CN101529055A - A heat engine system - Google Patents
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- CN101529055A CN101529055A CNA2007800401185A CN200780040118A CN101529055A CN 101529055 A CN101529055 A CN 101529055A CN A2007800401185 A CNA2007800401185 A CN A2007800401185A CN 200780040118 A CN200780040118 A CN 200780040118A CN 101529055 A CN101529055 A CN 101529055A
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a heat engine system for producing work by expanding a working fluid comprising first and second components, the system comprising, an apparatus for combining the second component of the working fluid as a liquid with the first component, the first component being a gas throughout the system, a compressor for compressing the first component, a pump for compressing at least most of the second component, a heater for heating the first and second components, an expander for expanding the first and second components to produce the work, and a recuperator for transferring at least some of the energy of the working fluid from the outlet of the expander, to the working fluid from the outlet of the apparatus, wherein a substantial portion of the energy transferred in the recuperator is at least a portion of the latent heat of the second component from the outlet of the expander.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for heat engine system and generation merit (producing work).
Background technique
Heat engine is the system that thermal power transfer is become mechanical work.Heat engine passes through from high temperature heat source (T
H) to low temperature radiator (T
L) shift energy and finish this work.Except other factors, the efficient of any heat engine is considered to mainly be determined by the temperature contrast between thermal source and the radiator.At present the efficient of the various heat engines that use 3% between about 60% the scope.The efficient of most of motor car engines is about 25%, and the efficient at postcritical coal fired power generation station is about 35-41%.
Because think that the efficient of all heat engines all depends on the temperature gradient between thermal source and the radiator, therefore done a lot of the trial, attempt to improve heat engine efficient by increasing this temperature gradient.It has been generally acknowledged that the temperature gradient that will increase in the heat engine, just must improve the temperature of thermal source, because the temperature of radiator is subjected to the restriction of earth atmosphere temperature.
In theory, most effective heat engine comprises boiler (boiler), turbo machine (turbine), condenser and pump by Carnot's cycle (Camot cycle) definition.According to Carnot's cycle, working fluid (working fluid) has experienced from the reversible heating of constant temperature in the high temperature pond of boiler, has made the temperature of working fluid from high temperature (T
H) drop to low temperature (T
L) adiabatic reversible expansion, the reversible cooling of constant temperature that the working fluid that flows to the low temperature pond in the condenser is carried out and the temperature that in pump, makes working fluid from T
LRise to T
HAdiabatic reversible compression.The thermal efficiency (η according to the heat engine of Carnot's cycle work
TH) define by following equation:
η
TH＝1-T
L/T
H
Yet, in the practice, can not move heat engine like that, because the neither one treatment step is real " reversible " in practice according to desirable Carnot's cycle.Reversible treatment is the ideal process that can also be reversed later taking place, and brings any change can for when taking place and reverse system or its surrounding environment.Many factors can make the processing in the Carnot's cycle irreversible, comprise the frictional loss in the system.
The replaceable scheme that can be used for moving heat engine is rankine cycle (Rankine cycle), and this circuit efficient is not as the Carnot's cycle height.Desirable rankine cycle comprises the adiabatic reversible compression of being undertaken by pump from low pressure to the high pressure, constant voltage (equipressure) heat from high temperature heat source in the boiler is transmitted, the adiabatic reversible expansion of in turbo machine, carrying out from the high pressure to low pressure and from the working fluid to the condenser in constant voltage (equipressure) heat of low temperature radiator transmit.
Rankine cycle mainly is with the different of Carnot's cycle: in rankine cycle, the complete condensation process from steam to liquid takes place in working fluid in condenser.The reason of doing like this is that even now is done the efficient that can reduce heat engine, but in practice, pump be difficult to resemble the Carnot's cycle requirement treatment fluid and steam mixture.Another difference is, if working fluid is heated to form superheated steam in boiler, in Carnot's cycle, all heat transmission are all carried out under constant temperature, therefore, during this processing, must reduce pressure.This means, in steam experience expansion process, must transmit heat (but this is to be difficult to carry out in practice) to steam, on the contrary, in rankine cycle, steam under the condition of constant voltage by superheating.In practice, the isobaric heat transfer process in the rankine cycle is than the easier realization of the insulation in the Carnot's cycle.
Most of public power stations comprise that coal-fired power plant is all according to rankine cycle work.Yet, in practice because with above at the similar reason of the listed reason of Carnot's cycle, lower according to the efficient of the heat engine of rankine cycle work than maximum theoretical efficiency (that is the efficient of desirable rankine cycle).
Another kind of circulation is brayton cycle (Brayton cycle).The working procedure and the rankine cycle of brayton cycle are similar, and just all only there be (that is, brayton cycle do not comprise working fluid condensation and boiling) in working fluid with the form of gas phase in the whole process of circuit.In the brayton cycle of closure, system comprises isentropic Compression, is isobaric heating afterwards, thereby the constant entropy expansion that working fluid takes place afterwards produces merit, is afterwards the equipressure cooling of working fluid again.Combustion gas turbine is usually according to open brayton cycle work, and wherein explosive fuel is added in the working fluid after compressor, so the burning of fuel promotes the temperature of working fluid, thereby working fluid is inflated the generation merit in turbo machine afterwards.Effluent from turbo machine comprises the products of combustion of fuel and the mixture of working fluid, and this effluent is sent to rubbish heap, and is not sent back to the inlet of compressor.
In order to improve the efficient of heat engine, considered the variant of various rankine cycle.Two kinds of such variants comprise the rankine cycle that has again heating process and the rankine cycle of regenerative.In the rankine cycle that has again heating process, heat engine comprises two turbo machines of series connection.Working fluid as from the high pressure steam of boiler enters first turbo machine, and working fluid expands and make its pressure to reduce in this first turbo machine.The steam that pressure in first turbo machine reduces reenters boiler, and steam is heated once more in boiler, and steam is by second turbo machine afterwards, and steam is with lower pressure work in second turbo machine.An advantage of this system is: the heating again of working fluid is prevented to become liquid from vapor condensation in the process that working fluid expands in turbo machine, because can cause sizable injury to turbo machine like this between each turbo machine.
The regeneration rankine cycle is included in working fluid and enters and working fluid is heated in advance before the boiler, this finishes by following operation: the interstage from turbo machine is isolated sub-fraction steam, and after in the condenser of this steam in " feed water preheater ", being cooled it is mixed mutually with the liquid working fluid, wherein " feed water preheater " is arranged on the Working-fluid intaking place of middle pumping stage before of boiler.
In order to improve the efficient of the heat engine in the reality, many other trials have also been made, such as combined type Bretton-rankine cycle or COGAS circulation, the COGAS circulation comprise with from according to the hot waste gas of the gaseous combustion heat engine of brayton cycle work as thermal source according to the boiler of second heat engine of rankine cycle work.
Therefore yet the efficient of the heat engine in all reality all is subjected to sizable restriction, still generates electricity and the improvement of the efficient of refrigeration product seeking can improve.
Summary of the invention
According to a first aspect of the invention, provide a kind of being used for to produce the heat engine system of merit by the working fluid that comprises first composition and second composition is expanded, this system comprises: be used for the equipment that mixes as second composition of liquid and first composition that is always gas in whole system with described working fluid, be used to compress the compressor of first composition, be used to compress the most at least pump of second composition, be used to heat the heater of first composition and second composition, be used to make first composition and second composition to expand to produce the expander of merit, and heat exchanger, at least some energy that this heat exchanger is used for the working fluid of self-expanding device outlet in the future are transferred to the working fluid from the outlet of equipment, the major component of the energy that wherein shifts in heat exchanger is at least a portion from the latent heat of second composition of expander outlet.
In one embodiment, equipment comprises sparger.
In another embodiment, equipment comprises sprayer.
In one embodiment, equipment is configured to liquid second composition is ejected in the space that wherein has first composition.
In another embodiment, equipment is diffuser.
In one embodiment, equipment is configured to first composition is diffused in liquid second composition.
In one embodiment, equipment comprises a plurality of spargers, sprayer or diffuser.
In one embodiment, equipment is arranged between compressor and the heat exchanger, so that make liquid second composition mix with the first one-tenth phase-splitting of gaseous state after being compressed at first composition of gaseous state.
Preferably, in heat exchanger, also can shift some sensible heats (sensible heat).
Preferably, the major component of the latent heat of second composition is transferred in heat exchanger.
In one embodiment, heat exchanger will change gas into from liquid from least a portion of second composition of equipment outlet.
In one embodiment, at least a portion of second composition of heat exchanger self-expanding in the future device outlet changes liquid into from gas.
In one embodiment, heat exchanger is mainly the form of shell-and-tube exchanger.
In one embodiment, heat exchanger is mainly the form of falling film type condenser.
In one embodiment, heat exchanger is configured to: after the working fluid from the expander outlet is cooled off, provide the liquid part of working fluid and separating of gaseous state part.
In one embodiment, heat exchanger comprises boiling side and condensation side.
In one embodiment, the boiling side that enters heat exchanger from the working fluid of equipment outlet, in heat exchanger, when the working fluid of condensation side received energy, second composition of working fluid seethed with excitement basically at second composition of working fluid.
In one embodiment, the condensation side that the working fluid that exports from expander enters heat exchanger, in heat exchanger, self-energy is passed to the working fluid of boiling side and during degradedness at second composition of working fluid, second composition condensation basically of working fluid.
In one embodiment, the condensation side of heat exchanger comprises the liquor separator pond, and it collects the second liquid composition to be used for the recirculation in system.
In one embodiment, the boiling side of heat exchanger is the pipe of shell and tube heat exchanger, and condensation side is the shell of shell and tube heat exchanger.
In one embodiment, system comprises the heat exchanger of a plurality of parallel connections and/or series connection.
In one embodiment, the pressure of expander ingress is that pressure that first composition is compressed in compressor deducts all losses in the system between expander and the compressor.
In one embodiment, compressor is with the gas beyond sub-fraction boil down to first composition of second composition.
In one embodiment, compressor is such as the so any suitable compressor of axial compressor, centrifugal compressor, reciprocating compressor or screw compressor (scroll compressor)
In one embodiment, system comprises a plurality of series connection and/or compressor in parallel.
In one embodiment, system also comprises at least one cooler, and it is used for cooling off first and/or second composition at first composition and second composition before equipment is combined.
In one embodiment, at least one in the cooler comprises the interstage cooler that is in the compressor, so that the inter-stage cooling of first compressor to be provided.
In one embodiment, at least one in the cooler comprises the compressor aftercooler that is used for cooling off this first composition after first composition has been compressed.
In one embodiment, at least one in the cooler be included in first composition by in compressor the compression before the cooling this first composition compressor before cooler.
In one embodiment, at least one cooler has cooling source.
In one embodiment, but cooling source is any suitable refrigeration system of cooling water, surrounding atmosphere or heat extraction
In one embodiment, the heat that is removed at least one cooler can be used as any thermal source that other is suitably handled, such as heat hot water, produce low pressure steam, desalination, as the heat input of heat pump steam compression system, or as the heat input of any low-temperature electricity-generating or refrigeration cycle.
In one embodiment, at least one cooler comprises the liquid cooler that is used to cool off liquid second composition.
In another embodiment, when equipment mixed liquid second composition with the first one-tenth phase-splitting, liquid second composition was in ambient temperature.
In these embodiments, second composition can cool off first composition when mixing with first composition.
Preferably, at least one cooler is used to guarantee that the temperature of first composition of access arrangement is lower than the temperature that can cause the evaporation of second composition when equipment mixes second composition with first composition.
In one embodiment, pump is compressed to the pressure that is higher than environmental stress with the major part at least of liquid second composition.
In one embodiment, pump is at or about the pressure that compressor is compressed to first composition with the pressure that the major part at least of liquid second composition is compressed to.
In one embodiment, system comprises the pump of a plurality of parallel connections and/or series connection.
In one embodiment, after second composition (liquid) was combined by equipment and first composition (gas), working fluid was a gas-liquid mixture.
In one embodiment, expander comprises any suitable unit that is used for producing by the expansion working fluid mechanical work.
In one embodiment, expander can be turbo machine, positive displacement rotation expander, scroll-type expander, linear expansion device, or reciprocating type air engine.
Expander also can comprise a plurality of turbo machines that are connected in parallel or are connected in series, rotation expander, linear expansion device, or reciprocating type air engine, and expander can have can not have inter-stage to heat yet again.
Expander can be directly coupled to compressor, also can not be directly coupled to compressor, with the drive compression device.
In one embodiment, the form of expander is a turbo machine.
In one embodiment, turbo machine has the sword sheet (variable pitch blade) of gap variable.
The system of it should be noted that can comprise a plurality of expanders and/or the compressor of being arranged to parallel connection or series connection of arbitrary number.
Heater provides the heat input to the working fluid from any suitable thermal source.
In one embodiment, heater is heated into supercritical gas with working fluid.
In one embodiment, the thermal source of heater can be by for example nuclear energy, coal or other ignitable fuel, from the hot waste gas of combustion gas turbine, from the used heat of any other processing, from direct heat, electric heating or the solar heat of stove, the steam that heat or heat energy battery produced or any other heated medium of storage
In one embodiment, heat engine system also comprises the condenser that is used for cooling work fluid after working fluid leaves heat exchanger.
In one embodiment, condenser is configured to second composition of working fluid is condensed into liquid basically.
The form of condenser can be to be arranged in the flange-cooled cooling coil that inner shell heat exchanger, radiator, the serpentine coil of plenum system (plenum) that can reclaim condensation product has cooling fluid, and the form of condenser can also be any other suitable condenser.
In one embodiment, a side joint of condenser is received the working fluid of the condensation side of leaving heat exchanger.
In one embodiment, cooling fluid flows through the opposite side of the condenser that is used for the cooling work fluid, so that the major part of working fluid second composition is condensed into liquid.
Cooling fluid can be that temperature is equal to or less than the air of environmental conditions, the refrigeration agent of any composition, perhaps water or salt solution.
In one embodiment, the heat that condenser is removed from working fluid can be used as the heat input of any other suitable system, such as external heat force engine, heat pump, refrigeration cycle, desalination, or is used for processing that water is heated.
In one embodiment, condenser is to be used for when the second composition condensation separator that second composition and first component separating are opened.
In one embodiment, the second separated composition is recycled to equipment.
In this embodiment, the residue working fluid comprises first composition and remains the arbitrary portion of second composition of gas that this residue working fluid flows to the inlet of compressor.
In one embodiment, system comprises the condenser of a plurality of parallel connections and/or series connection.
In one embodiment, system also comprises load, and expander is linked in this load, so that the merit that expander is produced changes into mechanical or electrical energy.
In one embodiment, system is a locking system, and except incidental losses were changed, this system did not have quality to input or output during system works basically.
In one embodiment, system comprises the supply of filling it up with to working fluid that is used to change any incidental losses.Incidental losses may be owing to for example reveal, safeguard that perhaps high pressure or high temperature discharge and causes.
In one embodiment, system also comprises and is used for energy branch controller that the energy that shifts at heat exchanger during the system works is controlled.
In one embodiment, the energy branch controller passes through to change the condition of expander ingress, and therefore changes the expansive working of being done in expander, thereby changes the condition in expander outlet port, controls the energy transfer in the heat exchanger.
In one embodiment, the energy branch controller is by changing the amount of liquid state second composition that mixes with the first one-tenth phase-splitting in equipment, and the energy of controlling in the heat exchanger shifts.
In one embodiment, system comprises mass flow controller, and it is used for controlling with respect to the mass flowrate of first composition mass flowrate of second composition.
In one embodiment, mass flow controller comprises the variable velocity control for pump.
In one embodiment, mass flow controller comprises the pump commutator, and it is configured to the inlet that the stream of second composition of the outlet of self-pumping in the future redirect to pump.
In one embodiment, mass flow controller comprises the variable inlet guide card that is arranged in compressor.
In one embodiment, mass flow controller comprises the variable velocity control for compressor.
In one embodiment, mass flow controller comprises the compressor commutator, and it is configured to the stream from first composition of the outlet of compressor is redirect to the inlet of compressor.
In one embodiment, mass flow controller is included in suitable valving on the equipment.
In one embodiment, system comprises the energy storage units that is positioned at the compressor upstream, and this energy storage units is used to store compressed working fluid (be mainly first composition, also comprise second composition of any gaseous state), is for example using between the starting period especially.
In another embodiment, by to compressor, pump and expander axle supplying energy, can realize starting.
In one embodiment, first composition of working fluid and second composition are the materials of inertia each other basically each other.
In one embodiment, first composition and second composition can not react each other, and the situation of a kind of substance dissolves in the another kind of material can not take place basically yet, can at high temperature not decompose basically yet.
In one embodiment, second composition is at the very high material of volume expansion ratio when liquid state becomes gaseous state.
In one embodiment, first composition is can be by the material of high compression as gas the time.
In one embodiment, first composition can be, for example: nitrogen, argon, helium, hydrogen or methane.
In one embodiment, second composition can be, for example: water, propane, butane, ethanol or carbon dioxide.
Preferred working fluid is: nitrogen is as first composition, and water is as second composition.
In one embodiment, working fluid can comprise first composition and second composition other composition in addition.Usually, each composition in these adding ingredients is all followed the flow path of first composition (as gas) or second composition (as liquids and gases) in system.
In one embodiment, heater is a heat exchanger.
In one embodiment, heater is a regenerative heater.
In one embodiment, regenerative heater comprises the material of at least one volume, the material of this at least one volume is arranged to be heated to the temperature of the melting point that is equal to or higher than material, and heater also comprises the passage by the material of at least one volume, so that the workflow physical efficiency is from wherein flowing through.
In one embodiment, regenerative heater comprises the material of at least two volumes, preferably includes the material of three volumes.Heater can comprise the material that three volumes is above.
In one embodiment, when regenerative heater comprised the material of at least two volumes, passage was configured to, and made working fluid flow through the material of these volumes successively.
Yet in other embodiments, passage can be arranged to, and makes working fluid flow through the material of these volumes concurrently.
In one embodiment, be used in the heated fluid that flows through in the space between the material that passes this (one or more) volume, heat the material of this (one or more) volume.
Heated fluid can be, for example, and steam or any other heated medium of producing by nuclear energy, coal or other ignitable fuel, or from the hot waste gas of combustion gas turbine.
In one embodiment, the space that flows through of the passage that flows through of working fluid and heated fluid is separated.
In other embodiments, available any other proper method heats the material of a volume or many volumes, such as with the waste heat of another processing, directly heat, utilize electric heating or solar heat to heat with stove.
In one embodiment, when regenerative heater comprised the material of at least two volumes, the material in each volume was different.Preferably, different materials has different melting points.
In one embodiment, the melting point of material reduces gradually according to the order from first volume to a last volume, and passage is configured such that working fluid is at first by last volume and at last by first volume.
In one embodiment, working fluid and heated fluid reverse flow.Like this, the space is configured such that heated fluid at first flows through first volume, at last by last volume.
In one embodiment, at least one volume material in the material of each volume comprises the mixture of two or more different materials.
In one embodiment, wherein a kind of material of material blends this volume or every volume is used to improve the heat transfer of this volume or every volume material.This material can be a graphite.
In one embodiment, wherein a kind of material of the material blends of this volume or every volume is used to influence the melting point of this volume or every volume material.
In such embodiment, aluminium mixes mutually with silicon, to reduce the melting point of this volume material.
In one embodiment, when regenerative heater comprised the material of at least two volumes, in the material in each volume all was to be made of but the different mixture of the ratio of each material same material.
Preferably, different proportion has different melting points.
Material in each volume can be described as " phase-change material " or " PCM ".Can utilize any suitable phase-change material.
In one embodiment of the invention, when regenerative heater comprised the material of three volumes, first volume contained silicon, melting point is about 1410 ℃, and second volume contains lithium fluoride, and melting point is about 870 ℃, and three volumes contains magnesium oxide or calcite, and melting point is about 560 ℃.
In one embodiment, the material of a volume or many volumes all is contained in the container, the temperature of the melt material that firmly wherein is equipped with that this container can stand.
In one embodiment, container is made by pottery, is preferably made by silicon carbide.
In one embodiment, regenerative heater also comprises a plurality of valves at the entrance and exit place that is positioned at heater, these valves can be used for controlling the working fluid that passes heater and the flow velocity of heated fluid, to keep the temperature of the material in each volume, so that these materials are remained on melted state, and the temperature of Control work fluid when leaving heater.
In one embodiment, system comprises a plurality of regenerative heaters.In a this embodiment, system comprises three regenerative heaters, in this case, when a heater in when work, second heater is in the state of wait work, and the 3rd be closed so that safeguard.
According to a second aspect of the invention, provide a kind of method that is used to produce merit, this method may further comprise the steps:
First composition of compression working fluid in compressor, this first composition always is gas during this method of execution;
Compression is as the major part at least of second composition of the working fluid of liquid in pump;
In equipment, will mix with the first one-tenth phase-splitting as second composition of liquid;
In heater, the first mixed composition and second composition are heated;
Heated first composition of expansion and second composition in expander are to produce merit; And
In heat exchanger, at least a portion energy of the working fluid that has been inflated is transferred to the working fluid before the heating in heater, and the major component of the energy that wherein is transferred is at least a portion of the latent heat of second composition after working fluid is inflated in expander.
In one embodiment, the step that second composition is mixed with first composition comprises liquid second composition is ejected in the space that first composition is wherein arranged.
In another embodiment, the step that second composition is mixed with first composition comprises first composition is diffused in liquid second composition.
In one embodiment, the step that second composition is mixed with first composition occurs in after the most at least step of compression first composition and compression second composition.
The part of the energy that preferably, shifts in heat exchanger is a sensible heat.
In one embodiment, be transferred to the step of few part energy in heat exchanger, at least a portion with second composition before second composition is heated in heater changes gas into from liquid.
In one embodiment, be transferred to the step of few part energy in heat exchanger, at least a portion with this second composition after second composition is inflated in expander changes liquid into from gas.
In one embodiment, method also is included in working fluid and has been inflated the step of afterwards liquid part and the gaseous state of working fluid partly being separated.
In one embodiment, separating step is at least partially in carrying out in the heat exchanger.
Preferably, method provided by the invention is the closed circulation method, also comprise at least a portion energy of working fluid in heat exchanger that repeats this method be transferred to will be in heater the step of each step after the heated working fluid.
In one embodiment, this method also comprises the step that makes first composition turn back to compressor.
In one embodiment, this method comprises that also the major part at least that makes second composition turns back to the step of pump.
The step of compression first composition takes place at least two stages in one embodiment.
In another embodiment, the step of compressing first composition only takes place in a stage.
In one embodiment, this method also is included in first composition and second composition is mixed the step of cooling off first composition and/or second composition before.
In one embodiment, cooling step comprises and utilizes interstage cooler to cool off first composition at least between two stages in each stage of compressor.
In one embodiment, cooling step is included in after the step of compression first composition, preferably at first composition with before second composition mixes, cool off first composition.
In one embodiment, cooling step cools off first composition before being included in the step of compressing first composition.
In one embodiment, cooling step is included in and will cools off second composition before second composition and the first one-tenth phase-splitting mixing.
In one embodiment, when liquid second composition mixed with the first one-tenth phase-splitting in equipment, liquid second composition was in ambient temperature.
In one embodiment, the most at least step of compressing second composition is compressed to the pressure that is higher than environmental stress with the major part at least of second composition.
In one embodiment, the most at least step of compressing second composition is equal to or higher than the pressure that in compressor first composition is compressed to the pressure that the major part at least of second composition is compressed to.
In one embodiment, this method may further comprise the steps: with before first composition and the step that the second one-tenth phase-splitting mixes, make second composition that the low temperature of temperature of vaporizing takes place during blend step to specific energy the temperature maintenance of first composition.
In one embodiment, with the step that the liquid part and the gaseous state of working fluid are partly separated, comprise with as the most of at least of second composition of liquid with open as first component separating of gas.
Usually, separating step is not all thoroughly opened all second compositions with first component separating.The part of second composition still is retained in gaseous state, and mixes with the first one-tenth phase-splitting.
In one embodiment, separating step is at least partially in carrying out in the heat exchanger.
In one embodiment, the step that first composition and second component separating are opened is at least partially in carrying out in the condenser, and preferably has been transferred in heat exchanger and will have carried out after the heated working fluid in heater at least a portion energy of working fluid.
In one embodiment, the step that first composition and second component separating are opened comprises the cooling work fluid, with the most of at least condensation with second composition.
In one embodiment, this method also comprises the step that the energy that shifts in the heat exchanging device is controlled.
In one embodiment, the step controlled of the energy that shifts in the heat exchanging device is included in the condition that changes working fluid in the expander before the expansion working fluid.
In one embodiment, the step that the energy that shifts in the heat exchanging device is controlled comprises the amount of second composition that change mixes with the first one-tenth phase-splitting in equipment.
In one embodiment, this method also comprises the step of controlling the mass flowrate of second composition with respect to the mass flowrate of first composition.
In one embodiment, heating steps comprises: for example by utilizing the heat medium in the heat exchanger, heat is transferred to working fluid the heater from high temperature heat source.
In one embodiment, heating steps comprises the material that first composition that makes mixing and second composition flow through at least one volume, and the material of this at least one volume is heated to the temperature of the melting point that is equal to or higher than material.
In one embodiment, heating steps comprises the material that first composition that makes mixing and second composition flow through at least two volumes, preferably the material by three volumes.
In one embodiment, heating steps also comprises and utilizes heated fluid to heat the long-pending material of one at least.
In one embodiment, heat the long-pending material of one at least and comprise space between the material that makes heated fluid flow through a volume or many volumes.
In one embodiment, heating steps comprises the material that makes heated fluid flow through at least one volume with the direction with first composition that mixes and the second composition flow direction adverse current.
In one embodiment, heating steps comprises working fluid is heated into supercritical gas.
Description of drawings
Below with reference to accompanying drawing embodiments of the invention are described by way of example, in each accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 is the schematic representation of heat engine system according to an embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic representation of heat engine regenerative heater that is used to heat the working fluid of heat engine system according to an embodiment of the invention; And
Fig. 3 is according to the heat engine system of the embodiment of the invention
The schematic representation of model.
Embodiment
At first, show heat engine system 10 according to the embodiment of the invention with reference to figure 1.Thermoelectric generator system 10 produces merit by the expansion working fluid.Working fluid comprises first composition and second composition, and first composition is always gas in whole system 10.System 10 comprises equipment 11, and equipment 11 is used for second composition of the working fluid of first composition of working fluid and liquid state is mixed.Equipment 11 can comprise sparger (injector) or sprayer (atomiser), and it is ejected into the form of liquid second composition with mist in the abundant big volume that has first composition.Alternately, equipment 11 can comprise and is configured to first composition is diffused into diffuser (diffuser) in liquid second composition.
The state of second composition of working fluid changes the volume that makes working fluid very big expansion takes place, therefore for identical mass flowrate (mass flow rate), compare with the gas turbine in traditional brayton cycle, this can increase the volume flow of passing through greatly, thereby increases the merit that expander 14 produces greatly.In addition, in heat exchanger 15,,, reduced the burden of heater 13, thereby reduced the energy input of system 10 particularly to the utilization again of latent heat to the utilization again of energy.These factors make and compare with the legacy system of comparable size that the power ratio of system's 10 work is bigger, and working efficiency is improved, and (in expander 14) generation net energy that identical merit consumed still less.
The inter-stage cooling that is provided by interstage cooler 18 is provided compressor 12.The main purpose of She Zhiing is to guarantee like this: the temperature ratio of first composition of access arrangement 11 causes the temperature of second composition vaporization low when second composition mixes with first composition in equipment 11.This makes heat exchanger 15 can more effectively shift the major component of the working fluid second composition latent heat as described above.The temperature of guaranteeing to leave first composition of compressor 12 is, alternately, the temperature that can provide by following processing (perhaps combining): first composition is compressed the back cooling with interstage cooler 18, first composition is compressed preceding cooling, or in second composition equipment 11 shown in Figure 1 with before the first one-tenth phase-splitting mixes, second composition is cooled off in advance.
The below operation of descriptive system 10 substantially:
Gaseous state first composition of working fluid 20 enters compressor 12 by entering the mouth, and is compressed therein.To the compression of working fluid first composition trend towards raising its temperature, but interstage cooler 18 has guaranteed that the raise temperature that causes second composition to be vaporized in the time of can't mixing than with second composition even as big as the temperature that makes first composition of this temperature is also high.
First composition flow to equipment 11 from the outlet 21 of compressor 12, and in equipment 11, liquid second composition compresses the back in pump 19 mixes with the first one-tenth phase-splitting by the second one-tenth subentry 22.Liquid second composition can be in ambient temperature (or more low temperature), but and cooling work fluid.With before the first one-tenth phase-splitting mixes, liquid second composition is compressed to the pressure higher than environmental stress in pump 19, and preferably, its pressure that is compressed to is at or about the pressure of first composition in compressor 12 outlet ports.Because the gaseous state of working fluid and liquid parts are compressed in compressor 12 and pump 19 respectively, it all is that the compressor that compresses of the working fluid of the constant specific mass flow of gas is little that compressor 12 can be compared.This is favourable to system, because pressurized gas is more much more than the merit of the liquid needs of (in pump) compression constant specific mass flow.Therefore, by this layout of pump 19 and compressor 12, improved the overall efficiency of system.Working fluid as gas-vapour mixture leaves equipment 11 by exporting 23.
The form of heat exchanger 15 is generally shell-and-tube exchanger, is preferably the falling film type condenser, comprises boiling side 24 (shell) and condensation side 25 (pipe).The boiling side 24 that enters heat exchanger 15 from the working fluid of the outlet 23 of equipment 11, in boiling side 24, second composition of working fluid is because its working fluid received energy on the condensation side 25 and boiling basically.
Working fluid leaves the boiling side 24 of heat exchanger, flows to the inlet 26 of heater 13, and is heated in heater 13.Working fluid flow to the inlet 27 of expander 14 from heater 13.Working fluid is inflated in expander 14, thereby produces merit.Therefore, the pressure and the temperature of the working fluid at outlet 28 places of expander 14 are all lower.In the embodiment shown in fig. 1, the condition of the working fluid at outlet 28 places of expander 14 is to make win composition and second composition be gas.Working fluid from the outlet 28 of expander 14 is received by the condensation side 25 of heat exchanger 15, and in condensation side 25, second composition condensation basically of working fluid is because it has lost the energy that is transferred to the working fluid on the boiling side 24.
The gaseous state part of working fluid is left the condensation side of heat exchanger 15, a side that enters condenser 16.Condenser 16 can be the shell heat exchanger that is positioned at the plenum system inside that can reclaim condensation product, but, alternately, also can be the flange-cooled cooling coil that has cooling fluid in radiator, the serpentine coil, condenser 16 can also be any other suitable condenser.Cooling fluid 29 (can be equal to or less than the refrigeration agent of any composition of environmental conditions for air, water or temperature) flows through the opposite side of condenser 16, and the cooling work fluid makes (remaining) second composition major part of working fluid be condensed into liquid.Second composition of liquid and separated the opening of first composition in the condenser 16 have so just been played the effect of separator.Isolated second composition 30 is recycled to pump 19.Remaining working fluid comprises first composition and remains the arbitrary portion of second composition of gaseous state that this remaining working fluid flows to the inlet 20 of compressor 12.
Leave the liquid part of working fluid of the condensation side 25 of heat exchanger 15 and can walk around condenser 16, and flow to pump 19, as shown in Figure 1 from bypass.Yet in alternative structure, the liquid part of working fluid that leaves the condensation side 25 of heat exchanger 15 also can be sent to condenser 16.Pump 19 returns liquid second composition to equipment 11 from condenser 16 and heat exchanger 15 pumping.It should be noted that the duration of work in system 10, the energy that utilizes the energy branch controller to be controlled to carry out in the heat exchanger 15 shifts, to keep optimum system effectiveness.This point is compared with the traditional hot force engine, and the condition of whole expander 14 is all controlled.Condensation side 25 and the temperature at the entrance and exit place of boiling side 24 and the condition that pressure transducer monitors whole heat exchanger 15 at heat exchanger 15.Therefore, also then change the expansion of carrying out in the expander 14 by the condition that changes the expander ingress, change the condition at outlet 28 places of expander 14 then, the energy that is controlled in the heat exchanger 15 shifts.Can pass through, for example, change the amount of the compression of carrying out in compressor 12 and/or the pump 19 and the heat that the working fluid in the heater 13 is transferred in change, change the condition of expander ingress.The energy branch controller can also be controlled at the energy that shifts in the heat exchanger 15 by change the amount of liquid state second composition that mixes with the first one-tenth phase-splitting in equipment 11.
System also can comprise the energy storage units that is positioned at compressor 12 upstreams, is used to store the compression working fluid from compressor.Energy storage units especially can use between 10 starting periods in system, and between 10 starting periods, expander 14 increases to full capacity from zero capacity gradually in system.By walk around expander 14 from bypass, a part of working fluid is redirect to energy storage units, and do not waste energy at this moment from the compression working fluid of compressor.In case expander 14 has reached full capacity, then the working fluid that keeps in the energy storage units can be incorporated in the systemic circulation again.Alternately, can come start-up system 10 by providing energy to compressor, pump and expander axle.
These SC system controller so just make system 10 (especially expander 14) closer follow load under the situation that load 17 changes for the operating flexibility that system 10 provides height.For example, mass flow controller makes pump 19 and compressor 12 can drop to the 30-50% of their full loads respectively.
First composition of working fluid and second composition should be chemically and physically all be essentially the material of mutual inertia, promptly, they not can with react each other, a kind of material can not take place yet be dissolved into situation in the another kind of material basically, can at high temperature not decompose yet.Wish that also second composition is at the very high material of volume expansion ratio when liquid state becomes gaseous state.Further, wish that also first composition is can be by the material of high compression as gas the time.First composition can be, for example, and nitrogen, argon, helium, hydrogen or methane.Second composition can be, for example, and water, propane, butane, ethanol or carbon dioxide.Preferred working fluid is: nitrogen is as first composition, and water is as second composition.It should be noted that working fluid can comprise first composition and second composition composition in addition, that is, and different materials.Yet, generally will follow above-mentioned first composition (as gas) or the flow path of second composition (as liquids and gases) in system respectively in these supplementary elements.
With reference now to Fig. 2,, the heater 13 as regenerative heater has been shown among embodiment.It should be noted that in other embodiments heater 13 can be the suitable heater of heat exchanger or another kind of type.Heater 13 among Fig. 2 comprises first volume material 40, second volume material 41 and the three volumes material 42.Understand easily, heater 13 can comprise than situation shown in Figure 2 still less volume or the materials of volume of more manying.Volume 40,41 and 42 is configured to be heated to the melt temperature of material or is heated to above this melt temperature.Heater 13 also comprises the material 40,41 that passes these volumes and 42 passage, so that working fluid can flow through these volumes.Like this, working fluid is just heated by the material 40,41 of these volumes and 42.In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, passage is configured to make the workflow physical efficiency to flow through the material of volume 40, the material of volume 41 and the material of volume 42 successively.Yet, in other embodiments, passage can be arranged to make the workflow physical efficiency to pass through material, the material of volume 41 and the material of volume 42 of volume 40 concurrently.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, utilize the heated fluid that in the space of the material of the material of the material that passes volume 40, volume 41 and volume 42, flows through, heat the material of volume 40,41 and 42.Heated fluid can be steam or any other heat medium that is produced by nuclear energy, coal or other ignitable fuel, or from the hot waste gas of combustion gas turbine.Volume 40,41 and 42 material can heat with any other proper method, such as with the waste heat of another processing, directly heat, utilize electric heating or solar heat to heat with stove.The space that passage that working fluid flows through and heated fluid flow through is separated.This makes that heater 13 can continuous running, can also prevent the mixing of two kinds of fluids, and this has just been avoided such as the pollution to working fluid, particularly contamination by dust, problems such as oxidation and carbonization.
Volume 40,41 can be different with material in 42, and in one embodiment, the melting point of material is according to reducing gradually from first volume, 40 orders to three volumes 42.These used materials can be called as " phase-change material " or " PCM ".Can utilize any suitable phase-change material.Yet in one embodiment of the invention, first volume 40 contains silicon, and melting point is about 1410 ℃, and second volume 41 contains lithium fluoride, and melting point is about 870 ℃, and three volumes 42 contains magnesium oxide or calcite, and melting point is about 560 ℃.Volume 40,41 and 42 material all are contained in the container, and the material of this container can hold out against the temperature of the molten material that wherein is equipped with.In this, particularly suitable material is a stupalith, preferably silicon carbide.
In another kind was arranged, volume 40,41 and 42 material can contain the mixture of two or more different materials.In one form, the every volume material among 40,41 and 42 all comprises by same material and constituting but the different mixture of the ratio of material.Different proportion preferably has different melting points, and the working fluid that so just can will flow through the material of volume 40,41 and 42 heats gradually.In this respect, at least a material in the mixtures of material of every volume is the melting point that is used to influence this volume material.For example, aluminium can be mixed in the silicon, to reduce the melting point of silicon.Alternately, perhaps can append ground, a kind of material in the material blends can be used to improve the heat transfer of this volume material.This material is, for example, graphite, it can be added to such as in the such salt of lithium fluoride, magnesium oxide, calcite or sodium chloride, shifts with the heat of improving these materials.Advantageously, this makes the material of volume 40,41 and 42 can reach their melting point quickly, and the heat of improving from the material of volume 40,41 and 42 to working fluid shifts.This makes it possible to start quickly and shutdown system 10 then.
Working fluid is with respect to the heated fluid reverse flow, 26 enter heater 13 by entering the mouth, at first the material (being three volumes 42 in the case) by the minimum volume of temperature heats, and last material (being first volume 40 in the case) heating by the highest volume of temperature, leave heater afterwards, go to the inlet 27 of expander 14.Heated fluid is with opposite heated in sequence volume 40,41 and 42, that is, it 43 enters heater 13 by entering the mouth, and at first first volume 40 that needs are in maximum temperature heats, and at last three volumes 42 is heated.
In another embodiment, each volume among 40,41,42 or the material in two volumes are identical.In this embodiment, can not at an easy rate these volumes be heated to the melting point that is equal to or higher than material by the heated fluid that utilizes serial, because when heated fluid flows through heater 13, flowing through volume meeting in 40,41,42 o'clock off-energy and heat.Like this, the volume 40,41,42 among this embodiment may need by parallel heating, or alternately heats with different heat sources.
Also the temperature of locating in the outlet (that is the inlet 27 of expander 14) of heater 13 with respect to working fluid comes the flow velocity of working fluid is controlled.The temperature of the working fluid that inlet 27 places of expander need is far smaller than the melting point temperature of first volume 40 (therefore less than) of silicon.If the working fluid at the inlet of expander 27 places is in this temperature (being about 1410 ℃), this can damage expander 14 so.Because this temperature contrast is very big, heater 13 advantageously makes thermoelectric generator system 10 to start rapidly.
Can change and control the temperature of expander inlet by the modulation bypass control valve (BCV), bypass control valve (BCV) is used for the flow direction around the conversion regenerative heater 13.This will allow accurately to be provided with variable output the temperature of expander inlet.The temperature control of this level can not be realized by the traditional gas turbine that depends on internal-combustion engine.And, when this control is used with other above-mentioned control unit, can when shutdown system, obtain good efficiency.
Example
Ambient temperature is 35 ℃ (at ambient temperature conditions of Queensland state)
The compression ratio of compressor is 6.2: 1
The efficient of compressor is 85%
The pressure drop of equipment is 5KPa, and the pressure drop of heat exchanger boiling side is 30KPa, and the pressure drop of heater is 20KPa, and the pressure drop of heat exchanger condensation side is 300Pa
The outlet temperature of heat exchanger condensation side is 60 ℃.
Following table 1 has been listed the condition at the some A-I place in system shown in Figure 3.
Table 1
| A (nitrogen) | B (water) | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | |
| Temperature (℃) | 35.00 | 35.00 | 273.5 | 45.91 | 617.6 | 1100 | 742.9 | 60.00 | 35.00 |
| Pressure (kPa) | 100.0 | 620.0 | 620.0 | 620.0 | 590.0 | 570.0 | 103.0 | 100.00 | 100.0 |
| Total mass flow (kg/s) | 1.000 | 0.9256 | 1.000 | 1.926 | 1.926 | ||||
| Total volume stream (m 3/h) | 3.332 | 963.3 | 540.5 | ||||||
| Vapor fraction | 0.3979 | 0.4910 | |||||||
| Mass fraction (H 2O) | 0.5005 |
By calculating, this model system is 58.95% o'clock in efficient, produces the clean air horsepower output of 0.9736MW.
Claims and of the present invention more than describe, except context requires, in other cases, because representation language or necessary implication, word " comprise " or its tense distortion, such as " having comprised " or " comprising " in use, has the meaning that is included, that is, specify the feature of being stated to exist, and do not get rid of the situation that exists or increase the further feature in the various embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (55)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2006904633 | 2006-08-25 | ||
| AU2006904634 | 2006-08-25 | ||
| AU2006904633A AU2006904633A0 (en) | 2006-08-25 | A heat engine system and a regenerative heater |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101529055A true CN101529055A (en) | 2009-09-09 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA2007800401185A Pending CN101529055A (en) | 2006-08-25 | 2007-08-24 | A heat engine system |
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| CN (1) | CN101529055A (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104822992A (en) * | 2012-10-17 | 2015-08-05 | 图耶尔有限公司 | Heat engine |
| CN104884768A (en) * | 2012-09-26 | 2015-09-02 | 超临界技术有限公司 | Thermodynamic cycle with compressor recuperation, and associated systems and methods |
| CN106703916A (en) * | 2017-03-08 | 2017-05-24 | 华北电力大学（保定） | Heat-insulating compressed air energy storage system achieving humidifying and enthalpy increasing in non-throttling mode |
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| CN104884768A (en) * | 2012-09-26 | 2015-09-02 | 超临界技术有限公司 | Thermodynamic cycle with compressor recuperation, and associated systems and methods |
| CN104822992A (en) * | 2012-10-17 | 2015-08-05 | 图耶尔有限公司 | Heat engine |
| CN106765448A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-05-31 | 大连葆光节能空调设备厂 | A kind of energy-saving heating system for reducing heat supply return water temperature |
| CN106703916A (en) * | 2017-03-08 | 2017-05-24 | 华北电力大学（保定） | Heat-insulating compressed air energy storage system achieving humidifying and enthalpy increasing in non-throttling mode |
| CN109296418A (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2019-02-01 | 阿特拉斯·科普柯能源有限公司 | Method and apparatus for the energy conversion from pressure energy to electric energy |
| CN109296418B (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2021-05-28 | 阿特拉斯·科普柯能源有限公司 | Method and device for converting pressure energy into electrical energy |
| CN111527292A (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2020-08-11 | 周康 | Geothermal energy system and method of using the same to generate electricity |
| CN111527292B (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2021-08-06 | 周康 | Geothermal energy system and method of using the same to generate electricity |
| CN110529279A (en) * | 2018-05-24 | 2019-12-03 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | The internal combustion engine efficiency state evaluating method of instant fuel torque |
| CN109173558A (en) * | 2018-10-19 | 2019-01-11 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | A kind of low energy consumption collecting carbonic anhydride and Plugging Technology Applied and system |
| CN109173558B (en) * | 2018-10-19 | 2023-06-06 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | A low-energy carbon dioxide capture and storage technology and system |
| CN113891830A (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2022-01-04 | 株式会社商船三井 | a water flotation device |
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Application publication date: 20090909 |