CN101422177B - 苦参碱毒死蜱水剂 - Google Patents
苦参碱毒死蜱水剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种苦参碱毒死蜱水剂,其特征在于是由毒死蜱和苦参碱植物提取液复配成水剂,其中毒死蜱的含量为1~2mg/L,苦参碱植物提取液的含量为2~5mg/L。本发明将作用机理互异的两种杀虫剂复配,不仅有利于克服害虫抗药性,而且可提高单药的特性,如可大大降低了毒死蜱的用量,提高了毒死蜱对害虫的毒力,提高苦参碱植物提取液对害虫的防效;同时,本发明以水为基质,解决了有机溶剂产生的易燃和药害问题,可避免人、畜中毒及环境污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农药生产技术领域,特别是涉及一种苦参碱毒死蜱水剂。
背景技术
苦参碱是中药材豆科植物苦参中的化学成分,属于生物碱中的喹嗪啶类,分子式为C15H24N2O,结构如下:
目前已经证明:苦参碱具有杀虫作用,作用机理为麻痹害虫神经中枢,继而使虫体蛋白质凝固,堵死虫体气孔,使害虫窒息而死。苦参碱防治农业和卫生害虫已有不少报道,对多种害虫具有毒杀作用,如菜青虫、榆蓝叶甲桃蚜、萝卜蚜、小菜蛾、小麦蚜虫等。同时证明苦参总碱比苦参碱单碱防治效果好,苦参碱混剂比苦参碱单剂防治效果好。
苦参碱是一种可用来制作植物源生物农药的优质原料成分。但是由于生产中植物源生物农药的单剂速效性较差,因而存在着对害虫药效慢,田间药效差,喷药次数多,稀释倍数较低等缺陷。
毒死蜱英文通用名chlorpyrifos,化学名称为O,O-二乙基-O-3、5、6-三氯-2-吡啶基硫逐磷酸酯。其化学结构式如下:
毒死蜱是一种广谱性有机磷杀虫剂、杀螨剂,其作用机理是通过抑制害虫乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,使神经突触部位大量乙酰胆碱积累,致使突触后膜不断激活,神经纤维长期处于过度兴奋状态,中毒昆虫出现痉挛而死亡。毒死蜱具有触杀、胃毒作用,在叶片上的残留期不长,属于中等杀虫剂,是目前全世界生产和销售最大的杀虫剂品种之一,也是世界卫生组织许可的有机磷品种,有效成分含量为40~48%。但是,目前市场上的剂型多为乳油,由于乳油中多含有机溶剂,对环境危害大。
目前未见苦参碱与毒死蜱的复配制剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的就在于提供一种苦参碱毒死蜱水剂。
本发明是通过下述技术方案实现的:
一种苦参碱毒死蜱水剂,其特征在于是由毒死蜱和苦参碱植物提取液复配成水剂,其中毒死蜱的含量为1~2mg/L,苦参碱植物提取液的含量为2~5mg/L。
上述苦参碱植物提取液为按苦参2~4份、苦楝1~2份、黄柏1~2份和蓖麻1~2份的重量份数混合后的水提取液,其中每毫升含有小檗碱植物提取液相当于含1g生药;
上述苦参碱植物提取液的制备工艺为:按重量份数称取苦参、苦楝、黄柏和蓖麻将其粉碎,用清水浸泡12~24小时,清水加入量以漫过药物为准,浸泡期间搅拌2~3次,然后加热至100℃,保持微沸状态1小时,压榨过滤,滤液进行离心或放置沉淀。然后,把滤后的药渣再加水浸泡3~4小时,煮沸1小时后再过滤,将两次过滤液混合均匀,滤液低温真空浓缩至每毫升药液相当于含1g生药,得到苦参碱植物提取液。
上述苦参碱植物提取液中杀虫活性成分主要是次生代谢物质,是植物自身防御与昆虫的适应演变协同进化的结果,昆虫对其不易产生抗药性。植物次生代谢物质对害虫的作用独特,作用方式多样化,作用机理比较复杂,归纳起来主要有毒杀作用、拒食和忌避作用。而且该药剂成分为天然物质,而不是人工合成的化学物质,施用后在自然界有其顺畅的降解途径,对环境污染小;选择性强,对人、畜及天敌毒性低,开发和使用成本相对较低。
本发明以上述植物提取液——苦参碱植物提取液为主,复配毒死蜱制成苦参碱毒死蜱水剂。本发明将作用机理互异的两种杀虫剂复配,不仅有利于克服害虫抗药性,而且可提高单药的特性,如可大大降低了毒死蜱的用量,提高了毒死蜱对害虫的毒力,提高苦参碱植物提取液对害虫的防效;同时,本发明以水为基质,解决了有机溶剂产生的易燃和药害问题,可避免人、畜中毒及环境污染。
本发明使中草药植物农药技术有了新突破,攻克了当前中草药植物农药的速效性差的难题,发挥了中草药植物农药低毒、无残留、无公害、药液吸附力强、药效持续时间长等特点。而且本发明原料来源广,生产成本低,兼有麻醉、触杀、胃毒、内吸等多重功效,杀虫、抑菌综合防治效果好,可以在农业、林业、牧业等多个领域广泛应用,尤其适用于中药材、 有机食品、绿色食品和无公害食品的生产。
下面为本发明苦参碱毒死蜱水剂的毒力试验:
试验采用浸渍法,取鲜嫩的甘草叶,将叶片分别浸入已配制好的供试药液中,浸渍5s后取出,用吸水纸吸干叶片上的药液并晾干,放入具有滤纸保湿的培养皿中,然后放入十头甘草萤叶甲,室内温度保持在(26±1)℃范围。48h后调查死、活虫数,死亡标准为用毛笔轻触虫体及附肢,无任何反应则视为死亡。计算校正死亡率。
结果表明:毒死蜱原药对甘草萤叶甲的毒力回归方程为y=2.083x+2.099,LD50(致死中量)为24.6879ug/ml;苦参碱·毒死蜱水剂的毒力回归方程y=1.9756x+3.9545,LD50(致死中量)为3.3820ug/ml。结果表明:苦参碱植物提取液对毒死蜱具有明显的增效作用,苦参碱毒死蜱水剂对甘草萤叶甲的毒力是毒死蜱的4.11倍。
苦参碱毒死蜱水剂田间试验
试验地设在银川市蔬菜研究所枸杞试验地,2年生宁杞1号,试验地管理严格,水肥条件优良。试验结果表明苦参碱毒死蜱水剂2000倍对甘草萤叶甲的防治可达90%以上,与48%毒死蜱稀释2000倍对甘草萤叶甲的防治效果无显著差别。
2007~2008两年间经宁夏农林科学院植物保护研究所大量试验表明毒死蜱与所述苦参碱植物农药按1:3的质量体积(mg/L)比例复配制成水剂,可以降低毒死蜱用量,同时提高毒死蜱对害虫的毒力;而且克服了苦参碱植物提取液药效发挥不十分理想,防治效果受环境因素(温度、湿度)影响较大,速效性不够的缺陷。
目前野生甘草资源已面临灭绝,甘草人工种植已渐成规模,药材人工栽培后,打破了原有生物的生态平衡,或者改变了原有的生长环境,使药材病、虫、草害发生严重,新的病虫不断出现,如甘草萤叶甲,世代重叠,喜取食甘草嫩叶、嫩枝,大量发生易导致甘草死亡。目前一般直接使用毒死蜱防治,还没有甘草萤叶甲专用的绿色环保防治药剂。以上试验证明本发明对甘草萤叶甲具有较好的毒性,可作为甘草萤叶甲的专用防治药剂。
具体实施方式
1 苦参碱植物提取液的制备
苦参碱植物提取液为按照下述重量份数将苦参2~4份、苦楝1~2份、黄柏1~2份和蓖麻1~2份的混合后的水提取液,其中每毫升含有小檗碱植物提取液相当于含1g生药。其具体提取工艺为:按重量份数分别称取苦参、苦楝、黄柏和蓖麻将其粉碎,用清水浸泡12~24小时,清水加入量以漫过药物为准,浸泡期间搅拌2~3次,然后加热至100℃,保持微沸状态1小时,压榨过滤,滤液进行离心或放置沉淀。然后,把滤后的药渣再加水浸泡3~4小时,煮沸1小时后再过滤,将两次过滤液混合均匀,滤 液低温真空浓缩至每毫升药液相当于含1g生药,得到苦参碱植物提取液。
2 苦参碱毒死蜱水剂的制备
将毒死蜱溶于丙酮配成饱合溶液,按毒死蜱饱和溶液1~2份,苦参碱提取液2~5份的体积比混合,然后加入15~30份的表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚或脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚,其在水剂中起润湿展着渗透作用。补水60~70份。混配水剂中毒死蜱的含量为1~2mg/L,苦参碱植物提取液的含量为2~5mg/L。
Claims (2)
1.一种苦参碱毒死蜱水剂,其特征在于是由毒死蜱和苦参碱植物提取液复配成水剂,其中毒死蜱的含量为1~2mg/L,苦参碱植物提取液的含量为2~5mg/L,所述苦参碱植物提取液为按苦参2~4份、苦楝1~2份、黄柏1~2份和蓖麻1~2份的重量份数混合后的水提取液,其中每毫升苦参碱植物提取液相当于含1g生药。
2.按照权利要求1所述的苦参碱毒死蜱水剂,其特征在于上述苦参碱植物提取液的制备工艺为:按重量份数称取苦参、苦楝、黄柏和蓖麻将其粉碎,用清水浸泡12~24小时,清水加入量以漫过药物为准,浸泡期间搅拌2~3次,然后加热至100℃,保持微沸状态1小时,压榨过滤,滤液进行离心或放置沉淀;然后,把滤后的药渣再加水浸泡3~4小时,煮沸1小时后再过滤,将两次过滤液混合均匀,滤液低温真空浓缩至每毫升药液相当于含1g生药,得到苦参碱植物提取液。
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