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CN101287893B - 提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂效率的方法 - Google Patents

提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂效率的方法 Download PDF

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CN101287893B
CN101287893B CN200680037156.0A CN200680037156A CN101287893B CN 101287893 B CN101287893 B CN 101287893B CN 200680037156 A CN200680037156 A CN 200680037156A CN 101287893 B CN101287893 B CN 101287893B
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power station
nitrogen
resolving device
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CN101287893A (zh
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沃纳·冈斯特
埃里克·沃尔夫
格哈德·齐默尔曼
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂(10)效率的方法，该发电厂有一个燃气轮机-压气机(14)和一个带有规定工作压力的空气分解设备(18)，其中，从燃气轮机-压气机(14)取出有一定压力水平的压缩空气，此压力水平与空气分解设备(18)的工作压力相配，取出的空气接着供入空气分解设备(18)，空气在其中分解为它的各种成分，尤其氧和氮，从空气分解设备(18)取出在空气分解设备(18)内产生的氮，以及至少一部分取出的氮气量用作燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂的冷却剂，以提高其效率。

Description

提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂效率的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂效率的方法，该发电厂有燃气轮机-压气机和按规定压力工作的空气分解设备。
背景技术
过去的十年世界上建造了许多以燃气和蒸汽联合过程为基础并通过它能明显降低有害物排放的发电厂。这些发电厂专业界的行话称为GUD发电厂(即“蒸汽和燃气轮机联合发电厂”)。
在GUD发电厂的基本形式即所谓IGCC发电厂中(“IGCC”涉及“Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle”的缩写)，GUD发电厂附加地有一个一体化燃料气化器，借助它将液态或固态燃料，例如烟煤，在气化器内转化为合成气，后者接着在燃气轮机内燃烧。燃烧前通常进行合成气的净化。总之，以此方式使有害物质在燃烧前已经分离出或根本没有形成。
为了将燃料气化为合成气需要氧气。IGCC发电厂有用于产生氧的空气分解设备，在空气分解设备中由大气通过分馏除了所需要的氧气外尤其产生氮气。合成气在进一步处理前必须冷却。此时形成蒸汽，它可供IGCC发电厂的汽轮机发电。在气体冷却后过滤器首先滞留灰粒，接着，在需要时还可以去除二氧化碳。其他有害物质，如硫化物或重金属，同样通过化学和物理的方法系留。由此实现为运行燃气轮机必要的燃料纯度和IGCC发电厂的低排放。
合成气在燃气轮机的燃烧室前与来自空气分解设备的氮和/或与水蒸气混合，以抑制生成氧化氮。然后由与空气燃烧形成的工作燃气在燃气轮机的透平级内膨胀。
工作燃气在燃气轮机内膨胀和接着在锅炉内废热利用后将废气排入大气中。
来自粗煤气冷却装置和废气冷却装置的蒸汽流联合并共同引入汽轮机。在汽轮机内膨胀后，蒸汽经冷凝器冷凝以及凝结水经蓄水罐引回水或蒸汽循环内。
GUD发电厂或IGCC发电厂的燃气和蒸汽轮机与发电机耦连，其中涡轮机的旋转功转化为电能。
GUD发电厂或IGCC发电厂持续发展。在这方面要达到的目的主要是不断提高发电厂的效率或功率。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于提高形式上为IGCC发电厂的GUD发电厂效率的方法，用此方法与已知的方法相比可以再次明显提高效率。
此目的按本发明通过前言所述一种提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂(IGCC发电厂)效率的方法达到，该发电厂有燃气轮机-压气机和按规定压力工作的空气分解设备，其中，从燃气轮机-压气机取出有一定压力水平的压缩空气，此压力水平与空气分解设备的工作压力相配，在这里，取出的空气接着供入空气分解设备，空气在其中分解为它的各种成分，尤其氧和氮，从空气分解设备取出在空气分解设备内产生的氮，以及至少一部分取出的氮气量用作冷却剂。由此节省冷却空气导致提高效率。
按本发明，在燃气轮机-压气机中压缩的、有与空气分解设备工作压力相配的压力水平的空气供给空气分解设备。因此，已经压缩的空气为了与空气分解设备的工作压力匹配，不需要如其余那些由周围通过压缩机输入空气分解设备中的或在空气分解设备内的空气那样压缩。
按本发明有待供给空气分解设备的空气部分或甚至全部可以从燃气轮机-压气机取出。由此明显减小随空气的分解发生的功率及效率损失。
在空气分解设备内，由空气通过分馏除了为气化燃料所需要的氧气外尤其产生氮气。按本发明从空气分解设备取出在空气分解设备中产生的氮，它由于在空气分解设备中进行的分馏(低温空气分解)因而导致有低的温度，其中，至少部分取出的氮气量用作IGCC发电厂的冷却剂，以提高其效率。
总之，借助按本发明的方法最终提供一种冷却剂，它对于IGCC发电厂的效率可造成不值一提的损失。按本发明如此提供的冷却剂可应用于实现其目的是提高IGCC发电厂效率或功率的冷却过程。按本发明的方法尤其在空气分解设备工作压力较低并因而也存在低的氮排放压力时是有利的，此时由于氮的膨胀造成的能量变换没有实际意义。
前言所述的目的按本发明还通过另一种提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂效率的方法达到，该发电厂有燃气轮机-压气机和按规定压力工作的空气分解设备，其中，从燃气轮机-压气机取出有一定压力水平的压缩空气，此压力水平与空气分解设备的工作压力相配，取出的空气接着供入空气分解设备，空气在其中分解为它的各种成分，尤其氧和氮，从空气分解设备取出在空气分解设备内产生的氮，以及加热至少部分取出的氮气量并在加热后使之在带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂的另一台透平内膨胀，以提高其效率。在这种情况下，膨胀时形成并可利用的旋转功提高了设备的效率。
与上面说明的按本发明第一种方法的区别在于，本方法尤其当空气分解设备的工作压力并因而氮排放压力有中等压力水平时是有利的。因此在另一台优选地形式上为膨胀器的透平内通过氮膨胀实施能量变换是有实际意义的。在膨胀后，氮按上面已说明的方法用作冷却剂。
优选地，在这种情况下为了加热部分取出的氮气量，将取出的压缩空气的热能通过传热器传给部分产生的氮气量。
按本发明方法的一项有利的进一步发展，产生的氮气量中用作冷却剂的部分加入燃气轮机-压气机内，为的是使在燃气轮机-压气机内压缩的空气通过与这部分产生的氮气量混合得到冷却。通过按本发明对在燃气轮机-压气机内压缩的空气如此进行冷却，可以明显提高IGCC发电厂效率。
按本发明方法的一项实际有效的进一步发展，为了冷却在燃气轮机-压气机内压缩的空气，将压缩空气的热能通过传热器传给产生的氮气量中用作冷却剂的那部分。因此按本发明与上述有利的进一步发展不同，可以借助传热器通过间接传热实现在燃气轮机-压气机内压缩的空气的冷却，其结果是明显提高效率。
按本发明方法另一项有利的进一步发展，取出的氮气量中用作冷却剂的部分与被燃气轮机-压气机吸入的空气混合，以冷却吸入的空气。因此按本发明要在燃气轮机-压气机内压缩的空气在压缩前就已经借助冷的氮气冷却。与直接混合不同，按本发明方法一项实际有效的进一步发展，为了冷却吸入的空气，将吸入的空气的热能通过传热器传给取出的氮气量中用作冷却剂的那部分。
按本发明方法另一项实际有效的进一步发展，取出的氮气量中用作冷却剂的部分，与之不同，也可以作为附加的冷却剂用于带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂汽轮机的冷凝器，由此进一步降低在汽轮机末级后的膨胀背压，并因而可以达到增大功率和提高汽轮机效率的目的。
附图说明
下面借助示意表示的IGCC发电厂的结构图详细说明本发明的方法。其中：
图1示意表示有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂(IGCC发电厂)；
图2示意表示按图1的IGCC发电厂，它说明借助来自空气分解设备的氮冷却压缩空气；以及
图3示意表示按图1的IGCC发电厂，它说明通过来自空气分解设备的氮膨胀提高IGCC发电厂效率。
具体实施方式
图1中示意表示的IGCC发电厂10主要由一台燃气轮机12和一台连接在该燃气轮机12上游的燃气轮机-压气机14组成。燃料，例如烟煤，在用于产生合成气的气化装置16内气化。为气化所需的氧在空气分解设备18内产生，在此设备中由空气通过分馏制造氧气。空气通常取自环境，以及，借助燃气轮机-压气机和/或燃气轮机附加的压气机，经压缩机20，加入空气分解设备18并压缩到分馏所需的压力。
在气化装置16中产生的合成气在进一步处理前在合成气冷却装置22内冷却，以及接着输入气体净化装置24内。在气体净化装置24中，过滤器(未表示)首先滞留灰粒，接着，在需要时还可以去除二氧化碳。其他有害物质，如硫化物或重金属，同样通过化学和物理的方法系留。总之，由此可以实现为运行燃气轮机12所需的燃料纯度。经净化的合成气接着在燃烧室26内燃烧，以及与空气燃烧后形成的工作燃气流入与发电机(未表示)连接的燃气轮机12内。工作燃气在燃气轮机12内膨胀后将它供入废热锅炉28，以利用包含在工作燃气内的热量产生蒸汽。废热锅炉28连接在蒸汽循环32内，通过该蒸汽循环另外将在合成气冷却装置22内冷却合成气时产生的蒸汽供给废热锅炉28。通过冷却合成气和工作燃气产生的蒸汽在汽轮机34内膨胀，为了生产电能，该汽轮机与发电机(未表示)连接。蒸汽在汽轮机34内膨胀后通过冷凝器36凝结，以及凝结水借助给水泵38送回废热锅炉28并因而引回蒸汽循环32内。
按本发明规定，将已在燃气轮机-压气机14内压缩、具有与空气分解设备18的工作压力相配的压力水平(尤其是具有相同工作压力值)的空气输入空气分解设备18，在这里，压缩空气在进入空气分解设备18前优选地借助一个传热器40预冷却。因此已经压缩的空气为了与空气分解设备18的工作压力匹配，不需要如其余那些由周围通过压缩机20吸入空气分解设备内并在空气分解设备18内压缩的空气那样，在同时带来效率或功率下降的情况下压缩。应供给空气分解设备的部分或甚至全部空气可以从燃气轮机-压气机取出。按本发明从空气分解设备18取出在空气分解设备18中产生的氮，它由于在空气分解设备18中进行的分馏因而导致有低的温度，以及通过一个氮压缩机42供入合成气流，以基本上抑制生成氧化氮。
按本发明，应供给气体净化装置24或气体调节装置的冷氮气的一部分在空气分解设备18与气体净化装置24之间分流出，以便用作冷却剂，其目的是通过适当冷却提高IGCC发电厂效率。按本发明这尤其可以如图2中示意地表示的那样实现。为此，规定作为冷却剂的氮气量直接加入燃气轮机-压气机14内，为的是在燃气轮机-压气机14内压缩的空气可通过与分流出的氮气混合得到冷却。
与之不同，要在燃气轮机-压气机14内压缩的空气也可以借助换热器(未表示)冷却，要压缩的空气通过换热器用分路的冷氮气冷却。如图2中同样示意地表示的那样，分路的氮气也可以与吸入的空气混合，以冷却吸入的空气。因此，按本发明要在燃气轮机-压气机14内压缩的空气在压缩前已经借助分路的冷氮气冷却。与之不同，在这里吸入的空气也可以借助换热器(未表示)冷却，吸入的空气通过换热器用分路的冷氮气冷却。
按本发明提高IGCC发电厂效率的另一种可能性在于，利用分路的冷氮气作为附加的冷却剂用于汽轮机34的冷凝器36，为的是还借助冷凝器36达到明显地提高效率或增大功率的目的。
图3示意表示IGCC发电厂10，它说明通过来自空气分解设备18的氮膨胀提高IGCC发电厂10的效率。
如图3所示，分路的冷氮气通过传热器40流动，它在那里用燃气轮机-压气机14热的压缩空气加热。加热后，分路的氮气在单独的膨胀器44内膨胀，以便驱动一台与膨胀器44连接的发电机46。因此当空气分解设备18的工作压力并因而氮排放压力有中等压力水平时，本方法可有效地使用于提高效率。此时通过氮气在膨胀器44内膨胀的能量变换是有实际意义的。在膨胀后，氮气可以按上述方法用作冷却剂。

Claims (3)

1.一种提高带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂(10)效率的方法，该发电厂有一个燃气轮机-压气机(14)和一个带有规定工作压力的空气分解设备(18)，其中，从燃气轮机-压气机(14)取出有一定压力水平的压缩空气，此压力水平与空气分解设备(18)的工作压力相适配，取出的压缩空气接着供入空气分解设备(18)，空气在其中分解为它的各种成分，从空气分解设备(18)取出在空气分解设备(18)内产生的氮，以及至少一部分取出的氮气量用作燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂的冷却剂，以提高其效率，其特征在于，为了冷却要在燃气轮机-压气机(14)内压缩的空气，将压缩空气的热能通过一个传热器传给所述那部分取出的氮气量。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征为，为了冷却被燃气轮机-压气机(14)吸入的空气，将吸入的空气的热能通过一个传热器传给所述部分取出的氮气量。
3.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征为，所述部分取出的氮气量作为附加的冷却剂用于所述带有一体化燃料气化器的燃气和蒸汽联合发电厂(10)汽轮机(34)的冷凝器(36)。
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