CN101346377A - 芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶衍生物 - Google Patents
芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101346377A CN101346377A CNA2006800491806A CN200680049180A CN101346377A CN 101346377 A CN101346377 A CN 101346377A CN A2006800491806 A CNA2006800491806 A CN A2006800491806A CN 200680049180 A CN200680049180 A CN 200680049180A CN 101346377 A CN101346377 A CN 101346377A
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- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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- A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
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Abstract
本发明涉及式I的芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶衍生物及其可药用的酸加成盐,其中:R1为氢、卤素、羟基、低级烷基、苄氧基或-O-(CH2)-(CO)-五或六元杂芳基,所述杂芳基任选地被芳基和低级烷基取代;R2为氢、低级烷基或-(CO)-Ra;R3为氢、卤素、氰基、低级烷基或-(CO)-Ra;Ra为羟基、低级烷氧基、NR’R”,其中R’和R”各自独立地为氢、环烷基、五或六元杂环烷基、或者任选地被环烷基、氰基、五或六元杂环烷基或五或六元杂芳基取代的低级烷基。现已发现,这类化合物对GABAAα5受体结合位点表现出高亲和性和选择性,并且可用作认知增强剂或用于治疗认知障碍如阿尔茨海默病。
Description
本发明涉及式I的芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶衍生物及其可药用的酸加成盐:
其中:
R1为氢、卤素、羟基、低级烷基、苄氧基或-O-(CH2)-(CO)-五或六元杂芳基,所述杂芳基任选地被芳基和低级烷基取代;
R2为氢、低级烷基或-(CO)-Ra;
R3为氢、卤素、氰基、低级烷基或-(CO)-Ra;
Ra为羟基、低级烷氧基、NR’R”,其中R’和R”各自独立地为氢、环烷基、五或六元杂环烷基、或者任选地被环烷基、氰基、五或六元杂环烷基或五或六元杂芳基取代的低级烷基。
现已发现,该类化合物对GABA Aα5受体的结合位点表现出高亲和性和选择性,并且可用作认知增强剂或用于治疗认知障碍如阿尔茨海默病。
主要的抑制性神经递质γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)被分为两大类:(1)GABA A受体,该受体是配体门控离子通道超家族的成员;和(2)GABA B受体,该受体是G蛋白偶联受体家族的成员。GABA A受体复合物是膜结合的异五聚体的蛋白聚合物,其主要由α、β和γ亚基组成。
目前已经克隆并测序了GABA A受体的总共21个亚基。需要三种类型的亚基(α、β和γ)来构建重组的GABA A受体,该受体与来自哺乳动物脑细胞的天然GABA A受体在生物化学、电生理学和药理学功能上极为接近。有强有力的证据表明,苯二氮的结合位点位于α和γ亚基之间。在重组GABA A受体中,α1β2γ2模拟了典型的I型BzR亚型的许多效应,而α2β2γ2、α3β2γ2和α5β2γ2离子通道被称为II型BzR。
McNamara和Skelton在Psychobiology,21:101-108中指出苯二氮受体的反相激动剂β-CCM可以增强在Morris水迷宫中的空间学习能力。但是,β-CCM和其他常规的苯二氮受体反相激动剂是促惊厥剂或惊厥剂,从而妨碍了它们在人中用作认知增强剂。此外,这些化合物对GABA A受体亚基之间没有选择性,但是对于GABA A α1和/或α2和/或α3受体结合位点相对而言没有活性的GABA A α5受体部分或完全反相激动剂,则可以用于提供用来增强认知而减少或没有促惊厥活性的药物。也可使用对GABA A α1和/或α2和/或α3受体结合位点没有活性、但对包含α5亚基具有功能选择性的GABA A α5反相激动剂。然而,优选对GABA A α5亚基有选择性并且在GABA A α1、α2和α3受体结合位点相对没有活性的GABA A α5反相激动剂。
本发明的目标是式I的化合物及其可药用的盐、上述化合物的制备、含有它们的药物及其制备方法,以及上述化合物在控制或预防疾病、特别是上文所涉及的疾病或病症或在制备相应药物中的应用。
按照本发明最优选的适应症是阿尔茨海默病。
无论是单独出现还是组合出现,本说明书中所用的一般术语采用以下定义。
本文所用的术语“低级烷基”表示含有1-7个、优选1-4个碳原子的直链或支链烷基,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基或叔丁基等。
术语“低级烷氧基”表示通过氧原子连接的如上所定义的低级烷基基团。低级烷氧基的实例为甲氧基和乙氧基。
术语“芳基”表示不饱和碳环,例如苯基、苄基或萘基。优选的芳基是苯基。
术语“卤素”表示氯、碘、氟和溴。
术语“环烷基”表示具有3-7个碳环原子的环状烷基环,例如环丙基、环戊基或环己基。
术语“杂环烷基”表示含有1-3个杂原子如N、O或S原子的饱和五或六元环。杂环烷基的实例为吗啉基或四氢吡喃基,以及在那些下文的实施例中具体举例说明的基团。
术语“杂芳基”表示含有1-3个杂原子如N、O或S原子的芳香族五或六元环。所述芳香族的杂芳基的实例为吡啶基、三唑基、异噁唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、咪唑基、噁唑基或吡嗪基。
术语“可药用的酸加成盐”包括与无机和有机酸如盐酸、硝酸、硫酸、磷酸、柠檬酸、甲酸、富马酸、马来酸、乙酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、甲磺酸、对甲苯磺酸等形成的盐。
优选的化合物具有低于100nM的结合活性(hKi),并且对于GABA Aα5亚基有选择性,对GABA A α1、α2和α3受体结合位点相对没有活性。
如上文所述,本发明化合物是式I的化合物及其可药用的酸加成盐,其中:
R1为氢、卤素(优选Cl和Br)、羟基、低级烷基(优选甲基)、苄氧基或-O-(CH2)-(CO)-五或六元杂芳基(优选异噁唑基),所述杂芳基任选地被芳基(优选苯基)和低级烷基(优选甲基)取代;
R2为氢、低级烷基(优选甲基或乙基)或-(CO)-Ra;
R3为氢、卤素(优选Cl或Br)、氰基、低级烷基(优选甲基或乙基)或-(CO)-Ra;
Ra为羟基、低级烷氧基(优选甲氧基或乙氧基)、NR’R”其中R’和R”各自独立地为氢、环烷基(优选环丙基)、五或六元杂环烷基(优选吗啉基或四氢吡喃基)、或者任选地被环烷基(优选环丙基)、氰基、五或六元杂环烷基(优选吗啉基或四氢吡喃基)或五或六元杂芳基(优选吡啶基或呋喃基)所取代的低级烷基。
在某个本发明的式I化合物的实施方案中,R3为氢,例如以下化合物:
3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶。
在某个本发明的式I化合物的实施方案中,R3为-(CO)-Ra,其中的Ra为低级烷氧基或NR’R”,其中R’和R”各自独立地为氢、环烷基、五或六元杂环烷基、或者任选地被环烷基、氰基、五或六元杂环烷基或者五或六元杂芳基所取代的低级烷基,例如以下的化合物:3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲腈和3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸甲酯。
式I的化合物及其可药用的盐可以通过本领域已知的方法,例如下述方法制备,该方法包括:
将式II的化合物
与亚硫酰氯反应得到式III的化合物,
然后将其与式IV的化合物反应,
得到式V的化合物,
然后,将式V化合物在合适的溶剂如二氯乙烷中、与脱水剂如三氯氧化磷反应,得到式I的化合物
其中R1、R2和R3如上所述,并且如果需要,将式I的化合物转化为可药用的盐。
以下的反应流程更详细地描述了制备式I化合物的方法。
流程图1
在0℃条件下,将5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酰氯III与6-氨基甲基-烟腈盐酸盐IV(流程图1中未显示)在乙酸乙酯和水的混合物中反应,得到中间体酰胺V-a,然后可以将其与三氯氧化磷在二氯乙烷中加热回流,得到式I-a的化合物。
流程图2
或者,在0℃条件下,可以将5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酰氯III与6-氨基甲基-烟酸甲酯IV(流程图2中未显示)在乙酸乙酯和水的混合物中反应,得到中间体酰胺V-b,然后可以将其与三氯氧化磷在二氯乙烷中加热回流,得到式I-b的化合物。随后,在甲醇、THF、水的混合物中用氢氧化锂使该酯发生皂化反应,得到式I-c的酸,其可以用1-乙基-3-(3’-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺、1-羟基苯并三唑、三乙胺通过标准方法活化,接着与所选择的胺(RNH2)反应,得到式I-d的化合物。
如前所述,式I化合物及其可药用的盐具有有价值的药理学特性。已发现本发明化合物是含有α5亚基的GABA A受体的配体,并因此用于需要增强认知的治疗。
按照下文给出的试验对这些化合物进行研究。
膜的制备和结合试验
通过与[3H]氟马西尼(85Ci/mmol;罗氏公司(Roche))竞争性结合表达大鼠(稳定转染)或人(瞬时转染)的受体(包括成分α1β3γ2、α2β3γ2、α3β3γ2和α5β3γ2)的HEK293细胞来测定化合物对GABA A受体亚型的亲和性。
将细胞碎片悬浮在Krebs-tris缓冲液(4.8mM KCl,1.2mM CaCl2,1.2mM MgCl2,120mM NaCl,15mM Tris;pH 7.5;结合试验缓冲液)中,在冰上用polytron匀浆约20秒,然后在4℃下离心60分钟(50000g;Sorvall,转子:SM24=20000rpm)。将细胞碎片重悬在Krebs-tris缓冲液中并在冰上通过polytron匀浆约15秒。测定蛋白质(Bradford法,伯乐公司(Bio-Rad)),将其制成1mL的小份并保存在-80℃下。
在200mL体积(96孔板)中进行放射性配体结合试验,所述体积中含有100mL细胞膜、浓度为1nM(对于α1、α2、α3亚基)和0.5nM(对于α5亚基)的[3H]氟马西尼、以及10-10-3×10-6M范围内的待测化合物。非特异性的结合通过10-5M的地西泮来定义,其通常占总结合量的5%以下。试验在4℃下孵育1小时以达到平衡,然后用Packard收集器通过过滤收集到GF/C Uni-filter滤器(Packard)上,并用冰冷的洗涤缓冲液(50mM Tris;pH7.5洗涤。干燥后,通过液体闪烁计数检测滤器上保留的放射性。利用Excel-Fit(微软公司)来计算Ki值,该值是两次测定的平均值。
将所附的实施例的化合物在上述试验中进行测试,发现优选的化合物具有100nM或更低的从大鼠GABA A受体α5亚基置换[3H]氟马西尼的Ki值。在优选的实施方案中,相对于α1、α2和α3亚基,本发明的化合物对α亚具有结合选择性。实施例1的化合物,即3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶的Ki[nM]hα5值为77.9nM。
式I化合物及其可药用的酸加成盐可以例如以药物制剂的形式用作药物。所述药物制剂可以例如以片剂、包衣片、糖锭剂、硬和软明胶胶囊、溶液剂、乳剂或混悬剂的形式进行口服给药。然而,也可以例如以栓剂形式经直肠给药,或者例如以注射液的形式进行胃肠外给药。
式I化合物及其可药用的酸加成盐可以与用于生产片剂、包衣片、糖锭剂和硬明胶胶囊的药用惰性的无机或有机赋形剂一起加工。可以使用乳糖、玉米淀粉或其衍生物、滑石粉、硬脂酸或其盐等作为例如片剂、糖锭剂和硬明胶胶囊的赋形剂。适合用于软明胶胶囊的赋形剂例如植物油、蜡类、脂肪、半固体和液体的多元醇等。
用于制备溶液剂和糖浆剂的适宜的赋形剂例如水、多元醇、蔗糖、转化糖、葡萄糖等。
用于注射溶液的适宜的赋形剂例如水、醇、多元醇、甘油、植物油等。
用于栓剂的适宜的赋形剂例如天然的或硬化的油、蜡类、脂肪、半液体或液体多元醇等。
此外,所述药物制剂还可以包含防腐剂、增溶剂、稳定剂、润湿剂、乳化剂、甜味剂、着色剂、矫味剂、用于改变渗透压的盐、缓冲液、掩蔽剂或抗氧化剂。它们还可以包含其他在治疗上有价值的物质。
剂量可在较宽的范围内变化,当然,在每个具体病例中会根据个体需求进行调整。通常,在口服给药的情况下,每人约10-1000mg通式I的化合物的日剂量应当是适宜的,但在需要时也可超过所述上限。
以下实施例是对本发明进行举例说明,而不是限制本发明。所有温度以摄氏度给出。
实施例A
按照常规方式制备具有以下成分的片剂:
mg/片
活性物质 5
乳糖 45
玉米淀粉 15
微晶纤维素 34
硬脂酸镁 1
片重 100
实施例B
制备具有以下成分的胶囊:
mg/胶囊
活性物质 10
乳糖 155
玉米淀粉 30
滑石粉 5
胶囊填充重量 200
将活性物质、乳糖和玉米淀粉首先在混合器中、然后在粉碎机中进行混合。将混合物重新回到混合器中,向其中加入滑石粉并充分混合。通过机器将该混合物填入硬明胶胶囊中。
实施例C
制备具有以下成分的栓剂:
mg/栓剂
活性物质 15
栓剂基质 1285
总重 1300
将栓剂基质在玻璃或钢容器中熔化,充分混合并冷却至45℃。随后将活性物质的细粉加入其中,并搅拌到其完全分散。将混合物倾入适当大小的栓剂模型中,放置冷却,然后将栓剂从模型中取出并单个包装在蜡纸或金属箔中。
以下实施例1-5用来举例说明本发明。不应该将它们视为对本发明的范围的限制,其仅仅是本发明的代表。
实施例1
3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶
a)5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酸(吡啶-2-基甲基)-酰胺
将5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酸(4.06g,20mmol,可从商业上购买)和亚硫酰氯(5mL)的混合物回流加热3h。蒸发掉全部挥发物,得到黄色油状的5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酰氯(4.4g,93%),其不经进一步纯化即用于下一步反应。向2-吡啶甲基胺(0.182g,1.68mmol)在水(2mL)和乙酸乙酯(4mL)的水溶液混合物中一次性地加入碳酸氢钠(362mg,4.2mmol)。然后,在冰浴中保持0℃并同时剧烈搅拌的条件下,滴加5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酰氯(0.31g,1.4mmol)在乙酸乙酯(2mL)中的溶液。滴加完毕后,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌18h。然后将所得的溶液用乙酸乙酯稀释。分离有机层,并用乙酸乙酯萃取水层。然后将合并的萃取物用盐水洗涤,用硫酸钠干燥并浓缩,得到白色固体状的标题化合物(0.38g,93%)。MS:m/e:294.1[M+H]+。
b)3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶
用注射器将三氯氧化磷(0.47mL,5mmol)加入到5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酸(吡啶-2-基甲基)-酰胺(0.293g,1mmol)在二氯乙烷(5mL)的溶液中,并将所得混合物加热回流过夜。冷却至室温后,用二氯甲烷稀释该混合物。然后将冷的饱和碳酸氢钠(15mL)缓慢加入,并将混合物用力搅拌15min。分离有机层,并用二氯甲烷萃取水层。将合并的萃取物用水洗涤,用硫酸钠干燥并蒸发。用反相[0.1%氨水(25%)]制备型HPLC进行纯化,得到橙色固体状的标题化合物(0.13g,47%)。MS:m/e:276.1[M+H]+。
实施例2
3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲腈
a)5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酸(5-氰基-吡啶-2-基甲基)-酰胺
按照实施例1a所述的方法,用6-氨基甲基-烟腈盐酸盐(0.17g,1mmol)代替2-吡啶甲基胺,将5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酰氯(0.266g,1.2mmol)转化为白色固体状的标题化合物(296mg,93%)。MS:m/e:319.0[M+H]+。
b)3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲腈
按照实施例1b所述的方法,将5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酸(5-氰基-吡啶-2-基甲基)-酰胺(0.12g,0.377mmol)转化为浅黄色固体状的标题化合物(60mg,44%)。MS:m/e:301.3[M+H]+。
实施例3
3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸甲酯
a)6-{[(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-羰基)-氨基]-甲基}-烟酸甲酯
按照实施例1a所述的方法,用6-氨基甲基-烟酸甲酯(313mg,1.88mmol)(J.Med.Chem.2002,45,5005-5022)代替2-吡啶甲基胺,将5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-甲酰氯(0.5g,2.26mmol)转化为白色固体状的标题化合物(0.56g,85%)。MS:m/e:352.0[M+H]+。
b)3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸甲酯
按照实施例1b所述的方法,将6-{[(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-羰基)-氨基]-甲基)-烟酸甲酯(0.56g,1.6mmol)转化为黄色固体状的标题化合物(0.266g,50%)。MS:m/e:334.3[M+H]+。
实施例4
3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸环丙基甲基-酰胺
a)3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸
向3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸甲酯(0.25g,0.75mmol)在水(6mL)和甲醇(3mL)中的混悬液中一次性加入一水合氢氧化锂(0.21g,5mmol)。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌4.5h。蒸发(除去甲醇)后,用乙醚萃取剩余的混合物。然后用HCl水溶液(2N)将水层酸化至约pH5。过滤收集浅黄色的沉淀物,并用水洗涤,得到浅黄色固体的标题化合物(0.2g,83%)。MS:m/e:320.1[M+H]+。
b)3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸环丙基甲
基-酰胺
在室温下将含有3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸(58mg,0.18mmol)、1-乙基-3-(3’-二甲氨基丙基)碳二亚胺(52mg,0.27mmol)、1-羟基苯并三唑(24mg,0.18mmol)、三乙胺(60μL,0.45mmol)和环丙基甲胺(20mg,0.27mmol)的DMF(1mL)溶液搅拌过夜。用反相(0.1%氨水(25%))制备型HPLC进行纯化,得到浅黄色固体状的标题化合物(34mg,50%)。MS:m/e:373.3[M+H]+。
实施例5
3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸(四氢-吡喃-4-基)-酰胺
按照实施例4b所述的方法,用四氢吡喃-4-基胺(28mg,0.27mmol)代替环丙基甲胺,将3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸(58mg,0.18mmol)转化为浅黄色固体状的标题化合物(40mg,55%)。MS:m/e(ESI):403.3[M+H]+。
Claims (14)
2.如权利要求1所述的式I的芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶衍生物,其中R3为氢。
3.如权利要求2所述的式I的芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶衍生物,其中所述化合物为3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶。
4.如权利要求1所述的式I的芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶衍生物,其中R3为-(CO)-Ra,其中的Ra为低级烷氧基或NR’R”,其中R’和R”各自独立地为氢、环烷基、五或六元杂环烷基、或者任选地被环烷基、氰基、五或六元杂环烷基或五或六元杂芳基取代的低级烷基。
5.如权利要求4所述的式I的芳基-异噁唑-4-基-咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶衍生物,其中所述化合物为3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲腈和3-(5-甲基-3-苯基-异噁唑-4-基)-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-甲酸甲酯。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述脱水剂为三氯氧化磷,所述溶剂为二氯乙烷。
8.任何通过如权利要求6或7中任意一项所述的方法或等价方法制备的如权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的式I化合物。
9.包含如权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的一种或多种式I化合物和可药用赋形剂的药物。
10.治疗与GABA A α5亚基有关疾病的如权利要求9所述的药物,所述疾病选自认知增强剂或认知障碍。
11.用于治疗阿尔茨海默病的如权利要求10所述的药物。
12.如权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的式I化合物在制备治疗认知增强剂或认知障碍的药物中的用途。
13.如权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的式I化合物在制备治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物中的用途。
14.如上所述的本发明。
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- 2006-12-18 CA CA002633536A patent/CA2633536A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-12-18 CN CN2006800491806A patent/CN101346377B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2006-12-26 AR ARP060105770A patent/AR058728A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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2008
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Also Published As
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TW200734328A (en) | 2007-09-16 |
KR20080072072A (ko) | 2008-08-05 |
US20070191421A1 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
TWI324156B (en) | 2010-05-01 |
AR058728A1 (es) | 2008-02-20 |
ATE537171T1 (de) | 2011-12-15 |
AU2006331363B2 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
KR101033719B1 (ko) | 2011-05-09 |
NO20082748L (no) | 2008-09-24 |
ES2376357T3 (es) | 2012-03-13 |
RU2008125040A (ru) | 2010-02-10 |
CN101346377B (zh) | 2011-05-11 |
WO2007074089A1 (en) | 2007-07-05 |
RU2420527C2 (ru) | 2011-06-10 |
JP4864982B2 (ja) | 2012-02-01 |
IL192236A0 (en) | 2008-12-29 |
CA2633536A1 (en) | 2007-07-05 |
US7399769B2 (en) | 2008-07-15 |
AU2006331363A1 (en) | 2007-07-05 |
ZA200805354B (en) | 2009-10-28 |
JP2009521517A (ja) | 2009-06-04 |
EP1968977B1 (en) | 2011-12-14 |
BRPI0620760A2 (pt) | 2011-11-22 |
EP1968977A1 (en) | 2008-09-17 |
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