CN101491251A - Pesticide combination and use thereof - Google Patents
Pesticide combination and use thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101491251A CN101491251A CNA200910105527XA CN200910105527A CN101491251A CN 101491251 A CN101491251 A CN 101491251A CN A200910105527X A CNA200910105527X A CN A200910105527XA CN 200910105527 A CN200910105527 A CN 200910105527A CN 101491251 A CN101491251 A CN 101491251A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- fipronil
- pyridaben
- butene
- pesticide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000005663 Pyridaben Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- DWFZBUWUXWZWKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridaben Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1CSC1=C(Cl)C(=O)N(C(C)(C)C)N=C1 DWFZBUWUXWZWKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 241000238876 Acari Species 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000005899 Fipronil Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 229940013764 fipronil Drugs 0.000 claims abstract 3
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 2
- ZOCSXAVNDGMNBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound NC1=C(S(=O)C(F)(F)F)C(C#N)=NN1C1=C(Cl)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1Cl ZOCSXAVNDGMNBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 2
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 2
- HVQHXBNMBZJPLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-[(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)CNC1=C([S+]([O-])C(F)(F)F)C(C#N)=NN1C1=C(Cl)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1Cl HVQHXBNMBZJPLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000258937 Hemiptera Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001414720 Cicadellidae Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004530 micro-emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004562 water dispersible granule Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001498622 Cixius wagneri Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004495 emulsifiable concentrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004546 suspension concentrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004563 wettable powder Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 206010059866 Drug resistance Diseases 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000447 pesticide residue Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 41
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 27
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 26
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 26
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 20
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 20
- 241000176086 Sogatella furcifera Species 0.000 description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 10
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 9
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 240000008067 Cucumis sativus Species 0.000 description 7
- 235000010799 Cucumis sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000005906 Imidacloprid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940056881 imidacloprid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidacloprid Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C1/NCCN1CC1=CC=C(Cl)N=C1 YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- -1 polyoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241001124076 Aphididae Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001556089 Nilaparvata lugens Species 0.000 description 4
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000254127 Bemisia tabaci Species 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241001454293 Tetranychus urticae Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000018137 Trialeurodes vaporariorum Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000361 pesticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 3
- RNMDNPCBIKJCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-nonyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-1,3,5-trien-2-ol Chemical compound C(CCCCCCCC)C1=C2C(=C(C=C1)O)O2 RNMDNPCBIKJCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- WMGSQTMJHBYJMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;magnesium;silicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] WMGSQTMJHBYJMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008485 antagonism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YDEXUEFDPVHGHE-GGMCWBHBSA-L disodium;(2r)-3-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-(3-sulfonatopropyl)phenoxy]propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].COC1=CC=CC(C[C@H](CS([O-])(=O)=O)OC=2C(=CC(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=2)OC)=C1O YDEXUEFDPVHGHE-GGMCWBHBSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- XUZHLZDRCCUWEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;methyl naphthalene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound O=C.C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)OC)=CC=CC2=C1 XUZHLZDRCCUWEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940051841 polyoxyethylene ether Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229920000056 polyoxyethylene ether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000014347 soups Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OEDUIFSDODUDRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-1h-pyrazole Chemical compound N1N=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 OEDUIFSDODUDRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005885 Buprofezin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000254173 Coleoptera Species 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001515686 Erythroneura Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000001624 Espostoa lanata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009161 Espostoa lanata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000927584 Frankliniella occidentalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004859 Gamochaeta purpurea Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010018498 Goitre Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000896365 Haplothrips statices Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000255777 Lepidoptera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000819999 Nymphes Species 0.000 description 1
- RCEAADKTGXTDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N OS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCC[Na] Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCC[Na] RCEAADKTGXTDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000005373 Panax quinquefolius Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000488581 Panonychus citri Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010034133 Pathogen resistance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000437063 Phyllotreta striolata Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000061458 Solanum melongena Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002597 Solanum melongena Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001161749 Stenchaetothrips biformis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001414989 Thysanoptera Species 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000642 acaricide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000892 attapulgite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PRLVTUNWOQKEAI-VKAVYKQESA-N buprofezin Chemical compound O=C1N(C(C)C)\C(=N\C(C)(C)C)SCN1C1=CC=CC=C1 PRLVTUNWOQKEAI-VKAVYKQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000073 carbamate insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007957 coemulsifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000205 computational method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000857 drug effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000003872 goiter Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021332 kidney beans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012332 laboratory investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000636 lethal dose Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000225 lethality Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001473 noxious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004681 ovum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052625 palygorskite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002728 pyrethroid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007115 recruitment Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001018 virulence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种农药组合物及其应用，组合物中的活性成分为丁烯氟虫腈和哒螨灵；组合物适用于防治农业上的害虫、害螨。本发明的农药组合物，具有如下有益效果：(1)本发明组合物在一定配比范围内表现出极好的增效作用，组合物的杀虫效果比单剂有了明显提高，同时降低了农药的使用剂量、施药用工和成本，也减小了对环境的不良影响和农药残留；(2)本发明组合物中的两种有效成分作用机制不同，组合物的应用能延缓或克服害虫的抗药性，延长单剂的使用寿命；(3)本发明组合物防治害虫的同时能兼治害螨。The invention provides a pesticide composition and application thereof. The active ingredients in the composition are butene, fipronil and pyridaben; the composition is suitable for preventing and controlling agricultural pests and harmful mites. The pesticide composition of the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) the composition of the present invention shows an excellent synergistic effect within a certain proportion range, and the insecticidal effect of the composition has been significantly improved compared with a single agent, while reducing It reduces the dosage of pesticides, the labor and cost of applying pesticides, and also reduces the adverse effects on the environment and pesticide residues; (2) the two active ingredients in the composition of the present invention have different mechanisms of action, and the application of the composition can delay or overcome The drug resistance of pests prolongs the service life of a single agent; (3) the composition of the present invention can control pests while controlling pest mites.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of composition pesticide, be used to prevent and treat insect, evil mite on the agricultural.
Background technology
Rice fulgorid is the important pests on China's Rice Production.Rice fulgorid mainly contains three aspects to the harm of paddy rice: sting suction rice juice 1..Adult of rice fulgorid and nymph are clustered in rice clump bottom, lunge in the paddy rice cane tissue with piercing mouth parts and to suck juice, and glandula is secreted a kind of noxious material when getting food, destroy rice strain tissue, many brown spots appear on the killed cane, endanger when serious, standing grain clump base portion is pitchy, and complete stool is withered gradually.Worm is measured when big, is everlasting to make paddy rice blue or green withered and dead in a short time, and the in flakes dead bar in rice field lodges.When late growth stage of rice endangers in a large number,, often can not go out fringe or become empty grain fringe if be injured booting stage; If the heading back is killed, then influence the paddy plumpness, thousand kernel weight alleviates, and rate of immatured grain increases.2. lay eggs and stab.When the female worm of rice fulgorid lays eggs, thrust leaf sheath and the cane tissue causes a large amount of wounds, destroy conducting tissue, hinder the conveying of nutriment with sharp-pointed ovipositor.3. cause that disease takes place.Rice fulgorid is the communication media of some paddy rice virus disease, and the wound by getting food, laying eggs and cause, and helps infecting of some rice disease.
Select at rice grub control medicament, the organophosphorous pesticide of many high poison, high residue is prohibited use by country.For a long time, the control of rice fulgorid relies on the medicament that Imidacloprid, buprofezin etc. are efficient, the lasting period is long.Regrettably, according to Ministry of Agriculture's damage by disease and insect monitoring for resistance laboratory investigation and research for many years, the rice fulgorid of some areas has produced pesticide resistance in various degree to medicaments such as Imidacloprids, and control efficiency is very poor.
Homoptera pests such as Bemisia tabaci, trialeurodes vaporariorum, leafhopper, aphid, because growth cycle is short, reproduction speed is fast, and breeding quantity is many, and generation overlap is serious, and control is got up very difficult, is easy to generate pesticide resistance simultaneously.
Therefore, seek the prevention and treatment method that has prevention and delaying drug resistance generation and can effectively tackle resistant insect and seem particularly important.
Coming pest control with the novel pesticide that does not have cross resistance is a good solution.But develop a novel pesticide at present and need screen 10,000～1.2 ten thousand compounds, expensive 1.2～1.5 hundred million dollars, the construction cycle is 5～10 years, is difficult to catch up with the speed that insect produces resistance.Other method such as crop allocation adjustment, different agricultural chemicals are rotated etc., in the process of practical operation, are difficult to really play obvious effects.
Butene-fipronil is the noval chemical compound of developing on fluorine worm itrile group plinth, belongs to the Phenylpyrazole insecticides.The butene-fipronil insecticidal spectrum is very wide, numerous insects is had excellent control efficiency, as insects such as Semiptera, Lepidoptera, thrips, coleopteras.Simultaneously, also very effective to the insect of cyclopentadiene, pyrethroid, carbamate insecticide generation resistance.The activity of butene-fipronil is suitable with fluorine worm nitrile, and hydrobiological toxicity is reduced relatively.
Pyridaben has another name called fast mite spirit, pyridaben, the magnitude of leading a cow, be efficient, wide spectrum miticide, absorption in not having is to tetranychid, Panonychus citri, unguiculus mite, close planting property of food such as goitre mite and do harm to mite and all have obvious control efficiency, and to ovum, if mite, become mite all effective, also effective to the mobile phase that becomes mite.
At present, the composite still unmanned report of pest control that is applied to of butene-fipronil and pyridaben.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the embodiment of the invention is to provide a kind of raising control efficiency, reduces the composition pesticide of the usage amount of agricultural chemicals.
Another purpose of the embodiment of the invention is to provide the application of above-mentioned composition pesticide.
The composition pesticide of the embodiment of the invention, active component wherein are butene-fipronil and pyridaben.
The application of above-mentioned composition pesticide on control pest, evil mite.
Compared with prior art, technique scheme adopts butene-fipronil and pyridaben as active component, add the composition pesticide that certain auxiliary material is mixed with certain formulation, produced following beneficial effect: (1) present composition shows fabulous synergistic effect in certain ratio range, the insecticidal effect of composition is significantly improved than single agent, reduced using dosage, dispenser recruitment and the cost of agricultural chemicals simultaneously, also reduced harmful effect and residue of pesticide environment; (2) two kinds of active ingredient mechanism of action differences in the present composition, the application of composition can delay or overcome the pesticide resistance of insect, prolongs the service life of single agent; (3) can doublely control harmful mite the present composition pest control time.
Embodiment
In order to make purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer,, the present invention is further elaborated below in conjunction with embodiment.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explanation the present invention, and be not used in qualification the present invention.
The present patent application people is in to the research of rice fulgorid pesticide resistance, the rice fulgorid of finding butene-fipronil antagonism Imidacloprid is active high, by further that butene-fipronil and other known farm chemical ingredients is composite, found that butene-fipronil and pyridaben are composite, plant hopper there is significant synergistic effect.Find that after further study the present composition can be used for preventing and treating insect and double harmful mite, the especially homoptera pest controlled, the more particularly homoptera pests such as rice fulgorid, leafhopper, Bemisia tabaci and trialeurodes vaporariorum on the various plants.
The present composition is an active component with butene-fipronil and pyridaben, and the ratio of weight and number of butene-fipronil and pyridaben is at 30: 1～1: 50, more preferably 1: 5～1: 30.All the other are the auxiliary material that allows use in the agricultural chemicals, and active ingredient butene-fipronil and pyridaben cumulant are 5～70% of composition total weight in the preparation, preferred 11～51%.
The present composition can adopt prior art, will contain the former medicine of these active ingredient butene-fipronils and pyridaben and suitable auxiliary material and make upward available any formulation of agricultural; Pesticidal combination provided by the invention, can be according to crop, the environmental condition of living in of required control, prevent and treat all kinds of factors such as method, control cost, preferred formulation is wetting powder, aqueous emulsion, missible oil, microemulsion, water dispersible granules (or aqueous dispersion tablets), suspending agent.
Auxiliary material in the present composition comprises that solvent, dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, stabilizing agent, thickener, pH regulator agent, antifreezing agent, excipient, filler and other are of value to the known substance of active ingredient stable and drug effect performance in preparation, select different auxiliary material to be mixed with corresponding formulation as required.Above-mentioned auxiliary material all is the various compositions that permission commonly used in the pesticidal preparations is used, and is not particularly limited.
The processing technology of the various preparations of the present composition adopts known method preparation, is method commonly used in the pesticidal preparations processing technology.
Product described in the invention can the finished product preparation form provide, and promptly each material mixes in the composition, and the composition of composition also can provide with single agent form, directly directly mixes in bucket or jar before the use, is diluted to required concentration then.
Embodiment 1
Former medicine (present specification Central Plains medicine refers to butene-fipronil and pyridaben, below repeats no more), various auxiliary agent and filler etc. are fully mixed, after ultrafine crusher is pulverized, be mixed with wetting powder.For example following prescription:
Butene-fipronil 20%
Pyridaben 1%
Lauryl sodium sulfate (surfactant) 2%
White carbon black (filler) 5%
Vinylpyrrolidone (adhesive) 3%
Sodium lignin sulfonate (dispersant) 6%
Attapulgite (filler) complements to 100%.
Embodiment 2
Except that prescription, present embodiment and embodiment 1 compound method are basic identical.It is as follows to fill a prescription:
Butene-fipronil 2%
Pyridaben 68%
The withered powder of tea (surfactant) 5%
Polyvinyl alcohol (dispersing binder) 8%
Sodium lignin sulfonate (dispersant) 9%
Bentonite (filler) complements to 100%
Embodiment 3
Add solvent, former medicine, emulsifier respectively, mix, use the hot bath heating for dissolving in case of necessity, promptly obtain transparence butene-fipronil pyridaben missible oil.For example following prescription:
Butene-fipronil 1%
Pyridaben 15%
No. 500 (emulsifier) 8% of farming breast
Nongru-700 number (emulsifier) 3%
Ethanol (cosolvent) 8%
Dimethylbenzene (solvent) complements to 100%
Embodiment 4
Except that prescription, present embodiment and embodiment 3 compound methods are basic identical.It is as follows to fill a prescription:
Butene-fipronil 1%
Pyridaben 10%
No. 500 (emulsifier) 6% of farming breast
Ethanol (cosolvent) 7%
No. 2201 (emulsifier) 3% of farming breast
Dimethylbenzene (solvent) complements to 100%
Embodiment 5
Former medicine, solvent, emulsifier added with co-emulsifier be in the same place, make and be dissolved into even oil phase.Water, antifreeze etc. is mixed, becomes the homogeneous water.Under high-speed stirred, water is joined oil phase or oil phase is joined water, form the aqueous emulsion of favorable dispersibility.For example following prescription:
Butene-fipronil 3%
Pyridaben 15%
Polyvinyl alcohol (dispersing binder) 2%
Alkylaryl polyoxyethylene poly-oxygen propylene aether (emulsifier) 3.5%
No. 2201 (emulsifier) 5% of farming breast
Dimethyl formamide (solvent) 12%
Ethylene glycol (antifreezing agent) 4%
Organosilicon (defoamer) 0.4%
Water complements to 100%
Embodiment 6
Former medicine is mixed pulverizing with powder carrier, wetting spreader-sticker and binding agent etc.; again after water is mediated; add in the comminutor that the certain specification screen cloth is housed and carry out granulation, and then drying, screening (pressing the screen cloth scope) promptly get butene-fipronil pyridaben water dispersible granules.For example following prescription:
Butene-fipronil 45%
Pyridaben 1.5%
Ethanol (cosolvent) 5%
No. 500 (emulsifier) 10% of farming breast
Fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether JFC (bleeding agent) 10%
N-butanol (solvent) complements to 100%
Embodiment 7
Except that prescription, present embodiment and embodiment 6 compound methods are basic identical.It is as follows to fill a prescription:
Butene-fipronil 1%
Pyridaben 50%
Ethanol 3%
No. 500 (emulsifier) 5% of farming breast
Agricultural emulsifier NO (emulsifier) 3%
Fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether JFC (bleeding agent) 7%
N-butanol (solvent) complements to 100%
Embodiment 8
With water is medium, and former medicine, dispersant, suspending agent and antifreezing agent etc. are joined in the sand milling still, carries out porphyrize, makes the butene-fipronil Damanling suspension agent.For example following prescription:
Butene-fipronil 0.5%
Pyridaben 20%
Methyl naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (dispersant) 6%
Polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (surfactant) 3%
Aluminium-magnesium silicate (suspending agent) 0.5%
Ethylene glycol (antifreezing agent) 7%
Tributyl phosphate (defoamer) 2%
Silicone oil (defoamer) 0.2%
Water complements to 100%
Embodiment 9
Except that prescription, present embodiment and embodiment 8 compound methods are basic identical.It is as follows to fill a prescription:
Butene-fipronil 0.5%
Pyridaben 10%
Methyl naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (dispersant) 4%
Polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (surfactant) 3%
Aluminium-magnesium silicate (suspending agent) 0.5%
Ethylene glycol (antifreezing agent) 5%
Tributyl phosphate (defoamer) 2%
Silicone oil (defoamer) 0.2%
Water complements to 100%
Embodiment 10
Former medicine, solvent, emulsifier etc. are added together, make and be dissolved into even oil phase, be added to the water, stir, make the butene-fipronil pyridaben micro-emulsion.For example following prescription:
Butene-fipronil 5%
Pyridaben 0.5%
Ethanol (solvent) 4%
No. 500 (emulsifier) 2% of farming breast
Soluble starch (emulsifier) 1%
Epoxidized soybean oil (stabilizing agent) 0.5%
Castor oil polyoxyethylene polyethenoxy ether (emulsifier) 0.5%
Water complements to 100%
Embodiment 11
Except that prescription, present embodiment and embodiment 10 compound methods are basic identical.It is as follows to fill a prescription:
Butene-fipronil 5%
Pyridaben 5%
Ethanol (solvent) 7%
No. 500 (emulsifier) 8% of farming breast
Urea (density adjuster) 1%
Organic silicone oil (defoamer) 0.5%
Castor oil polyoxyethylene polyethenoxy ether (emulsifier) 2%
Water complements to 100%
Biological activity determination
1, indoor biological activity determination
Test medicine adopts former medicine, with adding emulsifier after the dissolution with solvents, is diluted with water to suitable concentration.Each chemicals treatment is established 5～7 concentration gradients, and establishes blank clear water contrast.Rice stem infusion process is adopted in test.The time that the rice stem is immersed in the soup is 30 seconds.Treat that soup on the rice stem preserves moisture rice stem root after air-dry with the cotton ball parcel, be positioned in the disposal plastic cup.Three repetitions of every processing, each repeats to connect 20 tritonymphs.After connecing worm, place 16H/8H illumination constant incubator (27 degrees centigrade) to cultivate on the rice stem.4 days checkout facility results behind the medicine, the statistics lethality.
With each logarithm value of handling effective ingredient concentration (μ g/ml) is independent variable X, and the probit value that inhibiting rate changes into is dependent variable Y, uses the expert data DPS of statistical software to handle, concentration LC in calculating the virulence regression equation formula and suppressing
50
Calculate the toxicity index of each medicament and the co-toxicity coefficient of mixture (CTC value) according to the abundant method of Sun Yun, CTC≤80 are antagonism, and 80＜CTC＜120 are summation action, and CTC 〉=120 are synergistic effect.
Toxicity Determination the results are shown in Table 1.As can be seen from Table 1, butene-fipronil and pyridaben were mixed between 30: 1～1: 50, and rice fulgorid is all had obvious synergistic effect.
The composite Toxicity Determination result of table 1 butene-fipronil and pyridaben to rice fulgorid
| Medicament and proportioning | Lethal concentration of 50 LC 50(ug/ml) | Co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) |
| Butene-fipronil (A) | 3.58 | / |
| Pyridaben (B) | 18.96 | / |
| A∶B(30∶1) | 3.02 | 121.73 |
| A∶B(20∶1) | 2.44 | 152.62 |
| A∶B(10∶1) | 1.78 | 217.14 |
| A∶B(5∶1) | 1.42 | 291.53 |
| A∶B(1∶1) | 2.17 | 277.55 |
| A∶B(1∶5) | 2.79 | 396.02 |
| A∶B(1∶10) | 3.25 | 419.53 |
| A∶B(1∶20) | 3.42 | 460.23 |
| A∶B(1∶30) | 4.18 | 398.37 |
| A∶B(1∶40) | 4.52 | 379.68 |
| A∶B(1∶50) | 4.78 | 365.83 |
2. field efficiency test
Adopt spraying to handle, begin dispenser, 3 days checkout facility results behind the medicine in insect pest generation Sheng phase beginning.The preventive effect computational methods are all carried out State Standard of the People's Republic of China's " pesticide field efficacy medicine test criterion ".See field efficacy embodiment 1-11 for details.
Field efficiency test 1
Controlling object is that (field brown planthopper and white-backed planthopper mixed population, wherein the brown planthopper ratio is about 80% to rice fulgorid.Test site is Huaining, Anhui, and the result of resistance monitoring shows that brown planthopper produces high-level resistance to Imidacloprid).Embodiment 1 prescription is sprayed according to 4000 times of dilutions, 72 hours control efficiency are 96.27% behind the medicine, and the preventive effect of 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil, 1000 times of 20% pyridaben missible oil, 2000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powders is respectively 85.75%, 76.39% and 51.45%.
Field efficiency test 2
Controlling object is the paddy rice Erythroneura subrufa, and test site is Dongyang, Zhejiang.According to 5000 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 95.18% behind the medicine with embodiment 2 prescriptions, and the preventive effect of 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil, 1000 times of 20% pyridaben missible oil is respectively 86.32%, 77.25%.
Field efficiency test 3
Controlling object is a rice black-tailed leafhopper, Jing Zhou, test site Hubei.According to 1000 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 94.35% behind the medicine with embodiment 3 prescriptions, and the preventive effect that 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil and 20% pyridaben missible oil are 1000 times is respectively 86.24% and 75.17%.
Field efficiency test 4
Controlling object is the black thrips of fresh kidney beans, Sanya, test site Hainan.According to 1500 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 96.23% behind the medicine with embodiment 3 prescriptions, and the preventive effect that 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil and 20% pyridaben missible oil are 1000 times is respectively 85.41% and 76.35%.
Field efficiency test 5
Controlling object is a paddy rice brown planthopper (test site Hepu of Guangxi, the result of resistance monitoring show Imidacloprid is produced medium resistance), embodiment 5 prescriptions are sprayed according to 1500 times of dilutions, 72 hours control efficiency are 95.18% behind the medicine, and the preventive effect of 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil, 1000 times of 20% pyridaben missible oil, 1000 times of 5% Imidacloprid missible oil is respectively 83.26%, 74.69% and 57.31%.
Field efficiency test 6
Controlling object is the eggplant Frankliniella occidentalis, Lingshui, test site Hainan.According to 10000 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 97.31% behind the medicine with embodiment 6 prescriptions, and the preventive effect that 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil and 20% pyridaben missible oil are 1000 times is respectively 87.52% and 78.46%.
Field efficiency test 7
Controlling object is the greenhouse cucumber trialeurodes vaporariorum, test site ShenZhen,GuangDong Long Gang.According to 3000 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 95.43% behind the medicine with embodiment 7 prescriptions, and the preventive effect that 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil and 20% pyridaben missible oil are 1000 times is respectively 84.67% and 77.53%.
Field efficiency test 8
Controlling object is cucumber aphid and cucumber two spotted spider mite (taking place simultaneously), Zhaoqing, test site Guangdong.Embodiment 8 prescriptions are sprayed according to 1500 times of dilutions, cucumber aphid and cucumber two spotted spider mite control efficiency be respectively 94.17% and 95.34% in 72 hours behind the medicine, 1000 times of preventive effects to the cucumber aphid of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil are 81.36%, 1000 times of preventive effects to the cucumber two spotted spider mite of contrast medicament 20% pyridaben are respectively 83.28%.
Field efficiency test 9
Controlling object is the paddy rice thrips, the test site Qionghai.According to 800 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 97.39% behind the medicine with embodiment 9 prescriptions, and the preventive effect that 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil and 20% pyridaben missible oil are 1000 times is respectively 88.47% and 76.65%.
Field efficiency test 10
Controlling object is the tomato Bemisia tabaci, Cangnan, test site Zhejiang.According to 1500 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 94.27% behind the medicine with embodiment 10 prescriptions, and the preventive effect that 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil and 20% pyridaben are 1000 times is respectively 83.75% and 75.16%.
Field efficiency test 11
Controlling object is a Phyllotreta striolata, test site ShenZhen,GuangDong Gongming.According to 2000 times of dilution sprayings, 72 hours control efficiency are 94.15% behind the medicine with embodiment 11 prescriptions, and the preventive effect that 1000 times of contrast medicament 5% butene-fipronil missible oil and 20% pyridaben are 1000 times is respectively 84.26% and 71.28%.
More than test shows that the control efficiency of this prescription is better than single agent kind, significant difference.Show that said composition has excellent synergistic effect, can reduce the formulation rate of agricultural chemicals simultaneously.
The above only is preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to restriction the present invention, all any modifications of being done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, is equal to and replaces and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200910105527XA CN101491251B (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2009-02-23 | Pesticide combination and use thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200910105527XA CN101491251B (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2009-02-23 | Pesticide combination and use thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101491251A true CN101491251A (en) | 2009-07-29 |
| CN101491251B CN101491251B (en) | 2012-08-08 |
Family
ID=40922181
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200910105527XA Expired - Fee Related CN101491251B (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2009-02-23 | Pesticide combination and use thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN101491251B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101856030A (en) * | 2010-02-09 | 2010-10-13 | 王正权 | Butene fipronil bait and preparation method thereof |
| CN102550549A (en) * | 2012-01-20 | 2012-07-11 | 大连瑞泽农药股份有限公司 | Butane fipronil water emulsion and its preparation method |
| CN105028441A (en) * | 2015-02-12 | 2015-11-11 | 四川利尔作物科学有限公司 | Insecticidal and acaricidal composition, and application thereof |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1204123C (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2005-06-01 | 王正权 | N-phenyl pyrazole derivative pesticide |
-
2009
- 2009-02-23 CN CN200910105527XA patent/CN101491251B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101856030A (en) * | 2010-02-09 | 2010-10-13 | 王正权 | Butene fipronil bait and preparation method thereof |
| CN102550549A (en) * | 2012-01-20 | 2012-07-11 | 大连瑞泽农药股份有限公司 | Butane fipronil water emulsion and its preparation method |
| CN105028441A (en) * | 2015-02-12 | 2015-11-11 | 四川利尔作物科学有限公司 | Insecticidal and acaricidal composition, and application thereof |
| CN105028441B (en) * | 2015-02-12 | 2017-06-09 | 四川利尔作物科学有限公司 | Insecticide acaricide composition and its application |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101491251B (en) | 2012-08-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102630696A (en) | Insecticidal composite containing Cyantraniliprole and anabasine compounds | |
| CN104488949A (en) | Dinotefuran-containing insecticidal combination | |
| CN101485329B (en) | Agricultural chemical composition for disinsection and use thereof | |
| CN105532698B (en) | Composition and its application containing four chlorantraniliproles and process for preparation of benzoylurea compounds | |
| CN101406192A (en) | Compositional acaricide and uses thereof | |
| CN108041083A (en) | A kind of plant source pesticide synergist and its application | |
| CN104222145A (en) | Insecticide composition containing clothianidin and diazinon | |
| CN102972430A (en) | Insecticidal composition containing thiamethoxam and acetamiprid | |
| CN101473828B (en) | Agricultural chemical composition for disinsection and use thereof | |
| CN101491251A (en) | Pesticide combination and use thereof | |
| CN102239874B (en) | Insecticidal composition containing chlorfenapyr and clothianidin | |
| CN103168787A (en) | Insecticidal composition containing lufenuron and cyantraniliprole | |
| CN109526972A (en) | A kind of herbicidal composition containing propanil and metamifop | |
| CN103125496A (en) | Novel insecticide composition compounding pymetrozine | |
| CN105794827A (en) | Insecticidal composition containing spirotetramat | |
| CN105010383A (en) | Insecticidal composition containing dinotefuran and indoxacarb and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104255735A (en) | Pyridalyl and tetra-chlorantraniliprole compounded insecticidal composition | |
| CN104814031B (en) | A kind of Pesticidal combination containing butene-fipronil and clothianidin | |
| CN102113507B (en) | Environment-friendly insecticidal composition containing biological pesticide lepimectin | |
| CN106508969A (en) | Fluazaindolizine-Paecilomyces lilacinus-containing nematicide composition | |
| CN104522041A (en) | Flonicamid and efficient cyhalothrin containing insecticide composition | |
| CN109392928A (en) | A kind of Pesticidal combination containing emamectin benzoate Yu second azoles mite nitrile | |
| CN105265460B (en) | Insecticide acaricide composition and its application | |
| CN101502268B (en) | Insecticidal composition containing thiamethoxam pyridaben and application thereof | |
| CN109769825A (en) | A kind of multiple killing teichomycin compound pesticide compositions |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20120808 |