CN101255301A - 外用深色底漆配方 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了增强的耐污性、鞣酸阻滞性、粘附性和各种其他性能。一种根据本发明原理的组合物包括至少三种漆基、纳米颗粒颜料、和颜料级二氧化钛。在一个实施方式中,本发明涉及一种在基材上的涂层,该涂层具有三种漆基、纳米颗粒金属氧化物颜料和颜料级二氧化钛。油漆配方中可以包括本领域公知的各种添加剂。
Description
相关申请
本申请是U.S.Pat,App.Ser.No.10/914,439的部分继续申请,在此合并为整体。
技术领域
本发明涉及含有聚合物树脂深色底漆配方的油漆。特别地,本发明涉及具有纳米颗粒基颜料和至少三种漆基的油漆。
发明背景
通常,消费者必须在由乳胶漆提供的优良稳定性和由油基漆具备的优良遮盖性能之间进行选择。传统的乳胶或乳液油漆在应用前需要下面的底漆层来提供足够水平的保护和避免渗色,例如鞣酸类。另外,许多传统乳胶漆为了特殊应用需要底漆层来提供足够的粘附性和耐久性。通常,即使是当使用底漆时,现有技术油漆的多个涂层也是必需的,来避免因为底漆的存在产生颜色的变化或染料和颜料从下面的基材渗色。实际上,现有技术油漆的多个涂层应用并不能避免在例如柏木的基材上渗色,因为染料和颜料,例如基材中含有的鞣酸,通常是水溶性的,并通过每个乳胶漆层扩散。
油漆通常含有四种基本组分,即颜料、漆基、溶剂和添加剂。这些组分的任意一种或者全部可以是单一成分或者包含多种组分。颜料为油漆提供颜色,并且也使油漆不透明,尽管一些颜料是人工制造的,但它们通常是矿物质或有机原料。一些颜料具有很小的或不占体积,必须被固定在更稳固、但同时又是透明的基材或基底上。底漆颜料提供了颜色和不透明性(不透明覆盖度)。最普通的底漆颜料是二氧化钛,它是白色的并应用在乳胶和油性油漆中。
传统上,颜料也能增加油漆的遮盖性能。特殊或体质颜料也可以应用,并以低成本向油漆提供体积。体质颜料通常根据其对例如抗擦洗性、抗污性和抗粉化性能的影响来选择,。出于这一目的常常使用明矾成粘土。这些颜料添加到油漆中来提供某些特性,例如厚度、一定水平的光泽度和耐久性。它们通常是天然形成的产品,最初存在于泥土中,为了用于油漆中将其开采和提纯。这类例如像碳酸钙、云母和粘土的颜料广泛的应用在油漆中。
该漆基容纳颜料并使其粘附在表面上,漆基组合物可以有不止一种的组分。在乳胶漆中,乳胶树脂是漆基。最常规地,乳胶漆中漆基是100%的丙烯酸、乙烯基丙烯酸(聚乙烯醋酸酯)或苯乙烯丙烯酸。颜料颗粒是不溶性的并在漆基中仅形成悬浊液。漆基粘附着颜料形成坚韧、连续的膜,并且像上面提到的帮助油漆粘附在表面上。另外,此前已发现当潮湿时使用100%丙烯酸漆基可以提供最大的粘附性,并且也能向新建砖石建筑所应用的油漆提供抗起泡和脱皮性、抗霉性和抗污性、以及抗碱性。
溶剂承载着颜料和漆基,并且该溶剂是油漆或油漆产品中蒸发的那部分。溶剂的作用是保持油漆呈液态从而便于应用。一旦应用于表面上,它就蒸发离开均质的膜,然后该均质的膜固化形成保护层。溶剂的选用主要是由漆基的溶解性来确定的。在油基和醇酸树脂油漆中,溶剂典型地是有机溶剂,在乳胶漆中,溶剂典型地是水。通常,高质量油漆含有较少的溶剂和较多的固体(例如颜料和漆基),以固体百分数来衡量。
添加剂是以低用量来提供关键性能的组分,这些性能例如但不限于:抗霉性、提高流平性和抗溅性。传统油漆配方中所使用的普通添加剂包括流变改性剂、表面活性剂、消泡剂、聚结剂和杀菌剂。在本领域中其它各种添加剂是公知的,并根据具有所需性能的油漆配方的要求来利用。
在本领域中,用于生产具有多种光泽度例如“光亮”或亮光油漆的多种技术是公知的。例如,通过增加颜料用量和/或通过采用大颗粒颜料,能够被获得多种光泽度,包括但不限于无光泽、缎光和半光。颜料体积浓度(PVC)通常与末道漆有关,尽管各种末道漆可以有PVC的重叠范围。PVC是颜料的单位体积,作为颜料体积加上漆基体积的百分数。PVC体现了涂层稳定性和颜料数量的关系。
除光泽度外,还应考虑为了色彩而添加所需颜料在配制油漆组合物的技术中是公知的。例如,想要得到接近白色的涂层,使用大量的TiO2,则必须用少量的有色颜料。相反,在最终涂层中深色是首选的地方,需要大量的有色颜料则必须相应降低TiO2的用量。
因此,对于高着色剂含量的油漆组合物和制备这种油漆的方法是有需求的,以该组合物替代传统底漆和面漆的作用,并能够提供具有诸如改良的鞣酸阻滞性(tannin blocking)、遮盖力、去污性和抗腐蚀等性能的涂层,。
发明简述
本发明主要涉及一种漆基组合物和一种具有优良的鞣酸阻滞性、去污性、抗腐蚀性、粘附性和各种其它改良性能的漆系。本发明优选地包括一种含有无机纳米颗粒颜料和颜料级二氧化钛的三漆基体系。在一个实施方式中,依据本发明原理的油漆组合物进一步包括用于配制油漆的添加剂。在另外一个实施方式中,本发明涉及一种在基材上的涂层,该涂层通过使用至少三种漆基,一种无机纳米颗粒颜料和一种颜料级二氧化钛提供改良的覆盖度。
附图说明
图1描述了本发明具有缎光和白底的油漆测试结果的多轴性能图,与市售外用白底缎光油漆的作比较。
图2描述了根据本发明原理的无光白底油漆测试结果的多轴性能图,与市售外用白底无光油漆的作比较。
图3显示了本发明的半光白底油漆测试结果的多轴性能图,与市售外用白底半光油漆的作比较的。
图4显示了本发明的无光白底油漆的多轴性能图,与第二种市售外用无光白底油漆的作比较。
图5显示了本发明的缎光白底缎光油漆的多轴性能图,与第二种市售外用白底缎光油漆的作比较。
图6显示了本发明的半光白底油漆的多轴性能图,与市售外用半光白底油漆作比较。
图7显示了本发明的半光泽深色基油漆与市售外用油漆比较的测试结果多轴。
优选实施例详述
本发明部分地涉及油漆体系中聚合物组合物,该组合物以改良的性能,例如鞣酸阻滞性、去污性、粘附性和抗腐蚀性,替代了底漆和面漆传统的作用。在一个实施方式中,本发明涉及了一种含有第一漆基、第二漆基、无机纳米颗粒颜料和在某种条件下第三漆基的组合物。该组合物能够应用在本领域熟知的传统油漆配方中。
本发明中所使用的漆基包括用传统公知方法制备的那些。合适的漆基包括,但不限于工业100%丙烯酸树脂和苯乙烯化的丙烯酸树脂。优选地,第一漆基是设计用作底漆漆料的100%丙烯酸树脂,第二漆基是设计用在面漆应用中的100%丙烯酸树脂。
本发明中所用的颜料包括任何本领域已知的合适颜料。在一个实施方式中,本发明的颜料是氧化钛或氧化锌,但是其它合适的颜料包括霞石正长岩、班脱土和碳酸钙。优选地,底漆颜料是二氧化钛,诸如市售颜料。
本发明优选实施方式中所用的金属氧化物纳米颗粒材料具有约20-150纳米的平均颗粒尺寸,尽管一些实施方式能使用超出这一范围的平均尺寸。在一个优选的实施方式中,纳米颗粒材料是具有约60nm平均颗粒尺寸的氧化锌材料。
根据本发明原理,油漆可以按照许多已知的制造方法制备。通常地,这类方法包括制备一种漆基或多种漆基体系,混合添加组分,分散颜料和调整密度和粘度达到所需的水平。在本领域中公知添加剂和稀释剂可以和本发明的漆基混合从而在油漆和涂层中实现某些性能。添加剂可以包括,但是不限于,表面活性剂,消泡剂、流变改性剂、聚结剂、杀菌剂、防霉剂、表面活性剂和在本领域中公知的其它添加剂。
在一个实施方式中,根据本发明原理的油漆被制成VOC(挥发有机组分)含量约为150克每升(g/L),包括约以体积计37%的固体,以重量计约51%的固体,约34PVC,和颜料与漆基的比例约为1.5。
具有根据本发明原理优选形式的油漆PVC以重量计可以在约4和约55之间变化。在本发明一个实施方式中,油漆是半光油漆,该油漆具有相对低PVC。在本发明的另一个实施方式中,油漆是缎光(satin)油漆,该油漆具有相对高的PVC。在本发明另外一个实施方式中,油漆是无泽油漆,该油漆与缎光油漆相比具有相对高的PVC。
表1列举了根据优选实施方式的原理的油漆主要成分的大体范围。漆基(例如聚合物、乳胶、漆料)的总量优选在每100加仑约30到约60加仑之间。除二氧化钛之外的颜料总量,优选在100加仑约15到约325磅之间。二氧化钛的含量优选是在每加仑0磅和每100加仑约360磅之间。防腐剂组分在每100加仑约5磅到约8磅之间。其他添加剂组分在每100加仑约50到200磅之间。水组分在每100加仑约50到200磅之间。油漆此外还包括除水以外的附加溶剂,含量在每100加仑约0到45磅之间。
表1-组分范围
优选的制造工艺包括两个传统的生产步骤:研磨和调漆。在研磨过程中,溶剂(水),分散剂、消泡剂、氧化锌、乙二醇、氨基醇、霞石正长岩、硅镁土粘土被混合在一起。在调漆过程中,漆基、防霉剂、流变改性剂和杀菌剂被加入到研磨产品中。
下面的非限制性实施例说明了油漆配方的主要组分和油漆配方本身。表2提供了实施例1-4油漆配方组分的材料范围。
表2原材料范围
原始材料 | 范围,磅/100加仑 |
水 | 70-220 |
共聚物分散剂 | 10-20 |
纳米颗粒无机氧化物 | 4-20 |
氧化锌 | 0-7 |
磷酸化共酯表面活性剂 | 3-6 |
矿物油消泡剂 | 4-8 |
体质颜料 | 10-305 |
二醇 | 0-35 |
流变改性剂 | 15-30 |
100%丙烯酸底漆漆基 | 340-430 |
100%丙烯酸面漆漆基 | 70-100 |
苯乙烯丙烯酸面漆漆基 | 0-180 |
聚结剂 | 0-15 |
罐内杀菌剂 | 0.5-2 |
防霉剂 | 6-8 |
非离子流变改性剂 | 7-25 |
氨基醇 | 0-1 |
二氧化钛 | 0-350 |
班脱土 | 0-6 |
氟代表面活性剂 | 0-0.4 |
不透明聚合物 | 0-110 |
硅镁土粘土 | 0-8 |
非离子表面活性剂 | 0-5 |
石灰化硅藻土 | 0-45 |
实施例1半光末道漆
实施例1是采用表2基本组分和下列特殊组分配制的。
表3
实施例2缎光末道漆
实施例2是采用表2基本组分和下列特殊组分配制的。
表4
实施例3无光末道漆
实施例3是采用表2基本组分和下列特殊组分配制的。
表5
实施例4无光末道漆
实施例4是采用表2基本组分和下列特殊组分配制的。
表6
粘附性测试
通过进行各种粘附性测试以确定根据本发明原理的油漆在不同的基材上粘附性能。测试结果把本发明油漆与典型市售油漆和典型市售底漆进行了比较,测试结果列于表7。
表7通过ASTM D3359粘附性测试结果等级
*测试的参比丙烯酸外用底漆和丙烯酸外用面漆的至少比得上在商品市场上容易获得的产品。
此外,进行多组测试以评价根据本发明原理油漆的各种光泽的总体水平,与市场上市售油漆进行对比。如表8和9所示,根据本发明原理制备的油漆在每个项目中都超出了所有其他油漆。
表8-无光基准综合评分
测试 | 本发明的无光油漆配方 | 商品丙烯酸类无光漆** | 可能的评分 |
冷冻-解冻 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
热稳定性 | 1.5 | 3 | 3 |
应用保持 | 7.5 | 5 | 10 |
水平度 | 5 | 0 | 5 |
润色度 | 7.5 | 10 | 10 |
干燥时间 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
耐垂度 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
滚筒泡沫 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
滚筒滴落 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
千分之三对比率 | 20 | 6 | 20 |
干粘附性 | 12 | 7.5 | 15 |
耐起泡性 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
湿粘附性 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
水斑点 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
总评分 | 89.5 | 66 | 100 |
**测定的商品丙烯酸无光漆至少比得上市场上现成的商品。
如表9所示,本发明的缎光油漆显示了改进的水平度、滚筒泡沫、对比度和干粘附性。
表9-缎光基准综合评分
试样 | 本发明的缎光油漆配方 | 外用商品丙烯酸缎光漆*** | 外用商品聚硅酮丙烯酸缎光漆*** | 可能的评分 |
冷冻-解冻 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
热稳定性 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
应用保持 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 10 |
水平度 | 5 | 2.5 | 0 | 5 |
润色度 | 7.5 | 4 | 7.5 | 10 |
干燥时间 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
耐垂度 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
滚筒泡沫 | 3 | 3 | 1.5 | 3 |
滚筒喷溅 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
千分之三对比率 | 20 | 20 | 14 | 20 |
干粘附性 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 15 |
耐起泡性 | 15 | 7 | 15 | 9 |
湿粘附性 | 9 | 15 | 9 | 15 |
水斑点 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
总评分 | 94.5 | 68.5 | 82 | 100 |
***商品外用丙烯酸缎光漆和商品硅酮丙烯酸外用缎光漆测试至少比得上市场上现有的产品。
如图1、2、3、4和5所示,根据本发明原理制备的油漆显示了改进的粘附性、鞣酸阻滞性、去污性、遮盖力和耐腐蚀性。
图1描述了本发明具有缎光和白底的油漆测试结果的多轴性能图,与市售外用白底缎光油漆的作比较。测定了粘附性、黄变性、去污性、遮盖力、耐擦洗性、腐蚀性和鞣酸阻滞性。图2描述了根据本发明原理的无光白底油漆测试结果的多轴性能图,与市售外用白底无光油漆的作比较。图3显示了本发明的半光白底油漆测试结果的多轴性能图,与市售外用白底半光油漆的作比较的。根据本发明原理的配方所有性能都有所改进除了耐擦洗性和黄变性有所降低。图4显示了本发明的无光白底油漆的多轴性能图,与第二种市售外用无光白底油漆的作比较。根据本发明原理的配方所有性能都有所改进。图5显示了本发明的缎光白底缎光油漆的多轴性能图,与第二种市售外用白底缎光油漆的作比较。根据本发明原理的配方所有性能都有所改进。
深色基料配方
本发明的一个方面涉及具有深色基料配方的油漆。本领域技术人员通常认为深色基料配方是要添加大量的颜料以获得所需颜色,这种颜色通常是非常鲜艳或深的颜色。本发明要提到任意多个为接受大量颜料作为“深色基料”设计的配方,尽管这些配方有时不仅被称为深色基料的,还被称为加强基料、超深基料和中性基料。这些配方被设计成能够接受较大体积(和重量百分比)的颜料。在一个实方式中,认为包括少于60磅/100加仑颜料级颜料(例如二氧化钛)的油漆配方是深色基料配方。
在一个实方式中,在深色基料配方中,上述三种漆基系统干燥后显示了低于理想状态的特性。因此,本发明的一个具体实施方式中,将第三漆基加入到油漆配方中形成显示特性为“更轻”的基料油漆组合物,如前面讨论并在图1-5显示的。该第三漆基包括第二面漆漆基。因此,根据本发明原理的深色基料配方包括第一底漆漆基、第一面漆漆基和第二面漆漆基。在一个实施方式中,漆基是丙烯酸漆基;并在一个具体实施方式中,每种漆基都是自交联的。在一个实施方式中,第二面漆漆基的用量根据要加入的二氧化钛(例如当使用较多颜料时应用较少量的二氧化钛)的用量而变化。表10提供一种根据本发明原理的深色基体油漆的通用配方。这些深色基体配方可以根据本领域公知技术设计成具有上述任意末道涂层漆,例如半光或缎光。此外,本领域任何技术人员会认可从底漆到面漆漆基的比例可以变化以获得预计的覆盖度(底漆)和末道漆外观(面漆)的均衡。
表-10通用深色基料配方
研磨 | 近似固体重量% |
水 | 4-20 |
乙二醇 | 2.0-2.5 |
共聚物分散剂 | 0.5-1.0 |
纳米颗粒金属氧化物 | 0.5-1.0 |
矿物油消泡剂 | 0-0.5 |
霞石正长岩 | 1.5-2.5 |
粘土 | 0.2-0.3 |
非离子表面活性剂 | 0.3-0.5 |
调漆 | |
纤维素增厚剂 | 0-0.2 |
水 | 0-5 |
第一底漆漆基 | 10-22 |
第一面漆漆基 | 2-6 |
第二面漆漆基 | 35-55 |
聚结剂 | 2-3 |
流变改性剂 | 0.5-1.0 |
防霉剂 | 0-1.0 |
非离子HEUR流变改性剂 | 3-5 |
罐内杀菌剂 | 0-0.2 |
深色基料实例
与上述两种漆基配方图1-5中的相似,图6和7是描述表11的深色基料油漆测试结果的多轴性能图,,与外用油漆市售的作对比。图6提供了如下面表11的具有70/30比例的半光深色基料油漆的比较结果。图7提供了与图6类似的比较结果,但是针对表12列出的70/30比例具有缎光未道漆深色基料。
如上所述,根据所需要的涂层末道漆本发明包括多个三种漆基的比例。表11显示了相同的半光末道漆信息。表12显示了具体重量百分比和缎光末道漆的三种常用漆基的比例。
表-11半光“深色基料”配方的重量比
表-12缎光“深色基料”配方的重量比
已经显示和描述了几个实施方式,公知在不背离本发明范围的前提下可以改变并改进本发明。实例和特殊配方是为说明目的记载的,但不对本发明的范围进行限制。除非另有说明,重量百分比是固体重量百分比。
Claims (30)
1. 一种油漆组合物,包含:
约10-22重量%的第一底漆漆基;
约2-6重量%的第一面漆漆基;
约35-55重量%的第二面漆漆基;以及
约0.5-1重量%的纳米颗粒尺寸的金属氧化物颜料。
2. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物颜料包括氧化锌。
3. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物颜料包括平均颗粒尺寸小于约100纳米的颗粒。
4. 如权利要求3的组合物,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物颜料包括平均颗粒尺寸为约30-65纳米的颗粒。
5. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中第一底漆漆基基本上由丙烯酸组成。
6. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中第一面漆漆基基本上由丙烯酸组成。
7. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中第一底漆漆基包括自交联的聚合物。
8. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中第一底漆漆基包括作为底漆漆料的100%丙烯酸漆基。
9. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中第一底漆漆基和第一面漆漆基与第二面漆漆基的比例约为4∶1。
10. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中第一底漆漆基和第一面漆漆基与第二面漆漆基的比例约为7∶3。
11. 如权利要求1的组合物,其中第一底漆漆基和第一面漆漆基与第二面漆漆基的比例约为3∶2。
12. 一种生产油漆组合物的方法,包括以下步骤:
在溶剂中分散颜料形成分散体;
将分散体与包括纳米颗粒金属氧化物的研磨添加剂进行混合;
在分散体中添加第一底漆漆基、第一面漆丙烯酸漆基、和第二面漆丙烯酸漆基;以及
在分散体中漆加调漆添加剂。
13. 如权利要求12的方法,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物包括氧化锌。
14. 如权利要求12的方法,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物颜料包括平均颗粒尺寸小于100纳米的颗粒。
15. 如权利要求12的方法,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物颜料包括平均颗粒尺寸约为30-65纳米的颗粒。
16. 如权利要求12的方法,其中漆加第一底漆漆基的步骤包括添加100%丙烯酸漆基。
17. 如权利要求12的方法,其中添加第一面漆漆基的步骤包括添加100%丙烯酸漆基。
18. 如权利要求12的方法,其中第一丙烯酸底漆漆基包括自交联的聚合物。
19. 如权利要求12的方法,其中第二底漆漆基包括100%丙烯酸漆基。
20. 如权利要求12的方法,其中第一底漆漆基和第一面漆漆基与第二面漆漆基的比例约为80∶20。
21. 一种涂覆的基材,包括:
一种基材;和
基材上的涂层,该涂层具有:
第一漆基、第二漆基和第三漆基;
颜料级尺寸的颜料;和
纳米颗粒尺寸的金属氧化物。
22. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物包括氧化锌。
23. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物包括平均颗粒尺寸小于100纳米的颗粒。
24. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中纳米颗粒金属氧化物包括平均颗粒尺寸约为30-65纳米的颗粒。
25. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中第一漆基包括100%丙烯酸底漆漆基。
26.如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中第二漆基包括100%丙烯酸面漆漆基。
27. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中第三漆基包括100%丙烯酸面漆漆基。
28. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,第一漆基、第二漆基和第三漆基包括自交联的聚合物。
29. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中第一底漆漆基和第一面漆漆基与第二面漆漆基的比例约为4∶1-3∶2。
30. 如权利要求21的涂覆的基材,其中
第一漆基具有约10.5-22.0重量%;
第二漆基具有约2.5-5.5重量%;
第三种漆基具有约39.0-53.0重量%;以及
纳米颗粒尺寸金属氧化物具有约0.5-1重量%。
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US11/453,180 | 2006-06-13 | ||
US11/453,180 US7947763B2 (en) | 2004-08-09 | 2006-06-13 | Exterior deep base paint formulation |
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CN201410044845.0A Division CN103788794A (zh) | 2006-06-13 | 2007-06-13 | 外用深色底漆配方 |
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CNA2007101388813A Pending CN101255301A (zh) | 2006-06-13 | 2007-06-13 | 外用深色底漆配方 |
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EP (1) | EP1867686A1 (zh) |
CN (2) | CN103788794A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2591285A1 (zh) |
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-
2006
- 2006-06-13 US US11/453,180 patent/US7947763B2/en active Active
-
2007
- 2007-06-11 MX MX2007006942A patent/MX2007006942A/es unknown
- 2007-06-12 CA CA 2591285 patent/CA2591285A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-06-13 CN CN201410044845.0A patent/CN103788794A/zh active Pending
- 2007-06-13 EP EP20070252396 patent/EP1867686A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-06-13 CN CNA2007101388813A patent/CN101255301A/zh active Pending
-
2011
- 2011-05-23 US US13/113,760 patent/US8815405B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7947763B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 |
CN103788794A (zh) | 2014-05-14 |
MX2007006942A (es) | 2008-10-30 |
CA2591285A1 (en) | 2007-12-13 |
US20070221097A1 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
US20110224349A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
US8815405B2 (en) | 2014-08-26 |
EP1867686A1 (en) | 2007-12-19 |
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