeAla或Pro,
T1为(D)Ala或Lys,
T2为MeLeu或γ-羟基-MeLeu,和
T3为MeLeu或MeAla;
式Ia的化合物
其中W’为MeBmt、二氢-MeBmt或8’-羟基-MeBmt;
X为αAbu、Val、Thr、Nva或O-甲基苏氨酸(MeOThr);
R’为Sar、(D)-MeSer、(D)-MeAla或(D)-MeSer(O乙酰基);
Y’为MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu、MeIle、MeVal、MeThr、MeAla、MeaIle或MeaThr;N-乙基Val、N-乙基Ile、N-乙基Thr、N-乙基Phe、N-乙基Tyr或N-乙基Thr(O乙酰基);
Z为Val、Leu、MeVal或MeLeu;和
Q’为MeLeu、γ-羟基-MeLeu或MeAla;
或式II的化合物
其中
Wa为
其中Ra为式Ic或Id的残基
-CH2-CH==CH-CH2-R4Ic或-CH2-SH-R’4 Id
其中R4为C1-4烷硫基、氨基C1-4烷硫基、C1-4烷基氨基C1-4烷硫基、二C1-4烷基氨基-C1-4烷硫基、嘧啶硫基、噻唑硫基、N-C1-4烷基咪唑硫基、羟基C1-4烷基苯硫基、羟基C1-4烷基苯氧基、硝基苯基氨基或2-氧代嘧啶-1-基,且R’4为C1-4烷基,
Xa为Abu;
Ra为-NMe-CH(Rb)-CO-,其中Rb为H或-S-Alk-R0,其中Alk-R0为甲基;或Alk为直链或支链C2-6亚烷基或C3-6环亚烷基且R0为H;OH;COOH;C2-5烷氧基-羰基;NR1R2,其中每个R1及R2独立地选自H、C1-4烷基、C2-4链烯基、C3-6环烷基及苯基,其每个任选被卤素、C1-4烷氧基、C2-5烷氧基羰基、氨基、C1-4烷基氨基和/或二C1-4烷基-氨基取代,及苄基和杂环基,所述苄基及杂环基为饱和或不饱和的并且含有5个或6个环成员和1至3个杂原子,或R1和R2一起与它们所连接的氮原子形成4-6元杂环,其可以含有选自氮、氧及硫的另一杂原子,且任选被C1-4烷基、苯基或苄基取代;或每个R1及R2独立地为式Ib的基团
其中R1及R2如上所定义,R3为H或C1-4烷基,且n为2至4的整数;
Ya为MeLeu或γ-羟基-MeLeu;
Za为Val;和
Qa为MeLeu,
条件是当Ya为MeLeu时,Rb不为H,
或其可药用盐。
5.用于预防或治疗肝病的药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求1的环孢素与一种或多种可药用稀释剂或载体。
6.药物组合,其包含a)第一种活性剂,其为根据权利要求1的环孢素,和b)具有抗纤维生成性质的共同活性剂。
7.用于预防或治疗肝硬化的药物组合,其包含a)第一种活性剂,其为根据权利要求1的环孢素,和b)选自具有抗HCV性质的活性剂、抗纤维变性活性剂、免疫调节剂或S1P受体激动剂的共同活性剂。
8.在需要其的个体中预防或治疗肝病的方法,其包括给所述个体施用治疗有效量的根据权利要求1的环孢素。
9.抑制培养基中HSC生长的方法,其包括向该培养基使用有效量的根据权利要求1的环孢素。
10.在需要其的患者中抑制肝病的方法,其包括给该个体施用治疗有效量的根据权利要求1的环孢素。
11.在需要其的移植受者中预防肝病复发的方法,其包括给所述受者施用治疗有效量的根据权利要求1的环孢素。
12.根据权利要求8至11任意一项的方法,其包括相伴或顺序共同施用治疗有效量的如权利要求1所定义的环孢素和选自具有抗HCV性质的活性剂、抗纤维变性剂、免疫调节剂或S1P受体激动剂的共同活性剂。
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JPH1180026A (ja) * | 1997-09-02 | 1999-03-23 | Yoshitomi Pharmaceut Ind Ltd | 新規免疫抑制剤、その使用方法およびその同定方法 |
US20030216303A1 (en) * | 1998-03-06 | 2003-11-20 | Michael Ambuhl | Emulsion preconcentrates containing cyclosporin or a macrolide |
CN1218958C (zh) * | 1998-07-01 | 2005-09-14 | 德比奥药物股份有限公司 | 活性范围改善的环孢菌素 |
ES2365692T3 (es) * | 1999-04-27 | 2011-10-10 | Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation | Medicamento para la prevención o tratamiento terapéutico de enfermedades hepáticas. |
JPWO2002030464A1 (ja) * | 2000-10-11 | 2004-02-19 | 江頭 健輔 | 新規肝疾患用薬 |
US20030213603A1 (en) * | 2002-05-14 | 2003-11-20 | Fisher David B. | Dual use extension apparatus for a tool |
GB0320638D0 (en) * | 2003-09-03 | 2003-10-01 | Novartis Ag | Organic compounds |
US7079552B2 (en) * | 2003-09-09 | 2006-07-18 | Harris Corporation | Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) with quality-of-service (QoS) protocol hierarchy and related methods |
CA2583494C (en) * | 2004-10-01 | 2014-01-21 | Scynexis, Inc. | 3-ether and 3-thioether substituted cyclosporin derivatives for the treatment and prevention of hepatitis c infection |
ATE490778T1 (de) * | 2004-10-01 | 2010-12-15 | Debiopharm Sa | Verwendung von äd-mealaü3-äetvalü4-ciclosporin zur behandlung von hepatitis-c-infektion |
NZ555143A (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2009-12-24 | Novartis Ag | Compositions for HCV treatment |
US8512690B2 (en) * | 2009-04-10 | 2013-08-20 | Novartis Ag | Derivatised proline containing peptide compounds as protease inhibitors |
-
2007
- 2007-10-10 SG SG2011074572A patent/SG175621A1/en unknown
- 2007-10-10 MX MX2009003743A patent/MX2009003743A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2007-10-10 US US12/444,941 patent/US20100130408A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-10-10 CN CNA2007800410447A patent/CN101557819A/zh active Pending
- 2007-10-10 BR BRPI0719189A patent/BRPI0719189A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-10-10 AU AU2007306316A patent/AU2007306316B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 2007-10-10 JP JP2009531841A patent/JP5455632B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-10 KR KR1020097009615A patent/KR20090083902A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2007-10-10 WO PCT/EP2007/060794 patent/WO2008043797A1/en active Application Filing
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- 2007-10-10 EP EP07821161A patent/EP2073831A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2009
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- 2009-04-05 IL IL197966A patent/IL197966A0/en unknown
- 2009-04-10 TN TNP2009000135A patent/TN2009000135A1/fr unknown
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101843893A (zh) * | 2010-05-21 | 2010-09-29 | 中国人民解放军第三军医大学 | 环孢素a在制备抗轮状病毒药物中的应用 |
CN101843893B (zh) * | 2010-05-21 | 2012-02-01 | 中国人民解放军第三军医大学 | 环孢素a在制备抗轮状病毒药物中的应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2007306316A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
US20100130408A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
MA30865B1 (fr) | 2009-11-02 |
IL197966A0 (en) | 2011-08-01 |
AU2007306316B2 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
ZA200902300B (en) | 2010-10-27 |
BRPI0719189A2 (pt) | 2018-08-14 |
SG175621A1 (en) | 2011-11-28 |
EP2073831A1 (en) | 2009-07-01 |
RU2463071C2 (ru) | 2012-10-10 |
KR20090083902A (ko) | 2009-08-04 |
NO20091694L (no) | 2009-07-10 |
TN2009000135A1 (en) | 2010-10-18 |
WO2008043797A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
RU2009117699A (ru) | 2010-11-20 |
CA2665415A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
MX2009003743A (es) | 2009-06-18 |
JP2010505912A (ja) | 2010-02-25 |
JP5455632B2 (ja) | 2014-03-26 |
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