CN101251603B - Method for synthesizing X and Z component wave field vector - Google Patents
Method for synthesizing X and Z component wave field vector Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a vectors composition method of X and Z components wave fields. Original seismic records of three components are collected from fields according to a conventional method, which are Z component record, X component record and Y component record, composing a Z component wave field and an X component wave field; wherein extracting CMP gather of the Z component data; conductingan analysis on NMO correction velocity of longitudinal waves; extracting the CMP gather of the X component data; inputting CMP gathers of the Z component and the X component and composing Z componentrecords according to the formula of Az=azx x i+azy x j+azz x k and a formula (I); conducting an analysis on NMO correction velocities of the longitudinal waves; conducting initial velocity ratio analysis; extracting common conversion points gather; conducting velocity ratio analysis; conducting NMO correction and overlay analysis; extracting the final common conversion point gather of converted waves; extracting common conversion point gather of Z component data; inputting CCP gathers of X and Z components and composing X component record according to the formula of Ax=axx x i+axy x j+axz x kand a formula (II). The vectors composition method of X and Z components wave fields enhances the signal intensity of wave fields.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of seismic data processing and interpretation in petroleum physical exploration, and particularly relates to an X, Z two-component wave field vector synthesis method.
Background
Underground formations are mostly distributed in layers and are formed by sediments in different geological periods through long geological actions such as deposition, burial, compaction, diagenesis and the like, and structural deformation, weathering, erosion and the like in later periods. Meanwhile, dead animal and plant carcasses are wrapped in soil and sand and buried underground, and organic matters buried underground are changed into natural gas and petroleum through a series of degradation effects such as biochemistry, catalysis and the like under a certain underground warm condition. The produced oil and natural gas are transported to reach a stratum such as sandstone having a reservoir space such as a void, a crack, a karst cave or the like, and then stored under the condition of a cover. Thus, an oil and gas pool and an oil field waiting for development are formed. Seismic exploration is a geophysical exploration method for finding and discovering oil buried in the earth.
The simple working principle of seismic exploration is: using artificial earthquake method, such as explosion, to generate vibration on the ground, transmitting the excited earthquake wave to the underground, transmitting the earthquake wave to the ground after meeting rock stratum, and receiving the data of the stratum reflection signal by using a detector on the ground; then, the signal data carrying the geological rock interface information is processed through a seismic data computer embedding process, the signal data is further processed, the spatial distribution state of the geological interface is visually described, and potential oil and gas reservoirs can be searched by using the processing result.
Due to the complexity of the underground medium, the seismic wave field propagated underground is extremely complex and variable, and one of the manifestations of the complexity is wave-type conversion, that is, the excitation-generated seismic source longitudinal wave can generate wave-type conversion along with the continuous propagation in the underground, so as to generate two types of converted transverse waves, and similarly, the same is true when the transverse wave seismic source is excited. These different kinds of wavefields can be used for exploration of hydrocarbon reservoirs, except that different kinds of waves require different exploration techniques. The different wave fields can be used separately for oil and gas exploration, and also can be combined together for oil and gas exploration. In the case of the combined seismic exploration technology of longitudinal waves and converted waves thereof, the exploration process is roughly divided into three steps, namely: the field acquisition of the multi-wave seismic signals is completed outdoors. In the field, a longitudinal wave source is manually excited to generate a longitudinal wave and the longitudinal wave is transmitted downwards from the ground, and a multi-component detector is used on the ground to receive the longitudinal wave and a converted wave seismic signal, so that the field acquisition work of the multi-wave seismic signal is completed. The second step is that: the method comprises the following steps that (1) multi-wave seismic signal indoor processing is carried out, seismic data collected in the field are called original data, and contain a lot of noises, and the noises submerge useful seismic information and need to be filtered; meanwhile, special processing methods and technologies are developed in a targeted manner aiming at the propagation characteristics of the converted waves, such as a converted wave static correction method, a converted wave common conversion point position calculation and common conversion point gather extraction method, wave field separation, wave field synthesis, a converted wave velocity analysis method, a converted wave migration imaging method and the like, so that the multi-wave seismic signals are displayed and enhanced. This process is called signal processing and is usually done by developing specialized methods and software on a mainframe computer. The third step: the multi-wave seismic data are jointly interpreted, the indoor processing results of the multi-wave seismic signals are interpreted and analyzed, and the multi-wave seismic signals capable of reflecting the characteristics of the oil-gas-bearing stratum are identified and searched, so that reliable seismic bases are provided for finding oil and gas. The three steps are linked in a ring, the former step is the basis for the success of the latter step, particularly the second step, which is the basis, and the key of the success and failure of the whole exploration is related to the connection of the former step and the latter step, and only effective seismic signals are processed as far as possible to the maximum extent and really to reflect the change of underground stratums as far as possible, particularly the change related to oil gas, so that the success rate of seismic exploration can be effectively improved. The invention belongs to one of a series of indoor processing processes in the second step, and is a key link for enhancing the intensity of seismic signals and processing effective seismic signals in a near-reality manner.
The state of the art of two-component wave field development is generally as follows:
for conventional P-wave or compressional data, almost all information can be recorded with only one component. The S wave, i.e. the wave front of the transverse wave, is polarized, i.e. the particle motion direction is orthogonal to the propagation direction, so there is a big difference from the case of the P wave. When the S-wave reaches the surface near vertical, it is polarized in the horizontal plane. In the converted wave generation process, the P wave is reflected and converted into polarized SV waves in the vertical plane and polarized SH waves in the horizontal plane. For three-dimensionally recorded S-waves, the direction of polarization of the waves generated by the seismic sources at different azimuths varies with the azimuth. Therefore, all S-waves in the shot and geophone directions must be recorded by two orthogonal horizontal geophones, with reflected S-waves from different directions being recorded by the two geophones. In multi-wave and multi-component field acquisition, a horizontal X component is substantially along a line measuring direction, a horizontal Y component is perpendicular to the line measuring direction, and an SV component and an SH component perpendicular thereto in a radial direction of a shot-geophone junction can be obtained only by performing rotation processing on the horizontal component in a processing process, as shown in schematic diagrams before and after rotation of the horizontal component in fig. 1a and 1b, respectively.
In physical terms, the rotation of the horizontal component is to rotate the two horizontal components around the vertical axis to obtain two pieces of result data. In fact, the data itself is invariant, only the angle from which we observe the data is different. In a mathematical sense, rotation is a linear combination of two horizontal components, which is mathematically represented as follows:
x′(t)＝Rx(t)
in the formula (1), θ is a horizontal angle of rotation about the vertical axis, positive rotation corresponds to clockwise rotation, and negative rotation corresponds to counterclockwise rotation. The variables x, y and z are the horizontal component in the in-line direction, the horizontal component in the cross-line direction and the vertical component, respectively. The variables x, y and z with prime are named as components of the corresponding direction rotation.
The rotation coefficient matrix in equation (1) is defined as R, and is a 3 × 3 operator for vector components, and the vertical component is unchanged in the output vector result. The above formula can therefore be rewritten into a 2 × 2 matrix:
in formula (2), Z has been eliminated. The two component operator R contains only sine and cosine terms, which results in the horizontal signal being rotated into a new direction. When theta is 180 degrees, the polarity of the horizontal component is reversed, at the moment, the cosine value is-1, and the sine value is 0; when theta is 0 DEG, the 2 x 2 matrix is a unit matrix, and the output result is unchanged. When θ is 90 ° or 270 °, the cosine value is 0 and the sine value is +1 or-1, respectively. The result of this is that the order of the two components is changed and the signal of one of them is of opposite sign. The value of the determinant of the matrix determines the energy proportion of the input and the output, and the rotation matrix corresponds to the determinant with the value of 1, and does not change the total energy value of the input X and Y components.
det|R|＝cos2θ+sin2θ＝1 (3)
Fig. 2a and 2b are comparison graphs of horizontal component rotation before and after shot records, and can be seen from fig. 2a and 2 b: after rotation, the reflection of the shallow layer and the target layer section on the SV component is obviously improved. Fig. 3a and 3b are graphs showing the effect comparison on the superimposed cross section before and after the horizontal component rotation, and it can be seen from fig. 3a and 3b that: the reflected wave imaging effect is improved obviously.
The method for forming the two-component wave has the following defects: in practice, the exit angle θ of seismic exit wave 8 to ground 7 is not zero, i.e. seismic exit wave 8 is not received by three-component detector 6 perpendicular to ground 7. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a vector wavefield propagation and three-component detector, as shown in FIG. 4: the exit angle θ increases with the increase of the offset distance, so that the waves propagating in the three-dimensional space are all at an angle to the three-component detector 6, and they are decomposed by the three-component detector 6, respectively, and each has three decomposed components, so that X, Y, Z three components should be synthesized simultaneously. The above-described two-component wave-occasion composition method ignores the contribution of the Z component, and only considers the influence of the X, Y direction, so that the composition is defective. In addition, when 8 earthquake emergent waves are emergent at a large angle, most energy of reflected longitudinal waves is decomposed in the horizontal direction, and the energy of a Z component is weak; AVO (which refers to the variation of amplitude with offset) is the energy in the direction of the ray, and it is common practice to replace the ray energy by an approximation with the Z-component, thus causing significant AVO errors.
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the two-component wave field synthesis method, the present invention aims to provide an X, Z two-component wave field vector synthesis method. The method is aimed at the characteristics of vector wave field detection, and can completely consider all decomposed components of vector wave field, and can synthesize the decomposed components of every wave field again so as to compensate the loss energy of every wave field, so that the signal strength of every wave field can be enhanced, and the effective seismic signal can be really processed out.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for realizing the aim is as follows: an X, Z two-component wave field vector synthesis method comprises collecting three-component original seismic record from field by conventional method, wherein the three-component original seismic record is Z-component record, and synthesizing Z-component wave field and X-component wave field; wherein,
the Z component wave field synthesis comprises the following steps:
firstly, extracting Z component data common center gather
Inputting a Z component common shot gather record, extracting a Z component common central point gather, namely a Z component CMP gather, performing conventional superposition velocity analysis, and solving the dynamic correction velocity of the longitudinal wave;
second, longitudinal fluctuation velocity correction analysis
Inputting a Z component common center gather, performing conventional superposition velocity analysis, and solving the dynamic correction velocity of the longitudinal wave;
thirdly, extracting the common center gather of the X component data
Taking the X component common shot gather data as input, and extracting an X component common central point gather, namely an X component CMP gather;
fourth, recording and synthesizing Z component
Meanwhile, Z, X component CMP gathers are input and synthesized according to the equations (4) and (5):
Az＝azx*i+azy*j+azz*k (4)
in the formula: a iszx、azy、azzThe components of the Z component at the detector x, y, Z, respectively, AzIs the vector value of the Z component.
The X component wave field synthesis comprises the following steps:
first step, longitudinal fluctuation velocity correction analysis
Extracting a longitudinal wave common center point gather, namely a longitudinal wave CMP gather, performing conventional stacking velocity analysis, and solving the dynamic correction velocity of the longitudinal wave;
second, initial velocity ratio analysis
Extracting a common center gather of the converted waves; converting wave common midpoint gather data as input, and performing initial velocity ratio analysis by using the following formula (A):
in the formula: vpLongitudinal wave root mean square velocity;
gamma is the ratio of the transverse wave speed to the longitudinal wave speed;
x is an offset distance;
topsvwhen traveling vertically for converted waves;
tpsvtravel time for converted waves;
third, extraction of common conversion point gather
Taking converted wave common shot gather data as input, calculating the position of a common conversion point by utilizing the speed ratio and the longitudinal wave speed obtained by analysis, and further extracting a common conversion point gather;
fourth step, velocity ratio analysis
The extracted conversion wave common conversion point gather is used as input data, and the speed ratio is analyzed by using a formula (A);
fifth step, dynamic calibration, and superposition analysis
Dynamically correcting a converted wave common conversion point gather, namely a converted wave CCP gather by using a speed ratio analysis result and a longitudinal wave speed analysis result, and analyzing whether the gather is leveled or not; if the converted wave CCP gather is not corrected flatly, repeating the third step to the fifth step until the converted wave CCP gather is leveled; if the CCP gather of the converted wave is leveled, the next step is carried out;
sixth, extraction of final common transition point gather of transition wave
Calculating the position of a final common conversion point of the converted wave, and extracting a final common conversion point gather, namely an X component CCP gather;
seventhly, extracting Z component data common conversion point gather
Inputting Z component common shot gather records, and extracting a Z component common conversion point gather, namely a Z component CCP gather;
eighth step, X component recording and synthesizing
Meanwhile, X, Z CCP gathers are input and synthesized according to the equations (6) and (7):
Ax＝axx*i+axy*j+axz*k (6)
in the formula axx、axy、axzThe X component is the component of the detector X, y, z components, AxIs the vector value of the X component.
Aiming at the characteristics of vector wave field detection, the invention comprehensively considers all decomposed components of the vector wave field and synthesizes the decomposed components of each wave field again, so that the loss energy of each wave field is compensated, and the signal intensity of each wave field is enhanced; the invention has obvious effect on improving the recording quality of the emergent wave of the earthquake, and ensures that the decomposed longitudinal wave field energy and the converted wave field energy are converged, thereby improving the wave field imaging quality.
The main principle and theoretical basis of the invention are as follows:
1. the three-component detector receives the coordinate projection component of the vector wave field
As shown in fig. 4: the emergence angle θ of the seismic emergent wave 8 increases with the offset, so that the waves propagating in the three-dimensional space are all at an angle to the three-component detector 6, and they are decomposed on the three-component detector 6, respectively, and each has three decomposed components, so that X, Y, Z should be synthesized simultaneously.
The invention adapts to the actual condition of the earthquake emergent wave, the detector receives the earthquake emergent wave according to three mutually vertical directions according to a Cartesian coordinate system, one of the detectors is vertical to the earth surface and mainly receives longitudinal wave, namely P wave field record, namely Z component record, and the other two vertical directions in the plane are mainly used for receiving converted wave field record, namely X component record and Y component record or P-SV wave record and P-SH wave record.
2. The single-component recording received by the three-component detector being a mixed wave field recording
The detector receiving the Z component record is called a Z component detector, the detector receiving the X component record is called an X component detector, and the detector receiving the Y component record is called a Y component detector. The Z component detector mainly records longitudinal wave field information, but also records other converted wave field information, such as an X projection component and a Y projection component; similarly, the X-component detector mainly records the X-component converted wave field information, but also records the longitudinal wave field information, i.e., the Z-projection component, and the Y-component converted wave field information, i.e., the Y-projection component.
Drawings
Figure 1a is a schematic view of the horizontal component,
figure 1b is a schematic view of figure 1a after rotation of the horizontal component,
figure 2a is a horizontal component rotation shot record,
figure 2b is a horizontal component rotated shot record,
figure 3a is a superimposed cross-section before rotation of the horizontal component,
figure 3b is a superimposed cross-section after rotation of the horizontal component,
figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a vector wavefield propagation and three-component detector,
figure 5 is a simple single interface model of the design,
figure 6a is a Z-component numerical simulation record,
figure 6b is a numerical analog record of the X component,
figure 7 is a multi-interface theoretical model,
figure 8a is a Z-component simulation record of figure 7,
figure 8b is the X-component simulation record of figure 7,
figure 9a is a Z component gather before synthesis,
figure 9b is a synthesized Z-component gather,
figure 9c is the post-synthesis and pre-synthesis Z-component gather residual,
figure 10a is a cross-section of the Z-component pre-synthesis stack,
figure 10b is a superimposed cross-section after synthesis of the Z-component,
figure 10c is the Z component pre and post composite overlay cross section residual,
figure 11a is an X component synthetic gather,
figure 11b is the X component post-synthesis gather,
figure 11c is the post-synthesis and pre-synthesis X component gather residual,
figure 12a is a cross-section of the X-component pre-synthesis stack,
figure 12b is a superimposed cross-section after X-component synthesis,
fig. 12c is the X-component pre-and post-synthesis overlay cross-sectional residual.
In the figure: 1-first stratum, 2-second stratum, 3-third stratum, 4-fourth stratum, 5-fifth stratum, 6-three-component detector, 7-ground, 8-earthquake emergent wave, theta-emergent angle, A-Z component homophase axis before synthesis, B-Z component homophase axis after synthesis, residual error before synthesis after C-Z component synthesis, D-X component homophase axis before synthesis, X component homophase axis after E-synthesis, residual error before synthesis after F-X component synthesis, Z component recorded by ZZ-vertical component detector, X component recorded by ZFX-vertical component detector, X component recorded by XZ-horizontal component detector, and Z component recorded by XFZ-horizontal component detector.
Detailed description of the inventionthe synthesis method of the present invention has been demonstrated for numerical simulation of wavefields. FIG. 5 is a simple single-interface model of a design, in which:
the simulation parameters of the first formation 1 medium are: 3000 m/s, a transverse wave velocity of 1730 m/s and a density of 2.2 g/cm3；
The simulation parameters for the second formation 2 medium are: the longitudinal wave velocity is 4500 m/s, the transverse wave velocity is 2605 m/s, and the density is 2.4 g/cm3。
Fig. 6a and 6b are respectively the CMP trace gather records, which are Z-component and X-component common midpoint trace gathers generated by numerical simulation. As can be seen from fig. 6a and 6 b: both records are mixed wave field records, the Z component record has longitudinal waves and P-SV converted waves, and the components of the converted waves are not negligible; similarly, there are both P-SV converted waves and longitudinal waves in the X-component recordings, and the composition of the longitudinal waves is not negligible.
The synthetic method of the invention has applied model data to test the effect. In order to examine the application effect of the invention, a multi-interface theoretical model shown in fig. 7 is specially designed, and the model is divided into five layers, wherein:
The fifth formation 5 simulation parameters are the same as the first layer simulation parameters.
The corresponding numerical simulation records are shown in fig. 8a and 8 b: fig. 8a is a Z-component simulation record of fig. 7 and fig. 8b is an X-component simulation record of fig. 7.
1. Z-component wave field synthesis
FIG. 9a is a pre-synthesis Z component gather, FIG. 9b is a post-synthesis Z component gather, and FIG. 9c is the post-synthesis and pre-synthesis gather residual. As can be seen from fig. 9a to 9 c: wave field synthesis has a significant effect on improving the recording quality, namely: wave field synthesis enables the resolved longitudinal wave field energy to be reconverged, enhancing the gather energy and improving the quality of the recording.
Fig. 10a is a Z-component pre-synthesis overlay cross section, fig. 10b is a Z-component post-synthesis overlay cross section, and fig. 10c is a residual of the Z-component post-synthesis, pre-overlay cross section. As can be seen from fig. 10a to 10c, the wave field synthesis has a significant effect on improving the recording quality, namely: wave field synthesis allows convergence of the decomposed longitudinal wave field energy, thereby improving the wave field imaging quality.
2. X-component wave field synthesis
FIG. 11a is the X component pre-synthesis gather, FIG. 11b is the X component post-synthesis gather, and FIG. 11c is the post-synthesis and pre-synthesis gather residual. As can be seen from fig. 11a to 11 c: wave field synthesis has a significant effect on improving the recording quality, namely: wave field synthesis enables the resolved converted wave field energy to be reconverged, enhancing the gather energy, and improving the quality of the recording.
Fig. 12a is a cross-section of the X-component pre-synthesis superposition, fig. 12b is a cross-section of the X-component post-synthesis superposition, and fig. 12c is a cross-section residual of the X-component post-synthesis and pre-superposition, and it can be seen from fig. 12a to 12c that the wave field synthesis has a significant effect on improving the recording quality, that is: wave field synthesis allows the resolved transformed wave field energy to be converged, thereby improving the wave field imaging quality.
Claims (1)
1. A X, Z two-component wave field vector synthesis method applied in processing multi-wave multi-component seismic data comprises collecting three-component original seismic records, namely Z component record, X component record and Y component record, from the field by conventional method; performing Z component wave field synthesis and X component wave field synthesis; wherein,
the Z component wave field synthesis comprises the following steps:
firstly, extracting Z component data common center gather
Inputting a Z component common shot gather record, extracting a Z component common central point gather, namely a Z component CMP gather, performing conventional superposition velocity analysis, and solving the dynamic correction velocity of the longitudinal wave;
second, longitudinal fluctuation velocity correction analysis
Inputting a Z component common center gather, performing conventional superposition velocity analysis, and solving the dynamic correction velocity of the longitudinal wave;
thirdly, extracting the common center gather of the X component data
Taking the X component common shot gather data as input, and extracting an X component common central point gather, namely an X component CMP gather;
fourth, recording and synthesizing Z component
Meanwhile, Z, X component CMP gathers are input and synthesized according to the equations (4) and (5):
Az＝azx*i+azy*j+azz*k (4)
in the formula azx、azy、azzThe components of the Z component at the detector x, y, Z, respectively, AzIs the vector value of the Z component; then obtaining a Z component synthesized superposed section;
the X component wave field synthesis comprises the following steps:
first step, longitudinal fluctuation velocity correction analysis
Extracting a longitudinal wave common center point gather, namely a longitudinal wave CMP gather, performing conventional stacking velocity analysis, and solving the dynamic correction velocity of the longitudinal wave;
second, initial velocity ratio analysis
Extracting a common center gather of the converted waves: converting wave common midpoint gather data as input, and performing initial velocity ratio analysis by using a formula (A):
in the formula: vpLongitudinal wave root mean square velocity;
gamma is the ratio of the transverse wave speed to the longitudinal wave speed;
x is an offset distance;
topsvwhen traveling vertically for converted waves;
tpsvtravel time for converted waves;
third, extraction of common conversion point gather
Taking converted wave common shot gather data as input, calculating the position of a common conversion point by utilizing the speed ratio and the longitudinal wave speed obtained by analysis, and further extracting a common conversion point gather;
fourth step, velocity ratio analysis
The extracted conversion wave common conversion point gather is used as input data, and the speed ratio is analyzed by using a formula (A);
fifth step, dynamic calibration, and superposition analysis
Dynamically correcting a converted wave common conversion point gather, namely a converted wave CCP gather by using a speed ratio analysis result and a longitudinal wave speed analysis result, and analyzing whether the gather is leveled or not; if the converted wave CCP gather is not corrected flatly, repeating the third step to the fifth step until the converted wave CCP gather is leveled; if the CCP gather of the converted wave is leveled, the next step is carried out;
sixth, extraction of final common transition point gather of transition wave
Calculating the position of a final common conversion point of the converted wave, and extracting a final common conversion point gather, namely an X component CCP gather;
seventhly, extracting Z component data common conversion point gather
Inputting Z component common shot gather records, and extracting a Z component common conversion point gather, namely a Z component CCP gather;
eighth step, X component recording and synthesizing
Meanwhile, X, Z CCP gathers are input and synthesized according to the equations (6) and (7):
Ax＝axx*i+axy*j+axz*k (6)
in the formula axx、axy、axzThe X component is the component of the detector X, y, z components, AxIs the vector value of the X component; then, the superposed section after X component synthesis is obtained.
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| CN101793971A (en) * | 2010-03-05 | 2010-08-04 | 北京佳讯飞鸿电气股份有限公司 | Railway anti-disaster earthquake alarm |
| CN101893720B (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2012-09-05 | 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 | Multi-wave wave field separation and synthesis method and system |
| CN102798888B (en) * | 2011-05-27 | 2015-06-10 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Method for calculating velocity ratio of longitudinal wave to transverse wave by using non-zero wellhead distance data |
| CN109521221B (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2020-09-29 | 东北大学 | A real-time acquisition method of microseismic wave velocity for hard rock tunnel construction by drill-and-blast method |
| CN111999766B (en) * | 2020-08-27 | 2023-03-10 | 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院 | Multi-wave-type wave field separation method and reflection and transmission coefficient acquisition method |
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