CN101304522A - A large-capacity information hiding method based on JPEG2000 compressed image - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种以JPEG2000压缩图像为载体的大容量信息隐藏方法。操作步骤：对图像进行小波分解、小波系数量化和位平面编码，经率失真优化确定各个编码块码流的截断位置和可嵌入信息的最低位平面；初步选取大于阈值的小波系数作为嵌入点，进行冗余估算并调整嵌入点和嵌入强度；从可嵌入的最低位平面开始，按照位平面从低到高的顺序将同步信息和隐藏信息嵌入到量化后的小波系数中；嵌入信息后再次进行位平面编码并组织码流。该方法基于二次编码策略确定嵌入位置，并通过自适应地选择嵌入点和调整嵌入强度来提高信息隐藏容量。该方法对标准的JPEG2000解码器而言完全透明，可以方便地集成在JPEG2000编码器中，嵌入隐藏信息后的码流仍可正常解码。
A large-capacity information hiding method using JPEG2000 compressed images as the carrier. Operation steps: perform wavelet decomposition, wavelet coefficient quantization and bit-plane encoding on the image, and determine the truncation position of each coded block code stream and the lowest bit-plane that can embed information through rate-distortion optimization; initially select the wavelet coefficient greater than the threshold as the embedding point, Perform redundancy estimation and adjust embedding points and embedding strength; start from the lowest bit plane that can be embedded, and embed synchronization information and hidden information into the quantized wavelet coefficients in the order of bit planes from low to high; do it again after embedding information The bit planes encode and organize the code stream. The method determines the embedding position based on the secondary encoding strategy, and improves the information hiding capacity by adaptively selecting the embedding point and adjusting the embedding strength. This method is completely transparent to the standard JPEG2000 decoder, and can be easily integrated into the JPEG2000 encoder, and the code stream embedded with hidden information can still be decoded normally.
Description
【技术领域】： 【Technical field】：
本发明涉及以数字图像为载体进行隐蔽通信的信息安全和多媒体信息处理技术领域。The invention relates to the technical fields of information security and multimedia information processing for covert communication using digital images as carriers.
【背景技术】： 【Background technique】:
现代信息隐藏技术是数字化信息时代信息安全领域的重要方向，信息隐藏技术利用数字媒体本身所具有的冗余，以及人类感知器官的生理和心理特征，将隐藏信息隐藏于载体数据当中，载体信号可以是文本、静止图像、视频、音频等。信息隐藏与加密技术具有显著的差别，通过加密可以隐藏信息的内容，而通过信息隐藏则可以隐藏信息的存在，将信息隐藏与加密技术相结合可以极大地提高信息安全水平。Modern information hiding technology is an important direction in the field of information security in the digital information age. Information hiding technology uses the redundancy of digital media itself, as well as the physiological and psychological characteristics of human sensory organs, to hide hidden information in the carrier data. The carrier signal can Be it text, still images, video, audio, etc. There is a significant difference between information hiding and encryption technology. Encryption can hide the content of information, while information hiding can hide the existence of information. The combination of information hiding and encryption technology can greatly improve the level of information security.
利用信息隐藏技术实现隐蔽通信时，不可见性和隐藏容量是两个重要指标，也就是说一方面必须能够在载体对象中嵌入足够多的隐藏信息比特，保证通信的有效性；另一方面，信息嵌入以后不能造成载体对象外观发生可察觉的变化，保证通信的隐秘性。When using information hiding technology to realize covert communication, invisibility and hiding capacity are two important indicators, that is to say, on the one hand, it must be able to embed enough hidden information bits in the carrier object to ensure the effectiveness of communication; on the other hand, After the information is embedded, it cannot cause a perceptible change in the appearance of the carrier object, ensuring the privacy of communication.
目前被广泛使用的在数字图像中隐藏数据的方法是空间域的LSB方法，信息被嵌入到每个像素值的最低有效位，这种方法的优点是简便易行，隐藏容量较大，不可见性好，但是可靠性较差，嵌入的信息经过有损压缩后就会被抹去，因此空间域的LSB方法并不能应用于常见的压缩格式的数字图像。各种图像压缩编码国际标准中都使用了变换编码技术，在变换域中进行信息嵌入能够比较好的解决这个问题。JPEG图像压缩编码国际标准中使用的是离散余弦变换(DCT)，DCT系数量化以后再进行无损的熵编码，得到最终的压缩码流，只要有选择的修改量化后DCT系数的低位即可实现隐秘信息嵌入。JPEG2000是国际电联(ITU)制定的新一代的静止图像压缩编码国际标准，与旧标准相比，JPEG2000在重构图像质量、码流的可伸缩性以及容错能力等方面具有卓越的性能。JPEG2000标准基于离散小波变换(DWT)，上述DCT域的信息嵌入策略并不能直接移植到JPEG2000系统中，原因是在JPEG2000压缩编码过程中，量化以后的小波系数经过熵编码产生初步的码流之后，还要再经历一个率失真优化截断的步骤才能得到最终的码流，这就意味着如果简单地将隐秘信息嵌入到量化后小波系数的低位，那么经过码流截断处理后，嵌入的隐秘信息还是会遭到破坏，使接收端无法完整提取通信内容。The currently widely used method of hiding data in digital images is the LSB method in the spatial domain. The information is embedded in the least significant bit of each pixel value. The advantage of this method is that it is simple and easy to implement, with a large hidden capacity and invisible The performance is good, but the reliability is poor, and the embedded information will be erased after lossy compression, so the LSB method in the spatial domain cannot be applied to digital images in common compression formats. Transform coding technology is used in various image compression coding international standards, and information embedding in transform domain can solve this problem better. Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is used in JPEG image compression coding international standard. After the DCT coefficients are quantized, lossless entropy coding is performed to obtain the final compressed code stream. As long as the low bits of the quantized DCT coefficients are selectively modified, the privacy can be realized. information embedded. JPEG2000 is a new generation of still image compression coding international standard developed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Compared with the old standard, JPEG2000 has excellent performance in terms of reconstructed image quality, code stream scalability and error tolerance. The JPEG2000 standard is based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The above-mentioned information embedding strategy in the DCT domain cannot be directly transplanted into the JPEG2000 system. The reason is that in the JPEG2000 compression coding process, after the quantized wavelet coefficients are entropy coded to generate a preliminary code stream, It is necessary to go through a rate-distortion optimization truncation step to obtain the final code stream, which means that if the hidden information is simply embedded in the low bits of the quantized wavelet coefficients, after the code stream truncation process, the embedded secret information is still will be corrupted, making it impossible for the receiving end to fully extract the communication content.
扩频技术常被引入到信息隐藏方法之中来提高抗有损压缩等常见信号处理手段的能力，首先对要嵌入的隐藏信息比特进行扩频处理，然后再将其嵌入到载体媒质中，接收端利用相关检测方法得出结果。这种方法比较适合应用在数字水印技术中，提供数字版权保护等功能，而一般并不适用于隐蔽通信，这是因为扩频预处理极大地降低了信息隐藏容量，扩频数字水印技术的检测结果一般只有两种：“有”或者“无”，也就是说它只提供了一个比特的信息隐藏容量。Spread spectrum technology is often introduced into information hiding methods to improve the ability of common signal processing methods such as anti-lossy compression. The terminal uses the relevant detection method to obtain the result. This method is more suitable for application in digital watermarking technology, providing functions such as digital copyright protection, but generally not suitable for covert communication, because the spread spectrum preprocessing greatly reduces the information hiding capacity, and the detection of spread spectrum digital watermarking technology There are generally only two results: "yes" or "no", that is to say, it only provides one bit of information hiding capacity.
本发明所实现的是一种能够在JPEG2000压缩图像中嵌入大量信息的信息隐藏方法，此项研究属天津市自然科学基金(No.06YFJMJC00700)资助研究内容。该方法能够确保所嵌入的信息在有损压缩过程中保持完好，从而保证接收端正确提取隐蔽通信的内容，另外该方法还充分利用了人眼的视觉特性，在满足不可见性的前提下提供了较大的信息隐藏容量以满足隐蔽通信的需要。What the present invention realizes is an information hiding method capable of embedding a large amount of information in JPEG2000 compressed images, and this research belongs to the research content funded by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (No. 06YFJMJC00700). This method can ensure that the embedded information remains intact during the lossy compression process, thereby ensuring that the receiving end can correctly extract the content of the covert communication. In addition, this method also makes full use of the visual characteristics of the human eye to provide It has a large information hiding capacity to meet the needs of covert communication.
此部分内容可参考以下文献资料：This part of the content can refer to the following literature:
1.R.J.Anderson，and F.A.P.Petitcolas，On the limits of steganography，IEEE Journal of Selected Area inCommunications，1998，16.474-4811. R.J.Anderson, and F.A.P. Petitcolas, On the limits of steganography, IEEE Journal of Selected Area in Communications, 1998, 16.474-481
2.ISO/IEC FCD 15444-1，JPEG2000 Part 1 Final Committee Draft Version 1.0，20002. ISO/IEC FCD 15444-1, JPEG2000
3.ISO/IEC FCD 15444-2，JPEG2000 Part 2 Final Committee Draft，20003. ISO/IEC FCD 15444-2, JPEG2000
【发明内容】： 【Invention content】：
本发明的目的是克服现有技术存在的上述不足，提供一种以JPEG2000压缩图像为载体的适用于隐蔽通信的大容量信息隐藏方法。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, and provide a large-capacity information hiding method suitable for covert communication with JPEG2000 compressed images as the carrier.
本发明提供的以JPEG2000压缩图像为载体的适用于隐蔽通信的大容量信息隐藏方法的操作步骤如下：The operating steps of the large-capacity information hiding method suitable for covert communication using JPEG2000 compressed images as the carrier provided by the present invention are as follows:
第一、按照JPEG2000标准中规定的方法，对原始图像进行多层小波分解、小波系数量化、位平面编码，以及率失真优化截断。根据码流截断位置得出各个编码块中小波系数能够嵌入信息的最低位平面；First, according to the method specified in the JPEG2000 standard, the original image is subjected to multi-layer wavelet decomposition, wavelet coefficient quantization, bit-plane coding, and rate-distortion optimization truncation. According to the truncation position of the code stream, the lowest bit plane where the wavelet coefficient can be embedded in information in each coding block is obtained;
第二、初步选取大于阈值16的小波系数作为嵌入点，根据冗余估算的结果对嵌入点和嵌入强度进行调整，去除不适于嵌入信息的嵌入点，并得出各个嵌入点上最多能够嵌入的信息比特数；Second, initially select the wavelet coefficient greater than the threshold 16 as the embedding point, adjust the embedding point and embedding strength according to the result of redundancy estimation, remove the embedding point that is not suitable for embedding information, and obtain the maximum embedding point on each embedding point number of information bits;
第三、从能够嵌入的最低位平面开始，按照位平面从低到高的顺序将同步信息和隐藏信息嵌入到量化后的小波系数中；Third, start from the lowest bit plane that can be embedded, and embed the synchronization information and hidden information into the quantized wavelet coefficients in the order of bit planes from low to high;
第四、完成信息嵌入后，再次进行位平面编码；Fourth, after the information embedding is completed, bit-plane coding is performed again;
第五、按照第一步中的率失真优化截断结果组织最终的码流。Fifth, organize the final code stream according to the rate-distortion optimization truncation result in the first step.
隐藏信息的嵌入点和最多可嵌入的信息比特数通过如下冗余估算方法进行计算：The embedding points of hidden information and the maximum number of information bits that can be embedded are calculated by the following redundancy estimation method:
第一步利用自对比掩蔽效应对小波系数进行处理，The first step uses the self-contrast masking effect to process the wavelet coefficients,
yi＝sign(xi)|xi·Δi|α (1)y i ＝sign(x i )|x i ·Δ i | α (1)
其中xi是均匀量化后的小波系数并且最高位以下清零后的值，Δi是当前小波系数的量化步长，0＜α＜1，最高位以下清零是为了让嵌入端和提取端获得同样的计算结果，从而保证算法可逆；yi是利用自对比掩蔽效应处理后的小波系数值；Among them, x i is the uniformly quantized wavelet coefficient and the value after the highest bit is cleared to zero, Δ i is the quantization step size of the current wavelet coefficient, 0<α<1, and the value below the highest bit is cleared to allow the embedding end and the extraction end Obtain the same calculation result, so as to ensure that the algorithm is reversible; yi is the wavelet coefficient value processed by the self-contrast masking effect;
第二步利用邻域掩蔽效应处理小波系数，The second step uses the neighborhood masking effect to process the wavelet coefficients,
邻域小波系数指的是以当前系数为中心的N*N范围内的小波系数，|φi|表示邻域小波系数的个数；参数β∈[0，1]是掩蔽效应的强度控制因子，β与|φi|一起控制着依据邻域掩蔽效应调整嵌入强度的力度；a＝(1000/2l)β是规范化因子，l∈{0，1，2，3，4}表示小波系数所在的分辨率水平；
第三步，人眼对中等亮度区域的噪声最为敏感，敏感程度随着亮度值的升高或降低而减弱，因此增加一个由亮度敏感性所决定的加权系数，以l∈{0，1，2，3，4}表示小波分解后的分辨率水平，l＝0表示最高的分辨率水平；以θ∈{0，1，2，3}表示子带方向，依次为LL、LH、HL、HH，其中LL表示水平和垂直方向都为高频，LH表示水平方向低频、垂直方向高频，HL表示水平方向高频、垂直方向低频，HH表示水平和垂直方向同为高频；Il θ(i，j)表示分辨率水平l下的、方向为θ的子带中第i行第j列的位置上的小波系数，则第l分辨率水平下的任意方向子带中，座标为(i，j)的小波系数的亮度敏感性加权系数Λ(l，i，j)如下计算：In the third step, the human eye is most sensitive to the noise in the medium brightness area, and the sensitivity decreases with the increase or decrease of the brightness value, so a weighting coefficient determined by the brightness sensitivity is added, with l∈{0,1, 2, 3, 4} represent the resolution level after wavelet decomposition, l=0 represents the highest resolution level; θ∈{0, 1, 2, 3} represents the sub-band direction, followed by LL, LH, HL, HH, where LL means high frequency in both horizontal and vertical directions; LH means low frequency in horizontal direction and high frequency in vertical direction; HL means high frequency in horizontal direction and low frequency in vertical direction; HH means high frequency in both horizontal and vertical directions; I l θ (i, j) represents the wavelet coefficients at the position of row i and column j in the sub-band with direction θ under resolution level l, then in sub-band in any direction under the resolution level l, the coordinates are The lightness sensitivity weighting coefficient Λ(l, i, j) of the wavelet coefficient of (i, j) is calculated as follows:
其中中间值L(l，i，j)如下计算：where the intermediate value L(l, i, j) is calculated as follows:
k为小波分解的级数，l＝k为最低的分辨率水平，其中符号
最后得到：Finally got:
z′i是根据亮度敏感性处理后的小波系数值。小波系数上的量化冗余则由下式估算：z' i is the wavelet coefficient value processed according to brightness sensitivity. The quantization redundancy on the wavelet coefficients is estimated by the following formula:
ri＝xi/z′i (6)r i =x i /z′ i (6)
ri实际上反映了使用JPEG2000基本压缩编码系统的均匀量化方法时，当前小波系数上存在的量化冗余的大小，在二进制情况下，每两倍就表示有一个比特的冗余，从而就可以多嵌入一个比特的隐藏信息。为了控制信息嵌入对图像质量的影响，规定只有当ri不小于2时才能嵌入隐藏信息。依据冗余估算结果调整嵌入点和嵌入强度时，首先排除ri小于2的嵌入点，然后按照以下规则确定各个嵌入点处可以嵌入的隐藏信息比特数：若2n≤ri＜2n+1，则该嵌入点可嵌入n比特隐藏信息。r i actually reflects the size of the quantization redundancy existing on the current wavelet coefficients when using the uniform quantization method of the JPEG2000 basic compression coding system. Embed one more bit of hidden information. In order to control the impact of information embedding on image quality, it is stipulated that hidden information can be embedded only when r i is not less than 2. When adjusting the embedding points and embedding strength according to the redundancy estimation results, first exclude the embedding points whose r i is less than 2, and then determine the number of hidden information bits that can be embedded at each embedding point according to the following rules: if 2 n ≤ r i <2 n+ 1 , then the embedding point can embed n bits of hidden information.
各个嵌入点可嵌入信息的最低位平面的确定方法是，经过率失真优化得到各个编码块的码流截断位置后，选取三个编码通道都未被截断的(也就是信息完整的)最低位平面，作为可嵌入信息的最低位平面。The method for determining the lowest bit plane that can embed information at each embedding point is to select the lowest bit plane that has not been truncated (that is, the information is complete) in the three coding channels after the code stream truncation position of each coding block is obtained through rate-distortion optimization. , as the lowest bit-plane where information can be embedded.
对上述方法隐藏的信息的提取方法，经过如下步骤：The method for extracting the information hidden by the above-mentioned method is as follows:
第一、按照JPEG2000标准规定的解码方法进行码流解析、熵解码，得到反量化前的小波系数；First, perform code stream analysis and entropy decoding according to the decoding method specified in the JPEG2000 standard to obtain wavelet coefficients before inverse quantization;
第二、使用与上述隐藏方法第二步中嵌入端同样的原则初选嵌入点；Second, use the same principle as the embedding point in the second step of the above hidden method to initially select the embedding point;
第三、码流中具有三个编码通道的位平面的信息是完整的。熵解码时，找出码流中具有完整信息的最低位平面位置；Third, the information of the bit planes with three encoding channels in the code stream is complete. When entropy decoding, find the lowest bit plane position with complete information in the code stream;
第四、使用上述隐藏方法中与嵌入端相同的策略进行冗余估算、调整嵌入点和嵌入强度，也就是确定各个嵌入点上小波系数最多能够嵌入的比特数；Fourth, use the same strategy as the embedding side in the above hidden method to perform redundancy estimation, adjust the embedding point and embedding strength, that is, determine the maximum number of bits that can be embedded by the wavelet coefficient at each embedding point;
第五、提取同步信息，根据同步信息得到实际嵌入的隐藏信息位数，继续提取出隐藏信息；Fifth, extract the synchronous information, obtain the actual embedded hidden information digits according to the synchronous information, and continue to extract the hidden information;
第六、进行小波系数反量化和小波反变换，重构图像。Sixth, carry out wavelet coefficient inverse quantization and wavelet inverse transformation, and reconstruct the image.
方案和原理描述：Scheme and principle description:
通过将本发明的编码过程与JPEG2000基本编码器相比较可以清楚了解二次编码的作用原理，JPEG2000的基本编码器编码过程如附图1所示，输入图像先经过小波分解而成为不同分辨率和不同方向的子带，各个子带经过量化以后被划分为编码块，然后以编码块为单位，按照位平面由高到低的顺序进行位平面编码，生成各个编码块独立的压缩码流，其中每个位平面的码流又由三个编码通道组成，可以在任意一个编码通道结束的位置将码流截断从而获得不同的压缩比。根据预定的压缩比，经率失真优化确定出各个编码块码流的截断位置，最后将各个编码块截取的码流组织起来构成整个图像的压缩码流。附图2为本方案中的压缩编码和信息嵌入过程示意图，经过率失真优化得到各个编码块的码流截断位置后，并不直接组织码流，而是根据率失真优化的结果，确定编码块未受截断影响的最低位平面作为可嵌入信息的最低位平面位置，选取大于阈值16的小波系数作为嵌入点，进行冗余估算并对嵌入点和嵌入强度进行自适应调整，确定各个嵌入点最多可嵌入的比特数，然后从可嵌入的最低位平面开始，按照位平面从低到高的顺序将同步信息和隐藏信息嵌入到量化后的小波系数中，其中同步信息指示了实际嵌入的信息位数，保证接收端正确提取隐藏信息。嵌入完成后，对小波系数重新进行位平面编码，然后按照第一次编码时率失真优化的结果组织码流。从原理图可见，该信息隐藏方案通过二次编码将信息嵌入到不会被率失真优化截断的位平面中，从而保证了嵌入信息的完整性。所谓二次编码只是将编码过程中的熵编码部分执行了两次，其它如小波变换、小波系数的量化、率失真优化、码流组织等过程都只需进行一次，因此计算复杂度增加不大。By comparing the encoding process of the present invention with the basic encoder of JPEG2000, the principle of action of the secondary encoding can be clearly understood. The encoding process of the basic encoder of JPEG2000 is as shown in Figure 1. The input image is decomposed into different resolutions and For subbands in different directions, each subband is divided into coding blocks after quantization, and then the coding block is used as the unit, and the bit plane coding is performed in the order of bit planes from high to low to generate independent compressed code streams for each coding block, where The code stream of each bit plane is composed of three encoding channels, and the code stream can be truncated at the end of any encoding channel to obtain different compression ratios. According to the predetermined compression ratio, the truncation position of the code stream of each coding block is determined through rate-distortion optimization, and finally the code stream intercepted by each coding block is organized to form the compressed code stream of the whole image. Attached Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the compression coding and information embedding process in this scheme. After the code stream truncation position of each code block is obtained through rate-distortion optimization, the code stream is not directly organized, but the code block is determined according to the result of rate-distortion optimization The lowest bit plane that is not affected by truncation is used as the lowest bit plane position that can embed information, and the wavelet coefficient greater than the threshold 16 is selected as the embedding point, and the redundancy estimation is performed, and the embedding point and embedding strength are adaptively adjusted to determine that each embedding point has the most The number of bits that can be embedded, and then start from the lowest bit plane that can be embedded, and embed the synchronization information and hidden information into the quantized wavelet coefficients in the order of bit planes from low to high, where the synchronization information indicates the actual embedded information bits number to ensure that the receiving end correctly extracts the hidden information. After the embedding is completed, the wavelet coefficients are re-encoded on the bit plane, and then the code stream is organized according to the result of rate-distortion optimization during the first encoding. It can be seen from the schematic diagram that the information hiding scheme embeds information into bit planes that will not be truncated by rate-distortion optimization through secondary encoding, thereby ensuring the integrity of the embedded information. The so-called secondary encoding only executes the entropy encoding part of the encoding process twice, and other processes such as wavelet transform, quantization of wavelet coefficients, rate-distortion optimization, and code stream organization only need to be performed once, so the computational complexity does not increase much. .
信息提取方法如附图3所示，解析码流，将码流组织成以编码块为单位的形式，对每个编码块进行熵解码得到反量化前的小波系数，在熵解码过程中可获知码流中具有完整信息的最低位平面位置，同时使用与嵌入端相同的自适应调整策略得出各个嵌入点上的嵌入强度，最后据此提取同步信息和隐藏信息。The information extraction method is shown in Figure 3. The code stream is analyzed, and the code stream is organized into coded blocks as units. Entropy decoding is performed on each coded block to obtain the wavelet coefficients before inverse quantization. During the entropy decoding process, it can be known that The position of the lowest bit plane with complete information in the code stream, while using the same adaptive adjustment strategy as the embedding end to obtain the embedding strength at each embedding point, and finally extract the synchronization information and hidden information accordingly.
本方案的另一个特点是利用对量化前小波系数的非线性处理，以及人眼的亮度敏感性特点，对每个小波系数的量化冗余进行估算，做到各个嵌入点上的嵌入强度与人眼掩蔽特性紧密结合。以下原理叙述中，对小波系数的计算仅是为了对均匀量化的小波系数进行冗余估算，以得出各个点上合理的嵌入强度，并非使用处理后的小波系数进行编码。Another feature of this scheme is to use the non-linear processing of wavelet coefficients before quantization and the brightness sensitivity of human eyes to estimate the quantization redundancy of each wavelet coefficient, so that the embedding strength of each embedding point is consistent with human The eye masking feature is tightly coupled. In the following description of the principle, the calculation of wavelet coefficients is only for redundant estimation of uniformly quantized wavelet coefficients to obtain a reasonable embedding strength at each point, rather than using the processed wavelet coefficients for encoding.
本发明的优点和积极效果：Advantage and positive effect of the present invention:
本发明针对JPEG2000标准中所规定的基本压缩编码系统，设计了一种适用于隐蔽通信的大容量信息隐藏方法，该方法基于二次编码策略确定嵌入位置，并通过自适应地选择嵌入点和调整嵌入强度来提高压缩图像的信息隐藏容量，一方面，在人眼不敏感的图像区域加大嵌入量，另一方面，在人眼敏感的图像区域减少嵌入量。最后总的嵌入容量则取决于具体载体图像的纹理程度、明暗等因素。该方法对标准的JPEG2000解码器而言完全透明，可以方便地集成在JPEG2000编码器中，最终生成的码流仍可正常解码，隐蔽通信的接收端则需要使用本发明所述的解码过程来提取隐藏信息。Aiming at the basic compression coding system stipulated in the JPEG2000 standard, the present invention designs a large-capacity information hiding method suitable for covert communication. The embedding strength is used to improve the information hiding capacity of the compressed image. On the one hand, the embedding amount is increased in the image area that is not sensitive to the human eye, and on the other hand, the embedding amount is reduced in the image area that the human eye is sensitive to. The final total embedding capacity depends on factors such as the texture degree, light and shade of the specific carrier image. This method is completely transparent to the standard JPEG2000 decoder, and can be easily integrated in the JPEG2000 encoder. The code stream finally generated can still be decoded normally, and the receiving end of the covert communication needs to use the decoding process described in the present invention to extract Hide information.
该方案有两个主要特点：一、通过二次编码确定信息嵌入位置；二、自适应调节各个位置的嵌入强度。This scheme has two main features: 1. Determine the information embedding position through secondary encoding; 2. Adaptively adjust the embedding strength of each position.
【附图说明】： [Description of drawings]:
图1是JPEG2000标准所规定的基本编码系统；Figure 1 is the basic coding system specified by the JPEG2000 standard;
图2是本方案的编码和信息嵌入过程；Fig. 2 is the encoding and information embedding process of this scheme;
图3是本方案的解码和信息提取过程；Fig. 3 is the decoding and information extraction process of this scheme;
图4是原始的载体图像；Figure 4 is the original carrier image;
图5是隐藏信息图像；Figure 5 is a hidden information image;
图6是5层小波分解之后的塔式结构；Fig. 6 is the tower structure after 5 layers of wavelet decomposition;
图7是嵌入点选取和确定最低可嵌入位平面的示意图；Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of selecting an embedding point and determining the lowest embeddable bit plane;
图8是小波系数D的5×5邻域内的小波系数；Fig. 8 is the wavelet coefficient in the 5 * 5 neighborhood of wavelet coefficient D;
图9是嵌入强度自适应调整后的示意图；Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram after adaptive adjustment of embedding strength;
图10是嵌入信息后的隐秘图像；Figure 10 is the hidden image after embedding information;
图11是嵌入信息前后的差值图像；Figure 11 is the difference image before and after embedding information;
图12是提取并恢复出的隐藏信息图像。Figure 12 is the hidden information image extracted and restored.
【具体实施方式】： 【Detailed ways】:
实施例1：Example 1:
本方案的一个具体实施例如下。A specific embodiment of this scheme is as follows.
原始载体图像为512×512、每象素8比特的灰度Lena图像，如附图4所示。拟嵌入的隐藏信息是附图5所示的中国民航大学徽标的二值图像，图像大小为80×80，每象素1比特，因此总共有6400比特的隐藏信息需要嵌入到压缩后的图像中，需要在图像压缩的同时嵌入隐藏信息，压缩比为16。The original carrier image is a 512×512 grayscale Lena image with 8 bits per pixel, as shown in Figure 4. The hidden information to be embedded is the binary image of the logo of Civil Aviation University of China shown in Figure 5, the size of the image is 80×80, and 1 bit per pixel, so a total of 6400 bits of hidden information needs to be embedded in the compressed image , it is necessary to embed hidden information while compressing the image, and the compression ratio is 16.
第一步，对原始图像进行5层小波分解，得到如图6所示的塔式结构，其中第1、第2和第3分解层频率较高，可以嵌入隐藏信息，第4和第5分解层属于低频重要信息，对图像质量影响较大，不适宜隐藏信息。对小波系数进行均匀量化，每个子带量化阶距的选取与子带所处的分解层和方向有关。关于小波分解、小波系数量化，以及后续的位平面编码和率失真优化的细节，在JPEG2000标准中有详细描述(此处略)。将各子带划分为64×64的编码块，以编码块为单位，按照从高位到低位的顺序，逐个位平面进行编码，每个位平面的编码又包含三个编码通道，生成的码流各部分的重要程度从前向后逐渐降低，因此只要在特定编码通道结束的位置进行截断，就可获得不同精度(或者说不同压缩比)的码流。但如果只是简单的将所有编码块的码流组织成整幅图像的码流，将不能达到16倍压缩的目的，数据量要大很多，因此必须在各个编码块的码流中分别选取最重要的部分组成最终的码流。进行率失真优化，确定各个编码块的码流截断位置，进而得出每个编码块可嵌入隐藏信息的最低位平面。如图6和图7所示，其中第2分解层HL方向子带中第一个编码块的码流截断位置在第6个位平面的第3个编码通道，这里的“第6个位平面”是从最高非全零位平面开始计数，由于第6个位平面的3个编码通道信息完整，该位平面可用来携带隐藏信息，因此将它确定为这个编码块的可嵌入隐藏信息的最低位平面。如果第6个位平面存在编码通道被截去的情况，那么则应确定高一位的第5位平面为可嵌入最低位平面；The first step is to perform 5-layer wavelet decomposition on the original image to obtain a tower structure as shown in Figure 6, in which the 1st, 2nd and 3rd decomposition layers have higher frequencies and can embed hidden information, and the 4th and 5th decomposition layers The layer belongs to low-frequency important information, which has a great impact on image quality and is not suitable for hiding information. The wavelet coefficients are uniformly quantized, and the selection of the quantization step of each subband is related to the decomposition layer and direction of the subband. Details about wavelet decomposition, wavelet coefficient quantization, and subsequent bit-plane coding and rate-distortion optimization are described in detail in the JPEG2000 standard (omitted here). Divide each sub-band into 64×64 coding blocks, take the coding block as a unit, and encode bit-planes one by one in the order from high bit to low bit. The coding of each bit plane includes three coding channels, and the generated code stream The importance of each part decreases gradually from front to back, so as long as truncation is performed at the end position of a specific encoding channel, code streams with different precision (or different compression ratios) can be obtained. However, if the code streams of all coding blocks are simply organized into the code stream of the entire image, the purpose of 16 times compression will not be achieved, and the amount of data will be much larger, so the most important code streams of each coding block must be selected separately. The part that composes the final code stream. Perform rate-distortion optimization to determine the truncation position of the code stream of each coding block, and then obtain the lowest bit plane that can embed hidden information in each coding block. As shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, the truncation position of the code stream of the first coding block in the HL direction subband of the second decomposition layer is in the third coding channel of the sixth bit plane, where the "sixth bit plane " is counted from the highest non-all-zero bit plane. Since the information of the 3 coding channels of the 6th bit plane is complete, this bit plane can be used to carry hidden information, so it is determined as the lowest value of the embedded hidden information of this coding block. bit plane. If there is a case where the coding channel is truncated in the 6th bit plane, then the 5th bit plane with one higher bit should be determined as the lowest bit plane that can be embedded;
第二步，将编码块中所有幅度值大于等于阈值16的小波系数初选为嵌入点。考虑到信息嵌入将会改变小波系数的低位，为了确保接收端提取信息时选出的嵌入点与发送端一致，阈值应为2的幂，阈值取得越大，符合条件的嵌入点数目就越少，隐藏容量相对就减小，而对图像质量的影响也就更小。下面以编码块中三个典型的小波系数为例来说明嵌入点初选的情况，如图7所示，小波系数C由于小于阈值而不能作为嵌入点；小波系数A、B和D被选为嵌入点，它们的第6位平面上的比特被标记为可嵌入的，表示后续可以用隐藏信息比特对它们进行替换。In the second step, all wavelet coefficients whose amplitude values are greater than or equal to the threshold 16 in the coding block are initially selected as embedding points. Considering that information embedding will change the low bits of wavelet coefficients, in order to ensure that the embedding points selected by the receiving end are consistent with the sending end when extracting information, the threshold should be a power of 2. The larger the threshold, the fewer the number of embedding points that meet the conditions , the hidden capacity is relatively reduced, and the impact on image quality is also smaller. The following takes three typical wavelet coefficients in the coding block as an example to illustrate the initial selection of embedding points. As shown in Figure 7, wavelet coefficient C cannot be used as an embedding point because it is smaller than the threshold; wavelet coefficients A, B and D are selected as Embedding points, the bits on their 6th bit plane are marked as embeddable, indicating that they can be replaced with hidden information bits later.
利用式(1)至(6)对选出的所有嵌入点进行冗余估算，参数取值为：N＝5，α＝0.7，β＝0.2。以小波系数D为例，它的量化步长为Δi＝2，5×5邻域内的小波系数如图8所示，与小波系数D空间位置相对应的最低分辨率水平LL子带中的小波系数是56。实际计算过程如下：Use equations (1) to (6) to perform redundant estimation on all selected embedding points, and the parameter values are: N=5, α=0.7, β=0.2. Taking the wavelet coefficient D as an example, its quantization step size is Δi = 2, and the wavelet coefficients in the 5×5 neighborhood are shown in Figure 8. The wavelet coefficient is 56. The actual calculation process is as follows:
小波系数D最高位以下清零后，67变为64，代入(1)式得：After the highest bit of the wavelet coefficient D is cleared, 67 becomes 64, which can be substituted into (1) to get:
yi＝sign(xi)|xi·Δi|α y i ＝sign(x i )|x i ·Δ i | α
＝(64×2)07 =(64×2) 07
＝29.86＝29.86
图8所示的24个邻域小波系数中，幅度值不小于阈值16的小波系数有12个，分别是：-54、-47、31、55、49、-26、-22、51、18、-19、41、-62。将最高位以下清零后变为：-32、-32、16、32、32、-16、-16、32、16、-16、32、-32，代入(2)式得：Among the 24 neighborhood wavelet coefficients shown in Figure 8, there are 12 wavelet coefficients whose amplitude value is not less than the threshold value 16, which are: -54, -47, 31, 55, 49, -26, -22, 51, 18 , -19, 41, -62. After the highest bit is cleared, it becomes: -32, -32, 16, 32, 32, -16, -16, 32, 16, -16, 32, -32, and substitute into (2) to get:
由于
由(6)式，ri＝xi/z′i＝67/5＝13.4From formula (6), ri = x i /z' i = 67/5 = 13.4
同样的过程可算得小波系数A和B的ri如下：The same process can calculate the ri of wavelet coefficients A and B as follows:
小波系数A：1.72Wavelet coefficient A: 1.72
小波系数B：2.59Wavelet coefficient B: 2.59
由于23＜13.3＜24，所以判定小波系数D可以嵌入3比特隐藏信息，因此除了已经标记的第6位平面以外，再将系数D的第5个位平面和第4个位平面上的比特标记为可嵌入的；Since 2 3 <13.3<2 4 , it is determined that the wavelet coefficient D can embed 3-bit hidden information, so in addition to the marked 6th bit-plane, the 5th bit-plane and the 4th bit-plane of the coefficient D are bits marked as embeddable;
由于1.72＜2，据此判定小波系数A不适宜进行隐藏信息嵌入，因此将初选时所做的系数A第6位平面上的可嵌入位置标记抹去，小波系数A也就不再是嵌入点；Since 1.72<2, it is determined that the wavelet coefficient A is not suitable for embedding hidden information, so the embeddable position mark on the sixth bit plane of the coefficient A made during the primary selection is erased, and the wavelet coefficient A is no longer embedded point;
由于21＜2.59＜22，据此判定小波系数B可以嵌入1比特的隐藏信息，但不能再增大其嵌入强度。Since 2 1 <2.59<2 2 , it is determined that the wavelet coefficient B can embed 1 bit of hidden information, but its embedding strength cannot be increased.
调整后的结果如图9所示。The adjusted results are shown in Figure 9.
第三步，第1、第2和第3分解层总共有63个编码块，所有编码块的可嵌入位置都际记完成后，统计各个编码块的可嵌入容量。对于容量尚不足以嵌入同步信息的编码块(这种情况很少出现)，只将其最前面的4个可嵌入位置替换为0，即嵌入‘0000’，以通知提取端该编码块中没有隐藏信息。然后按照容量的大小将隐藏信息分配给其它的编码块。进行信息嵌入时，每个编码块的前4个可嵌入位置先嵌入‘1010’，表示这个编码块中有隐藏信息，紧跟着嵌入的10个比特表示该编码块所分到的隐藏信息比特数目，而后再嵌入隐藏信息比特。信息嵌入时从可嵌入最低位平面开始，从低到高逐个位平面进行扫描，每遇到一个可嵌入位置，即嵌入1比特信息，直至完成所有信息的嵌入；In the third step, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd decomposition layers have a total of 63 coding blocks. After the embeddable positions of all coding blocks are recorded, the embeddable capacity of each coding block is counted. For a coding block whose capacity is not enough to embed synchronization information (this rarely happens), only the first four embeddable positions of it are replaced with 0, that is, '0000' is embedded to inform the extraction end that there is no Hide information. Then distribute the hidden information to other coding blocks according to the size of the capacity. When embedding information, the first 4 embeddable positions of each coding block are first embedded with '1010', indicating that there is hidden information in this coding block, followed by the embedded 10 bits representing the hidden information bits assigned to this coding block number, and then embed hidden information bits. When embedding information, start from the lowest bit plane that can be embedded, and scan bit planes one by one from low to high. Every time an embeddable position is encountered, 1 bit of information is embedded until all information is embedded;
第四步，重新进行位平面编码；The fourth step is to re-encode the bit plane;
第五步，按照第一次位平面编码后所进行的率失真优化截断的结果组织最终的码流。In the fifth step, the final code stream is organized according to the result of the rate-distortion optimized truncation performed after the first bit-plane encoding.
嵌入隐藏信息的图像用JPEG2000标准解码器解码后效果如图10所示。嵌入前后两幅图像的差值很小，不宜直接显示，附图11中的差值图像是将差值乘以20以后再显示的效果。差值图像可以指示出隐藏信息实际嵌入的空间位置，可以看到隐藏信息嵌入到了纹理丰富或者过明过暗的人眼不敏感的图像区域，嵌入后图像没有可察觉的降质。The image embedded with hidden information is decoded by JPEG2000 standard decoder, as shown in Figure 10. The difference between the two images before and after embedding is very small, so it is not suitable for direct display. The difference image in Figure 11 is the effect of multiplying the difference by 20 and then displaying it. The difference image can indicate the spatial position where the hidden information is actually embedded. It can be seen that the hidden information is embedded in the image area with rich texture or too bright or too dark which is not sensitive to human eyes. There is no perceivable degradation of the image after embedding.
信息提取过程是嵌入过程的逆向操作，差别之处在方案原理部分已叙述清楚，在此不再赘述。本例中提取出的隐藏信息经恢复后与嵌入端完全相同，效果如图12所示。The information extraction process is the reverse operation of the embedding process. The difference has been clearly described in the part of the scheme principle, so I won't repeat it here. The hidden information extracted in this example is exactly the same as that of the embedding end after restoration, and the effect is shown in Figure 12.
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| CN102136129A (en) * | 2011-04-22 | 2011-07-27 | 中北大学 | Method for hiding information based on curve cluster in bit plane of image |
| CN102164366A (en) * | 2011-01-30 | 2011-08-24 | 广西师范大学 | Message-hidden mobile phone information safety communication method based on JPEG (joint photographic experts group) image |
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