CN101384272B - 用于递送具有增强的药理性质的活性剂的方法和组合物 - Google Patents
用于递送具有增强的药理性质的活性剂的方法和组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
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Abstract
本发明提供增强活性剂体内功效的方法,其包括:给药至对象偶合至生物弹性聚合物或弹性蛋白样肽的活性剂,其中与给药至对象的没有偶合至(或没有连接)生物弹性聚合物或ELP的相同活性剂相比,所述活性剂的体内功效得到增强。
Description
本发明是在得到来自美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes ofHealth)的资助号EB00188和GM-061232的政府支持下完成的。美国政府享有本发明的某些权利。
发明领域
本发明涉及用于改善要递送至对象(subject)的活性剂(active agents)的药理性质的方法和制剂。
发明背景
许多候选药物或者甚至临床应用药物的一个重要问题是体内功效(in vivo efficacy)不足或不令人满意。体内功效不足可以以多种方式表现,比如(i)活性化合物的生物利用度(bioavailability)低;(ii)活性化合物的不期望的短半衰期,(iii)和/或活性化合物的不期望的高全身毒性(systemic toxicity)。为了避免从临床应用上排除其它有希望的药物,仍需要增强活性化合物在其递送至人类或动物对象时的体内功效的新方法。
Danielle等人的美国专利No.6,004,782描述了生物弹性(bioelastic)多肽及其在宿主细胞中的表达。其作为包含治疗剂的融合蛋白的用途以粗略地方式描述在其中的第15栏,第43-53行。其中没有提议,也没有描述增强活性剂的体内功效。
Chilkoti的美国专利No.6,582,926尤其描述了通过将要递送的化合物作为与经历逆温度转变(inverse temperature transition)的聚合物(比如ELP)的结合物来递送而靶向化合物到对象中感兴趣部位的方法。要递送的化合物包括某些放射性核素、化疗剂(chemotherapeuticagents)、细胞毒素剂(cytotoxic agents)和显影剂(imaging agents),如在第11栏,第6-21行列出的。其中没有提议,也没有描述增强活性剂的体内功效。
Chilkoti的美国专利No.6,852,834尤其描述了可通过相变分离的融合蛋白,主要是改善其在制备期间的产率。治疗蛋白质的融合蛋白一般地描述在第11栏第10-24行。其中没有提议,也没有描述增强活性剂的体内功效。
发明概述
本发明提供一种增加活性剂的体内功效的方法,其包括:给药至对象偶合至生物弹性聚合物(bioelastic polymer)或弹性蛋白样肽(elastin-like peptide)的活性剂,其中与给药至对象没有偶合至(或没有连接)生物弹性聚合物或ELP的相同活性剂相比,所述活性剂的体内功效得到增强。体内功效可以以一种或多种下述方式增强:溶解性、生物利用度、有效治疗剂量、制剂相容性、抗蛋白水解性(resistance toproteolysis)、给药的肽活性治疗剂的半衰期、给药后体内持久性和给药后身体清除率(rate of clearance)。
换言之,本发明提供一种递送活性剂至对象的方法,其包括:向所述对象给药所述活性剂和弹性蛋白样肽的结合物(conjugate);其中当将所述活性剂以结合的形式作为所述结合物给药至所述对象时,与将相同量的所述活性剂以非结合的形式给药至所述对象相比,所述活性剂在所述对象中的体内功效得到增强。在某些实施方案中,其中当将所述活性剂以结合的形式作为所述结合物给药至所述对象时,与将相同量的所述活性剂以非结合的形式以相同方式(例如,相同剂量的活性剂、在相同的赋形剂或载体组合物中给药,按相同的给药途径)给药至所述对象相比,在所述对象中获得了至少一种下述的功效:(i)所述活性剂的生物利用度更高;(ii)所述活性剂的半衰期更长;(iii)所述活性剂的全身性毒性更小。
所述活性剂可以是诊断剂、治疗剂、显影剂或化疗剂。在某些实施方案中,所述活性剂是(i)小分子,(ii)放射性核素,(iii)肽,(iv)肽模拟物(peptidomimetic),(v)蛋白质,(vi)反义寡核苷酸,(vii)肽核酸,(viii)siRNA,(ix)金属螯合物或(x)碳水化物。在某些实施方案中,所述活性剂是蛋白质或肽。在某些实施方案中,所述活性剂是抗体比如治疗抗体或诊断抗体。
所述结合物通常以治疗有效量按照任何合适的途径比如非肠道注射给药至对象。
本发明的一个进一步的方面是在药学可接受的载体中的如本文描述的结合物。
本发明的一个进一步的方面是如本文描述的活性剂以如本文描述的结合形式用于进行如本文描述的方法的用途。
将在本文的附图和下述给出的说明中更详细地解释本发明的前述及其它目的和方面。
附图说明
图1.ELPs库的SDS-PAGE,所述ELPs以基因水平聚合,在大肠杆菌(E.coli)中表达,并通过利用ELPs的相变来纯化。
图2.SDS-PAGE分析,(A)通过铜染色显影的14C-ELP,(B)SDS-PAGE之后的14C-ELP放射自显影。(C)14C-ELP在小鼠(Balb/cnu/nu)中的药物动力学分析,显示出具有8.4小时的终末半衰期的特征分布和消除应答(elimination response)。
图3.ELP的摄取(uptake)和定位(localization)。所有的图像都为用LSM-510激光扫描共焦荧光显微镜获得的鳞状细胞肿瘤(FaDu)细胞的图像。在共染色前,用ELP-Alexa488(绿色)培养所述细胞1小时。(A)细胞用DiI-CM(红色)染色以标记细胞膜。(B)细胞用选择性染色溶酶体的洛斯托克红(lysotracker red)(红色)共染色。所述ELP与洛斯托克红染料共同定位(colocalizes)(注意黄色荧光)。
图4.(A)具有末端马来酰亚胺的衍生物的合成:其表明具有末端马来酰亚胺的衍生物通过将pH敏感性腙连接体在13-酮位连接至阿霉素(在下文成为Dox)得以制备,阿霉素为一种癌症化疗剂。然后,将所述衍生物的末端马来酰亚胺结合至ELP,其存在一个或多个半胱氨酸残基。(B)其为阿霉素结合ELP2-160JM2的结合物(下文称为ELP-Dox)在MTT细胞生存力测定中细胞毒性的一个实例。ELP-阿霉素和未结合的Dox的细胞毒性是当量阿霉素浓度的函数。与游离的药物相比,证实ELP-阿霉素与游离的药物的细胞毒性几乎相等。(C)将ELP-Dox和Dox以相同的浓度经由尾部静脉注射注入小鼠中。在1小时后,在小鼠的血样中没有检测到Dox。然而,从注射ELP-Dox的小鼠中检测到~20注射克数/g血清(%ID/g)。该试验的结果证实结合的形式具有的药物血浆半衰期更长。(D)其证实了注入到具有人肿瘤异种移植物的裸鼠中的Dox和ELP-Dox的生物分布。当Dox与ELP结合时,获得不同模式的分布。Dox在心脏、肝和肺中的浓度大于ELP-OPDX在其中的浓度,然而,ELP-Dox在肿瘤中的浓度大于Dox在其中的浓度。
图5.14C-标记的ELPs在肿瘤中的蓄积。所述报道两个ELPs为在加热至41.5℃或不加热的肿瘤中的热敏型ELP1和非热敏型ELP2。
图6.不同的ELP融合蛋白作为重组ELP-蛋白质结合物实例的表达。所有的ELP-蛋白质结合物都是通过融合蛋白质基因和ELP并在异源性表达系统(例如大肠杆菌)中表达制备的。左侧板显示蓝色荧光蛋白质(blue fluorescent protein,BFP)、氯霉素乙酰转移酶(chloramphenicol acetyl transferase,CAT)和Kringlel-3域(domains)(K1-3:血管他丁(angiostatin))的实例。右侧板显示纯化的ELP-蛋白质结合物的其它实例。
图7.按下述方向的纯化ELP融合蛋白的SDS-PAGE。所述蛋白质-ELP和ELP-蛋白质的制备显示出ELP蛋白质结合物可以以任何方向合成。(A)CAT,(B)BFP,(C)Trx.(D)薄层色谱法显示出CAT的活性,(D)BFP-ELP n ELP-BFP的荧光,显示出在所述融合中BDFP的功能(functionality of BDFP in the fusion)。
图8.(I)逆转变纯化(inverse transition purifications)的SDS-PAGE表征:其显示出硫氧还蛋白/90-mer ELP融合纯化的各个阶段(49.9kDa,道1至5),道A:可溶性溶胞产物;道B:弃去的包含污染性(contaminating)大肠杆菌蛋白质的上清液;道3:包含纯化的融合蛋白的再溶解的(resolubilized)颗粒物级分(pellet fraction),道4:第二轮上清液;道5:第二轮颗粒物;道6:分子量标记物(kDa)。(II)所述硫氧还蛋白/90-mer ELP的各个纯化阶段的总蛋白(绿色)和硫氧还蛋白(Trx)活性(红色)。将值标准化至由可溶性溶胞产物测定的那些。
图9.ELP-肽结合物合成的实例。所有的结合物都是作为与ELP的融和物重组制备的。在来自A-F的各个SDS-PAGE凝胶中的两个道显示出在左侧的融合物(结合物)和在右侧的肽。各个纯化的肽的质谱分析结果显示在SDS-PAGE凝胶之下。(A)吗啡调节神经肽(morphinemodulating neurioeptide,MMN),(B)神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY),(C)阿立新B(Orexin B),(D)瘦素(leptin),(E)ACTH,(F)降钙素原。
图10.ELP-肽结合物的实例。抗微生物肽MSI-78与ELP的重组融合物(ELP-肽结合物)。MSI-78的序列:序列=GIGKFLKKAKKFGKAFVKILKK。(A)ELP1-90-MSI-78和MSI-78的纯化。SDS-Page凝胶显示出重组生成的结合物和肽的纯度都高。(B)EP-MSI-78结合物的纯度,通过液相色谱与质谱分析组合确定。通过LC-ELSD检测到一种化合物具有分子量2476.6,纯度为>99%。(C)MSI-78的杀菌活性。
优选实施方案的详细说明
将本文引用的所有美国专利参考文献公开的内容以其全部引入本文作为参考。
本文使用的“活性剂”可以是任何适当的活性剂,包括治疗剂和诊断剂或显影剂(imaging agents)。
显影剂的实例包括,但不限于下述的这些:放射性同位素(例如13H、14C、35S、125I、131I)、荧光标记(例如FITC、罗丹明、镧系元素磷光体)、MRI造影剂(例如钆螯合物(Gd))、发光标记比如鲁米诺;酶标记(例如辣根过氧化物酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、荧光素酶(luciferase)、碱性磷酸酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶)、生物素基基团(其可以通过标记的抗生物素蛋白例如包含荧光标记物的抗生蛋白链菌素测定,或者酶活性可以通过光学方法或量热法测定)、被第二报告体(reporter)识别的预定的多肽抗原决定簇(例如亮氨酸链对序列(leucine zipperpair sequences),用于第二抗体的结合位点,金属结合域(metal bindingdomains),抗原决定簇标记(epitope tags))。还可使用间接法,其中通过引入第二抗体放大主要的抗原抗体反应。
如本文使用的“治疗剂”可以是任何适当的治疗剂,包括但不限于放射性核素、化疗剂、细胞毒素剂、甲状旁腺-激素相关蛋白(甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白)、生长激素(GH)特别是人和牛生长素、生长激素-释放激素;干扰素,包括α-、β-或γ-干扰素等、白细胞介素-I;白细胞介素-II;促红细胞生成素,包括α-和β-促红细胞生成素(EPO)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(GCSF)、粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、抗血管生成(anti-agiogenic)蛋白(例如血管他丁、内皮他丁)PACAP多肽(垂体腺苷酸环化酶活化多肽)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)、促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)、加压素、精氨酸加压素(AVP)、血管紧张素、降钙素、心钠素(atrial natureticfactor)、生长素抑制素、促肾上腺皮质激素、促性腺激素释放激素、催产素、胰岛素、生长激素、乙型肝炎病毒的HBS抗原、血纤蛋白溶酶原组织活化剂、凝血因子包括凝血因子VIII和IX、葡糖神经酰胺酶、沙莫司亭、来格司亭、非尔司亭、白细胞介素-2、链道酶-α、莫拉司亭、PEG-L-天冬酰胺酶、PEG-腺苷脱氨酶、水蛭素、依他凝血素(eptacog)-α(人血凝因子VIla)、神经生长因子、转化生长因子、表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、VEGF;肝素,包括低分子量肝素、降钙素;心钠素;抗原;单克隆抗体;促生长素抑制素;促肾上腺皮质激素、促性腺激素释放激素;催产素;加压素;色甘酸钠;万古霉素;去铁草酰胺(DFO);甲状旁腺激素、抗微生物药、抗真菌药、免疫原或抗原、抗体比如单克隆抗体,或它们的任何组合。参见,例如美国专利Nos.6,967,028;6,930,090;和6,972,300。
治疗剂的实例包括在W.Hunter,D.Gravett等人的美国专利申请公布No.20050181977(2005年8月18日公布)(受让给AngiotechInternational AG)的0065段至0388段中列出的所有治疗剂,将其以全部内容引入作为参考。
如本文描述的“放射性核素”可以是适于递送治疗剂量的放射物至肿瘤或癌细胞的任何放射性核素,其包括但不限于227/Ac,221At,131Ba,77Br,109Cd,51Cr,67Cu,165Dy,155Eu,153Gd,198Au,166Ho,113mIn,115mIn,123I,125I,131I,189Ir,191Ir,192Ir,194Ir,52Fe,55Fe,59Fe,177Lu,109Pd,32P,226Ra,186Re,188Re,153Sm,46Sc,47Sc,72Se,.75Se,105Ag,89Sr,35S,177Ta,117mSn,121Sn,166Yb,169Yb,90Y,212Bi,119Sb,197Hg,97Ru,100Pd,101mRh,和212Pb。放射性核素还可以是对用于显影或诊断目的递送可检测的剂量有用的那些,即使其中那些化合物不用于治疗目的。
如本文使用的“化疗剂”包括,但不限于甲氨蝶呤、柔红霉素、丝裂霉素、顺铂(顺铂或顺式-二胺二氯铂(II)(CCDP))、长春新碱、表柔比星、氟尿嘧啶、维拉帕米、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、氨基蝶呤、博来霉素、丝裂霉素C、德莫克欣(democolcine)、依托泊苷、光神霉素、苯丁酸氮芥、美法仑、柔红霉素、阿霉素、他莫昔芬、紫杉醇、长春新碱、长春花碱、喜树碱、放线菌素D和阿糖胞苷、考布他汀(combrestatin)及其衍生物。
如本文使用的“细胞毒素剂”包括,但不限于蓖麻毒素(或者更特别是蓖麻毒素A链)、阿克拉霉素、白喉毒素、莫能菌素、疣疱菌素A、相思豆毒素、长春花生物碱、单端孢霉烯族化合物(Tricothecenes)和假单胞菌外毒素A。
“免疫原”和“抗原”可互换地使用,指直接抗细胞或体液免疫应答的任何化合物,包括细菌抗原、病毒抗原和肿瘤抗原。目前优选无生命的(non-living)免疫原(例如杀死的免疫原、亚单位疫苗、重组蛋白质或肽等)。适当的免疫原的实例包括来源于细菌表面多糖的那些,其可用于碳水化物基疫苗。细菌典型地在其细胞表面表达碳水化物,作为糖蛋白、糖脂质(glycoplipids)、脂多糖的O-特异性侧链、荚膜多糖等的部分。示例性的菌株包括肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌、流行性感冒嗜血杆菌、克雷伯杆菌、假单胞菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏杆菌和链球菌B。可在本发明中用作免疫原的许多适当的细菌碳水化物抗原决定簇描述在现有技术中(例如Sanders等人Pediatr.Res.37:812-819(1995);Bartoloni等人Vaccine 13:463-470(1995);Pirofski等人,Infect.Immun.63:2906-2911(1995)和国际公布No.WO93/21948),且进一步描述在美国专利No.6,413,935中。示例性的病毒抗原或免疫原包括来源于HIV的那些(例如gpl20、nef、tat、pol)。示例性的真菌抗原包括来源于以下菌的那些:白色念珠菌、新型隐球菌、球孢菌属(Coccidoides spp)、组织胞浆菌和曲霉。寄生抗原包括来源于疟原虫、锥虫、裂体吸虫、利什曼虫等的那些。可以在本发明中作为抗原或免疫原使用的示例性的碳水化物抗原决定簇包括,但不限于下述的这些:Galα1,4Galβ-(用于细菌疫苗);GalNAcα-(用于癌症疫苗);Manβ1,2(Manβ)nManβ-(用于真菌疫苗,用于抗例如白色念珠菌),其中n=0→∞;GalNAcβ1,4(NeuAcα2,3)Galβ1,4Glcβ-O-神经酰胺.(用于癌症疫苗);Galα1,2(Tyvα1,3)Manα1,4Rhaα1,3Galα1,2(Tyα1,3)Manα4Rha-和Galα1,2(Abeα1,3)Manα1,4Rhaα1,3Galα1,2(Abeα1,3)Manα1,4Rhaα1,3Galα1,2(Abeα1,3)Manα1,4Rha-(两种都可用于抗例如沙门氏菌)。作为抗原或免疫原的碳水化物抗原决定簇及其合成进一步描述在美国专利No.6,413,935中。在一个实施方案中,所述免疫原可以是炭疽免疫原;即,产生对炭疽杆菌保护性免疫的免疫原,比如炭疽疫苗A(MichiganDepartment of Health,Lansing,Mich.;描述在美国专利No.5,728,385中)。免疫原或抗原的其它实例包括,但不限于对下述疾病和引起疾病的试剂产生免疫应答或抗原应答的那些:腺病毒;百日咳杆菌(Bordetella pertussus);肉毒中毒;牛鼻气管炎;卡他莫拉氏菌(Branhamella catarrhalis);犬科肝炎;犬瘟热;衣原体;霍乱;球胞子菌(coccidiomycosis);牛痘;巨细胞病毒;巨细胞病毒;登革热;登革热弓形体病;白喉;脑炎;肠毒素性大肠杆菌;EB(Epstein Barr)病毒;马脑炎;马传染性贫血;马流感;马肺炎;马鼻病毒;猫科白血病;黄热病病毒;球蛋白;b型嗜血杆菌流行性感冒;流感嗜血杆菌;百日咳嗜血杆菌;幽门螺旋杆菌;嗜血杆菌;肝炎;甲型肝炎;乙型肝炎;丙型肝炎;疱疹病毒;HIV;HIV-1病毒;HIV-2病毒;HTLV;流行性感冒;日本脑炎;克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiellae species);嗜肺性军团病杆菌;利什曼虫;麻风病;莱姆氏病;疟疾免疫原;麻疹;脑膜炎;脑膜炎球菌;脑膜炎球菌多糖组A;脑膜炎球菌多糖组C;流行性腮腺炎;腮腺炎病毒;分支杆菌,和;结核分枝杆菌;奈瑟氏菌;淋病奈瑟氏菌;脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌;羊蓝舌病;羊脑炎;乳头状瘤;副流感;副粘病毒;副粘病毒;百日咳;瘟疫;肺炎球菌;卡氏肺囊虫;肺炎;脊髓灰质炎病毒;变形杆菌菌种;绿脓假单胞菌;狂犬病;呼吸道合胞病毒;轮状病毒;风疹;沙门氏菌;血吸虫病;志贺杆菌;猿免疫缺陷病毒;天花;金黄色葡萄球菌;葡萄球菌菌种;肺炎链球菌;化脓性链球菌;链球菌菌种;猪流行性感冒;破伤风;梅毒螺旋体;伤寒;牛痘;水痘-带状疱疹病毒;和霍乱弧菌。所述抗原或免疫原可包括各种的类毒素、病毒抗原和/或细菌抗原,比如通常在下述疫苗中应用的抗原:水痘疫苗;白喉、破伤风和百日咳疫苗;流感嗜血杆菌类型b疫苗(Hib);甲型肝炎疫苗;乙型肝炎疫苗;流感疫苗;麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹疫苗(MMR);肺炎球菌疫苗;脊髓灰质炎疫苗;轮状病毒疫苗;炭疽疫苗;和破伤风及白喉疫苗(Td)。参见,例如,美国专利No.6,309,633。用于实施本发明的抗原或免疫原包括以某些方式衍生化的或改性的那些,比如通过在其上结合或偶合一种或多种附加基团以增强功能或获得附加功能比如靶向或增强其递送,包括但不限于在Pizzo等人的美国专利No.6,493,402中描述的技术(α-2巨球蛋白复合物);美国专利No.6,309,633;美国专利No.6,207,157;美国专利No.5,908,629等。
本文使用的干扰素(IFNs)指由大多数脊椎动物免疫系统的细胞响应外源性试剂比如病毒、细菌、寄生虫和肿瘤细胞的攻击生成的天然蛋白质,其功能是抑制其它细胞内的病毒复制。干扰素属于被称为细胞因子的糖蛋白大类。已经发现了人类的三种主要类型的干扰素,根据它们发信号的受体类型分类为I型、II型和III型。人类I型IFNs包括大量和不断增加的IFN蛋白组,称为IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-κ、IFN-δ、IFN-ε、IFN-τ、IFN-ω和IFN-ζ。[参见Interferon-ζ/limitin:Novel type IInterferon that displays a narrow range of biological activity,Oritani Kenji和Tomiyama Yoshiaki,International Journal of hematology,2004,80,325-331;Characterization of the type I interferon locus and identificationof novel genes,Hardy等人,Genomics,2004,84,331-345.]。在包括大多数哺乳动物的许多物种中发现了I型IFNs的同源分子,并且一些已经在鸟、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类中被鉴定。[参见The interferonsystem of non-mammalian vertebrates,Schultz等人,Developmental andComparative Immunology,28,499-508.]。所有的I型IFNs都结合到被称为IFN-α受体(IFNAR)的特定的细胞表面受体复合物,所述IFNAR由IFNAR1和IFNAR2链组成。所述II型IFNs仅仅具有一个被称为IFN-γ的成员。成熟的IFN-γ为逆平行的同型二聚体,其结合IFN-γ受体(IFNGR)复合物以引出其靶细胞内的信号。所述III型IFN组由三种IFN-λ分子组成,被称为IFN-λ1、IFN-λ2和IFN-λ3(也分别称为IL29、IL28A和IL28B)。[参见Novel interferons,Jan Vilcek,NatureImmunology,2003,4,8-9.]。所述IFN-λ分子通过由IL10R2(也称为CRF2-4)和IFNLR1(也称为CRF2-12)组成的受体复合物发信号。[参见Murine interferon lambdas(type III interferons)exhibit potent antiviralactivity in vivo in a poxvirus infection model,Bartlett等人,Journal ofGeneral Virology,2005,86,1589-1596.]。
如本文使用的“抗体”指所有类型的免疫球蛋白,包括IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD和IgE。术语“免疫球蛋白”包括这些免疫球蛋白的亚型,比如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4等。在这些免疫球蛋白中,IgM和IgG是优选的,IgG是特别优选的。所述抗体可以来源于任何物种,包括(例如)小鼠、大鼠、兔子、马或人,或者可以是人源化的或嵌合抗体。如本文使用的术语“抗体”包括保持结合到目标抗原的能力的抗体片段,例如Fab、F(ab′)2和Fv片段,及从非IgG抗体获得的相应片段。这样的片段也通过已知的技术制备。抗体可以用于诊断目的或用于治疗目的。治疗抗体的实例包括,但不限于赫赛汀(herceptin)、美罗华(rituxan)、坎帕斯(campath)(Mellinium pharma Inc.)、吉姆单抗(gemtuzumab)(Cell tech.)、赫赛汀(Genentech)、依决洛单抗(panorex)(Centocor GSK)、利妥昔单抗(rituximab)(Genentech)、百克沙(bexxar)(Coraxia GSK)、依决洛单抗(edrecolomab)(Glaxo-wellcome)、阿伦单抗(alemtuzumab)(ILEX Pharmaceuticals)、麦罗塔(mylotrag)(Whety-Ayerst)、IMC-C225、斯马汀195(smartin 195)和米妥莫单抗(mitomomab)(Imclone systems)。治疗抗体包括偶合至治疗化合物的那些和“冷剂量(cold dose)”抗体,例如降低非特异性结合。参见例如Abrams等人的美国专利No.RE38,008。
如本文使用的“治疗”指任何类型的治疗或预防,其赋予被疾病烦扰或具有发展为疾病的危险的对象益处,包括改善对象的病症(例如,一个或多个症状)、延缓疾病的发展、延缓症状的发病或减慢症状的发展等。因而,术语“治疗“也包括预防性治疗所述对象以预防症状的发病。如本文使用的那样,“治疗”和“预防”不必意味着治愈症状或完全消除症状,而是意味着对于任何类型的治疗,其赋予受疾病烦扰的患者益处,包括改善患者的病症(例如,一个或多个症状)、延缓疾病的发展等。
如本文使用的“治疗有效量”指足够对受病症比如癌症、糖尿病、细菌感染或病毒感染等的患者产生期望功效的抗体的量,包括患者病症的改善(例如,一个或多个症状)、延缓疾病的发展等。对于免疫原,“治疗有效量”可以是针对细菌、病毒、真菌、原生动物或其它微生物试剂(microbial agent)的继发感染有效地产生免疫应答或保护性免疫(完全或部分)的量。
如本文使用的“结合物”指共价或非共价地互相连接的两个或多个部分或功能基团,使得两个或更多个基团作为单个结构在本文描述的方法的条件下一起起作用。在一个实施方案中,所述结合物是融合蛋白(fusion protein)。在某些实施方案中,所述结合物指以化学或酶方式互相连接的两个部分。
如本文使用的“融合蛋白”指通过重组方法(即,由核酸表达)产生的蛋白质或肽,其包含在表达时共价连接到第二蛋白质或肽的第一蛋白质或肽。
本文中的“经历逆温度转变的聚合物”指在较低温度下可溶于水溶液,而在较高温度下不溶于水溶液中的聚合物。
如本文使用的“转变温度”或“Tt”指这样一个温度,高于该温度经历逆温度转变的聚合物在含水体系(例如水、生理盐水溶液)中不溶,且低于该温度这样的聚合物在含水体系中可溶。
“生物弹性聚合物”一般是显示出逆温度转变的多肽。下面更详细地讨论生物弹性聚合物。这样的生物弹性聚合物典型地为弹性蛋白样肽。
虽然本发明主要涉及治疗人类对象,但是本发明也可用于治疗动物对象,特别是哺乳动物对象比如狗、猫、马、牛、猪等,用于兽医目的。
需要用本文描述的方法治疗的对象包括受任何通常或目前用本文描述的活性剂治疗或诊断的病症烦扰的对象,包括但不限于受实体瘤或癌症比如肺癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、脑癌、肝癌、前列腺癌、脾癌、肌肉癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、皮肤癌(包括黑素瘤)等烦扰的对象;受病毒、细菌、原生动物或其它微生物引起的感染烦扰的对象或具有发展上述感染危险的对象;等。
生物弹性聚合物。生物弹性聚合物是已知的,并描述在例如Urry等人的美国专利No.5,520,672中。通常,生物弹性聚合物是包含生物弹性的五肽、四肽和/或九肽弹性单元的多肽(即,“弹性蛋白样肽”)。因此,在某些实施方案中,所述弹性单元为五肽,在其它的实施方案中,所述弹性单元为四肽,和在其它的实施方案中,所述弹性单元为九肽。可用于实施本发明的生物弹性聚合物阐述在美国专利No.4,474,851中,其描述了大量可用于形成生物弹性聚合物的四肽和五肽重复单元。可用于实施本发明的具体生物弹性聚合物也描述在美国专利Nos.4,132,746;4,187,852;4,500,700;4,589,882;和4,870,055中。生物弹性聚合物的其它实例阐述在Urry的美国专利No.6,699,294、Fertala和Ko的美国专利No.6,753,311;和Wallace的美国专利No.6,063,061中。
在一个实施方案中,用于实施本发明的生物弹性聚合物为通式(VPGXG)m的多肽,其中X为任意氨基酸(例如Ala、Leu、Phe),和m为任何合适的数字比如2、3或4,至多为60、80或100或更大。各种氨基酸作为第四氨基酸的频数和X的频数可以变化。例如,用于实施本发明的生物弹性聚合物可以是下述通式的多肽:[(VPGXG)m(VPGKG)n]o,其中m为2、3或4至20或30,n为1、2或3,o为至少2、3或4,至多为30、40或50或更大。任何比例的X/K都是可能的,其意味着其中m为1、2或3,至多为100、150或300或更多,n为1、2或3,至多为100或150或300或更大,o为至少1、2或3,至多为100、150或300或更大。
例如,用于实施本发明的生物弹性聚合物可包括选自生物弹性五肽和四肽的重复弹性单元,其中所述重复单元包括选自疏水性氨基酸和甘氨酸残基的氨基酸残基,和其中所述重复单元以具有下式β-转变(β-turn)的构象存在:
其中R1-R5表示氨基酸残基1-5的侧链,且当所述重复单元为四肽时m为0或当所述重复单元为五肽时m为1。九肽重复单元通常由连续的四肽和五肽组成。优选的疏水性氨基酸残基选自丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和甲硫氨酸。在很多情况下,所述重复单元的第一个氨基酸残基为缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸或苯丙氨酸的残基;第二个氨基酸残基为脯氨酸的残基;第三个氨基酸残基为甘氨酸的残基;和第四个氨基酸残基为甘氨酸或极疏水性的残基如色氨酸、苯丙氨酸或酪氨酸。特别的实例包括四肽Val-Pro-Gly-Gly、四肽GGVP、四肽GGFP、四肽GGAP,五肽是Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly,五肽GVGVP、五肽GKGVP、五肽GVGFP、五肽GFGFP、五肽GEGVP、五肽GFGVP和五肽GVGIP。参见,例如Urry的美国专利No.6,699,294。
结合物的偶合可以通过任何合适的方法实施,包括化学方法和重组方法。化学偶合或酶偶合可以通过本领域已知的步骤进行(参见,例如美国专利Nos.6,930,090;6,913,903;6,897,196;和6,664,043)。结合物通过重组方法的偶合(例如,其中弹性蛋白通过重组方法比如通过融合蛋白的表达连接至蛋白质或肽如白细胞介素)也可通过本领域已知的步骤进行(参见,例如美国专利Nos.6,974,572;6,972,322;6,962,978;和6,956,112)。
制剂和给药。给药所述结合物至对象可以通过任何合适的方法进行,所述方法例如是皮下注射、腹膜内注射、静脉注射、肌肉注射、瘤内、口服给药、吸入给药、透皮给药等。优选的给药技术典型地为“全身给药”,因为感兴趣的特别区域不是特别靶向的。
如上所述的结合物(或“活性化合物”)可以被配制成在单一药物载体或单独药物载体中给药以用于治疗各种病症。在根据本发明的药物制剂的制备中,典型地将活性化合物包括其生理学可接受的盐或其酸衍生物尤其是与可接受的载体混合。当然,所述载体必须就与制剂中任何其它成分的相容性而言是可接受的,而且对患者必须是无害的。所述载体可以是固体或液体或两者,且优选地与所述化合物配制成单元剂量制剂,例如片剂,其可包含0.5%至95%重量的活性化合物。可以将一种或多种活性化合物加入本发明的制剂中,其可以通过药学熟知的任何技术制备,所述技术基本上由混合组分组成,任选地包括一种或多种附属成分。
本发明的制剂包括适于口服、直肠、局部、口腔(例如舌下)、非肠道(例如皮下、肌肉内、真皮内或静脉内)和透皮给药的那些,尽管在任何给定的情况下,最合适的途径将取决于治疗的病症的性质和严重性和使用的特定活性化合物的性质。
适于口服给药的制剂可以作为独立的单元存在,例如胶囊、扁囊剂、锭剂或片剂,各自包含预定量的活性化合物;作为粉末或颗粒剂;作为在含水液体或非水液体中的溶液或混悬液;或者作为水包油或油包水型乳剂。这样的制剂可以通过任何适当的药学方法制备,其包括使所述活性化合物和合适的载体(如上所述,其可包含一种或多种附属成分)联合的步骤。一般而言,本发明的制剂是通过均匀地和紧密地混合所述活性化合物与液体或细分散的固体载体或这两者,然后如有必要,成形得到的混合物制备的。例如,片剂可以通过压制或模压包含活性化合物的粉末或颗粒制备,任选地具有一种或多种附属成分。压制片剂可以通过在适当的机器中压制自由流动形式的化合物,如粉末或颗粒剂,其任选地与粘合剂、润滑剂、惰性稀释剂和/或表面活性剂/分散剂混合,来制备。模压片剂可以通过在适当的机器中模压用惰性液体粘合剂润湿的粉末化的化合物来制备。适于非肠道给药的本发明的制剂方便地包括所述活性化合物的无菌含水制剂,该制剂优选地与预期接受者的血液等渗。这些制剂可以通过皮下、静脉内、肌肉内或皮内注射给药。这样的制剂可以方便地通过使化合物与水或甘氨酸缓冲溶液混合,并使得到的溶液灭菌和与血液等渗来制备。
适于透皮给药的制剂可以作为适于与接受者的表皮长时间紧密接触的独立贴剂存在。适于透皮给药的制剂也可通过离子透入法(iontophoresis)(参见例如Pharmaceutical Research 3(6):318(1986))给药,且典型地采取活性化合物的任选缓冲的水溶液形式给药。适当的制剂包含柠檬酸盐或bis.backslash.tris缓冲溶液(pH 6)或乙醇/水,和包含0.1至0.2M的活性成分。任一种活性剂的治疗有效剂量、其用途都在本发明的范围内,将随着不同的化合物、不同的患者而有所改变,并取决于例如患者的病症和递送途径的因素。这样的剂量可以根据本领域技术人员已知的常规药理学方法,特别是考虑到本发明的公开确定。在一个实施方案中,所述剂量为1至10微克活性化合物/每千克对象体重。
在另一个实施例中,当治疗剂为131I时,给予患者的剂量典型地为10mCi至100、300或者甚至500mCi。换言之,当治疗剂为131I时,给予患者的剂量典型地为5,000Rads至100,000Rads(优选地至少13,000Rads,或者甚至至少50,000Rads)。典型地,选择用于其它放射性核素的剂量,使得破坏肿瘤的剂量相当于前述用于131I的范围。
在一个优选的实施方案中,使用本发明的改善的药理学性质以改善针对对象的递送方案和/或剂量方案。例如,使用改善的活性剂半衰期以减少给予患者剂量的频率(例如,每三或四天一个剂量或给药;更优选,每周给药一次,更优选每两周给药一次;更优选每月给药一次);利用改善的生物利用度以减少给予患者的活性剂的全部剂量,等。
在下述非限制性实施例中更详细地阐述本发明。
实施例
本发明的目标是选择性递送药物或显影剂至患病的部位以便改善治疗效果和限制全身毒性。
本发明具有四个部分:
1.药物或显影剂载体:所述载体是新的大分子药物载体,由弹性蛋白样多肽(ELPs)组成。ELPs属于唯一一类经历逆温度相变(inversetemperature phase transition)的生物聚合物;它们在低于其转变温度(Tt)的温度下可溶,但在高于其Tt的温度下变得不溶和聚集[1-3]。
(i)所述ELP可以被设计为具有低于患病部位的局部温度的Tt,以便其将在患病部位聚集。
(ii)可选地,所述ELP可以被设计为具有高于患病部位温度的Tt,以便保持为可溶形式。
(iii)所述ELP可包含用于共价或酶连接(covalent or enzymaticattachment)药物或显影剂或目标部分的位点。
(iv)所述ELP也可被设计成包含可遗传编码(genetically encodable)的靶向部分(一个或多个)如肽或蛋白质,以特异地靶向ELP至患病部位或器官。
2.定义
(A)药物:具有对抗任何疾病的治疗价值的任何分子。
(B)显影剂:提供患病部位或器官显像的任何分子。
所述药物或显影剂的实例将包括,但不是穷举性的:(i)小分子,(ii)放射性核素,(iii)肽,(iv)肽模拟物,(v)蛋白质,(vi)反义寡核苷酸,(vii)肽核酸,(viii)siRNA,(ix)金属螯合物,(x)碳水化物。
3.药物或显影剂的连接或联合。所述药物可以通过稳定的或不稳定的连接方案共价连接到ELP。所述药物可以疏水性地联合ELP。所述药物可以通过螯合方法连接到ELP。所述药物可以通过二级化学键(secondary bonds)经分子识别与ELP联合。所述药物也可以通过酶作用连接到ELP。在分子如可以通过重组产生的肽蛋白质的情况下,所述ELP和药物可以从合成的或克隆的基因作为在适当的宿主(大肠杆菌、毕赤酵母(pichia pastoris)、哺乳动物细胞或杆状病毒)中的单个实体(single entity)产生。所述“ELP-药物/显影剂结合物”可以是合成的,以便结合物之间的连接可以是稳定的使得作为治疗剂或显影剂递送所述单个实体,或者可以设计为在pH或光的作用下或在酶作用下是不稳定的,以从所述ELP释放药物。
4.给药:所述ELP-药物结合物或融合蛋白将:(i)全身地注射给对象(iv、ia、ip或im),(ii)局部注射到患病部位或器官,(iii)或口服递送,或(iv)肠胃外递送。
与游离的药物相比,注射的ELP-药物/显影剂结合物或融合蛋白将显示出一个或多个下述特征:(1)药物/显影剂在其结合形式中的溶解性比游离的药物/显影剂得到增加,循环半衰期得到增加,显示出身体的清除率降低,或药物/显影剂的生物利用度增加,引起注射剂量和频率降低,治疗指数改善或患病部位或器官显像的改善。
实施例:
ELPs的合成和表征。ELPs是典型地通过在大肠杆菌中重组合成制备的。然而,也可以使用其它的宿主用于重组合成。ELP也可以通过化学合成制备。在重组合成的一个典型的实例中,所述聚合过程是通过称为循环定向固定(recursive directional ligation,RDL)的方法在基因水平进行的,其中用于ELP(典型地编码~10个VPGXG的五肽)的重复序列的合成基因以首-至-尾方式循环固定。在固定n圈成为质粒后,提供n+1ELP基因的库,其所有都编码相同的肽序列,但具有是药物的多倍的MWs(with MWs that are multiples of the drugs)。
ELP-药物结合。包含唯一的C-末端半胱氨酸残基的ELP被合成并通过逆转变循环(inverse transition cycling,ITC)纯化,并通过四个不同的pH-敏感的、马来酰亚胺活化的、腙连接体结合至阿霉素分子。所述连接体的结构或长度对ELP-阿霉素结合物的Tt具有很小的影响,因为所有结合物的Tt与天然ELP的类似(数据没有显示)。然而,具有较长连接体的ELP-阿霉素结合物显示出比具有较短连接体的ELP-阿霉素结合物更慢的转变动力学(transition kinetics)。在pH 4,经72小时,阿霉素从具有最短连接体的ELP-阿霉素结合物的释放几乎到达80%。
ELP-阿霉素结合物的细胞毒性。在采用FaDu细胞的体外细胞培养测定中,测试酸不稳定的ELP-阿霉素结合物的细胞毒性。未结合的ELP,对照结合物,没有显示出任何内在细胞毒性,因此,其表明ELPs是无毒的,尽管存在显著的内化(internalization)(图4)。相反,ELP-阿霉素结合物在24或者72小时期间显示出实质的细胞毒性,毒性的水平与等量浓度的阿霉素的毒性水平类似。ELPs在实体瘤中蓄积。通过将14C-标记的ELP全身注射到具有FaDu实体癌的裸鼠中进行生物分布研究。所述ELPs在植入的肿瘤中的蓄积在10-20%注射剂量/每克(%ID/g)的范围内。当将具有~40℃的Tt的ELP全身注射到小鼠中,并加热植入的肿瘤至42℃时,蓄积为~20%ID/g。相反,当注射相同的ELP而没有加热肿瘤时,蓄积为~10%ID/g。该数据表明即使当不加热肿瘤时,显著浓度(%ID/g)的放射标记的ELP也定位在肿瘤中。相反,注射未结合形式的小放射标记的分子(分子量<500Da)产生显著较低的在肿瘤中的蓄积。该实施例证实ELPs可以导致在患病部位的显著地定位。
表1.重组合成的ELP-蛋白质结合物(ELP融合蛋白)、目标蛋白质的分子量(MW)及其来自1升振摇烧瓶瓶大肠杆菌培养物的产率的列表。
目标蛋白质 | MW(kDa) | 产率(mg/L) |
血管他丁(K1-3) | 30.7 | 27 |
蓝色荧光蛋白质(BFP) | 26.9 | 100 |
钙调蛋白(CalM) | 16.7 | 75 |
氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT) | 25.7 | 80 |
绿色荧光蛋白质(GFP) | 26.9 | 78-1600 |
白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂(IL 1rRa) | 17.0 | 50 |
荧光素酶 | 60.8 | 10 |
组织型转谷氨酰胺酶(tissue transglutaminase,tTg) | 77.0 | 36 |
Tendamistat | 7.9 | 22 |
硫氧还蛋白(Trx) | 11.7 | 120 |
表2.在大肠杆菌中重组合成的肽-ELP结合物的产率。其中显示了所述结合物(融合物)和目标肽的产率以及用质谱法测定的纯度。
肽 | MW(kDa) | 融合物的产率(mg/L培养物) | 肽的产率(mg/L培养物) | 纯度 |
吗啡调节神经肽(MMN) | 2.0 | 224 | 17 | 99% |
神经肽Y(NPY) | 2.7 | 222 | 20 | 98% |
阿立新B | 3.0 | 320 | 19 | 91% |
瘦素 | 4.0 | 415 | 19 | 97% |
ACTH | 4.6 | 133 | 19 | 99% |
降钙素 | 6.2 | 260 | 23 | 98% |
前述阐述了本发明,但不能被看作是对本发明的限制。本发明由下述权利要求书定义,也包含与所述权利要求等同的内容。
Claims (9)
1.药物制剂,包括有效量的结合到弹性蛋白样肽(ELP)的活性剂,其中所述活性剂的体内功效与处于非结合形式的活性剂相比得到增强,其中所述活性剂是血管活性肠肽(VIP),并且其中所述制剂是用于全身给药的含水制剂。
2.权利要求1的制剂,其中所述VIP的治疗有效剂量和/或循环半衰期得到增强。
3.权利要求1或2的制剂,其中所述ELP包括式(VPGXG)m的氨基酸序列,其中X为独立选择的氨基酸,和m为60或更大。
4.权利要求3的制剂,其中所述ELP包括VPGVG重复单元。
5.权利要求3的制剂,其中m为80或更大。
6.权利要求3的制剂,其中m为100或更大。
7.权利要求1-2任一项的制剂,配制为用于全身给药。
8.权利要求7的制剂,配制为用于皮下注射、静脉注射或肌肉注射。
9.前述权利要求任一项的制剂用于延长所述活性剂的体内半衰期的用途。
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EP1971355B1 (en) | 2020-03-11 |
JP2013173792A (ja) | 2013-09-05 |
EP1971355A2 (en) | 2008-09-24 |
CA2634034A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
EP1971355A4 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
JP2016074711A (ja) | 2016-05-12 |
JP2009525946A (ja) | 2009-07-16 |
US20130310538A1 (en) | 2013-11-21 |
CN101384272A (zh) | 2009-03-11 |
WO2007073486A2 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
ES2779992T3 (es) | 2020-08-21 |
US20090004104A1 (en) | 2009-01-01 |
JP6677489B2 (ja) | 2020-04-08 |
US8334257B2 (en) | 2012-12-18 |
WO2007073486A3 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
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