CN101158640B - A device and method for rapidly measuring coherent backscattering using a linear array CCD - Google Patents
A device and method for rapidly measuring coherent backscattering using a linear array CCD Download PDFInfo
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- CN101158640B CN101158640B CN2007101130695A CN200710113069A CN101158640B CN 101158640 B CN101158640 B CN 101158640B CN 2007101130695 A CN2007101130695 A CN 2007101130695A CN 200710113069 A CN200710113069 A CN 200710113069A CN 101158640 B CN101158640 B CN 101158640B
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Abstract
An apparatus and way of fast measurement of backscatter with linear array CCD relates to the photons regionalization test technique field, takes the advantages of high resolution capability and high sensitivity of the linear array CCD, lowers the complexity of a measurement apparatus, and reaches the goal of fast and simple measurement; the method that changes one lens of a staple optical path to a bicylinder lens greatly simplifies the subsequent operation complexity of data and calculating intensity. The invention can record the angle locations of the backscatter angles by the linear array CCD directly, and can fit the data directly by using an original formula without any treatment, thus greatly simplifying the measurement procedure, shortening operation time, and remaining the detailed information of the data.
Description
(1) technical field
The present invention relates to the detection technique field of photon localization, be used for the device and method of the photon localization character of test sample, particularly a kind of device and method that uses line array CCD to measure coherent backscattering fast.
(2) background technology
The Anderson localization is the important phenomenon that proposes in the research of person in electronics, and the presenter Anderson is awarded the Nobel Prize because of the contribution of its brilliance.To be wave propagation cause being obstructed because of the randomized distribution of medium character its principal character.So far obtain extensive studies and application, and in the microwave experiment, observed the phenomenon of localization.Because its essence is to derive from electromagnetic fluctuation property, and fluctuation property is one of characteristic of light, so people have proposed the notion of photon localization.The photon localization is the analogy of Anderson localization in optical field, so far be still the focus of research, but because the wavelength of light wave is shorter, realize that the photon localization on the complete meaning is very difficult, so far do not observe this phenomenon experimentally, can realize that complete photon localization is that people make great efforts the target that will realize present stage.When light was propagated in even no absorbing medium, its transmitance was the inverse function of dielectric thickness, is linear attenuation, be similar to the Ohm law of electronics, but when the index distribution randomization in the medium is arrived to a certain degree, transmitance will be exponential damping, be the state of the weak localization of photon.Coherent backscattering is considered to a kind of of the sub-localization phenomenon of the low light level, is a kind of from coherence effect, and its visualize is that its scattered intensity is long mutually in the strength Interference of backward scattering direction, the tapered distribution of light intensity to after the chance sample irradiation.Coherent backscattering has very important Research Significance, is the important means of the photon transmission mean free path in the research photon diffusion field, is one of important method of research photon localization.
But the luminous energy of coherent backscattering very a little less than, be difficult to measure.The current experiments device mainly is divided into two kinds.A kind of is to utilize photomultiplier to cooperate phase-locked multiplying arrangement, utilize accurate electromigration platform to scan, its advantage is highly sensitive, but because photomultiplier can only carry out point-to-point measurement, in order to obtain the coherent backscattering pattern, must carry out a large amount of measurements, measure complicated and consuming time, and the situation can't be used for the measuring samples less stable time.(pertinent literature: P.C.de Oliveira, andN.M.Lawandy, Coherent Backscattering from high-gain scattering media, Opt.Lett.1996,21,1685-1687; A.Schmidt, R.Corey and Psaulnier, Imaging Through Random Media by Useof Low-Coherence Optical Heterodyning, Opt.Lett.1995,20,404-406; D.S.Wiersma, M.P.vanAlbada, An Accurate Technique to Record the Angular Distribution of Backscattered Light, Rev.Sci.Instrum.1995,66,5473-5476) another kind of method is to use charge-coupled device (CCD) to measure, and is divided into direct measurement again and measures two kinds indirectly.The original idea of using CCD to measure is in order to reduce complexity, to improve the speed of measuring.From existing report, when directly measuring in order to improve signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio), integral time of improving CCD and superpose this two kinds of methods of measurement data have repeatedly mainly been adopted, but in noise ratio than under the serious situation, improve the record that helps integral time signal, but limited to the raising effect of signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio), the superimposed method of data needs a large amount of duplicate measurementss could effectively improve signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) and repeatedly measure then, prolonged Measuring Time, be unfavorable for measurement the unstable situation of sample.(pertinent literature: G..Yoon.D.N.G.Roy and R.C.Straight, Coherent Backscattering in Biological Media:Measurement and Estimation of Optical Properties, Appl.Opt., 1993,32,580-585; G..Labeyrie, C.A.Muller, D.S.Wiersma, et al, Observation of Coherent Backscattering of Light by Cold Atoms, J.Opt.B:Quantum.Semiclass.Opt., 2000,2,672-685) measurement then is to utilize process of heterodyning to measure indirectly, its shortcoming is the device complexity, and is loaded down with trivial details to the processing of data.(pertinent literature: Max Lesaffre, Michael Atlan, and MichelGross, Effect of the Photon ' s Brownian Doppler Shift on the Weak-LocalizationCoherent-Backscattering Cone, Phys.Rev.Lett., 2006,97,33901)
(3) summary of the invention
For defective and the deficiency that overcomes above-mentioned prior art, solve and measure the coherent backscattering complexity at present and problem consuming time, the invention provides a kind of apparatus and method that can measure coherent backscattering fast and easily, and the information of the photon mean free path that can wherein be comprised rapidly.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of device that uses line array CCD to measure coherent backscattering fast, comprise: laser instrument (polarized light output), attenuator, catoptron, spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device, beam splitter, attenuator, two post lens, microcomputer, linear charge-coupled array CCD and plane mirrors, it is characterized in that laser instrument back placement attenuator, catoptron is placed in the attenuator back; Spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device is made up of two lens and aperture, and aperture is positioned in the middle of two lens, and spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device is positioned at after the catoptron, before the beam splitter; Vertically place attenuator after being positioned at beam splitter, laterally front end is placed plane mirror, and laterally two post lens are placed in the rear end, and linear charge-coupled array CCD places two post lens back and is connected with microcomputer.
The design of described attenuator is to be the black glass sheet that Brewster angle tilts.
The axis of described two post lens is all perpendicular to optical path direction.
The axis of described two post lens is vertical mutually.
The focal length of back newel post lens should be 0.5-1 times of the preceding newel post focal length of lens in described two post lens.
Described linear charge-coupled array is positioned on the focal plane of preceding newel post lens.
The direction of described linear charge-coupled array is parallel with the axis direction of back newel post lens.
The course of work of apparatus of the present invention is: the laser of the polarization of exporting from laser instrument obtains suitable light intensity after attenuator is regulated, then through mirror reflects in spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device, adjusting makes light beam approach directional light through spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device, illumination behind collimation is mapped on the beam splitter, a part continues to propagate, absorbed by attenuator, because attenuator is to be the black glass sheet that Brewster angle tilts, can effectively eliminate and shine top laser, prevent the interference that the light of back reflection causes.Be mapped on the sample from the illumination of beam splitter reflection, the light of its coherent backscattering shines on two post lens through beam splitter, in imaging on the CCD and be recorded on the microcomputer.Because two post lens axis are vertical mutually, thereby make horizontal and vertical information not disturb mutually.Directly use the formula of coherent backscattering to carry out match by the data of computer recording and can obtain the photon transmission mean free path.
The focal length of two post lens need be selected according to actual conditions, the only focal length of lens difference of different sample correspondences.The focal length of post lens is decided by the situation of the mean free path of the sample that will measure and the parameter combination of CCD, has influence on the scope and the precision of measurement.The focal length of back newel post lens then by the determining positions of the focal length of preceding newel post lens and back newel post lens, requires as much as possible signal focus to be become wire, and is imaged on the CCD receiving plane.
Sample is replaced to catoptron perpendicular to light path, and regulated attenuator then can be measured the system responses of measurement mechanism.Be far smaller than at systemic resolution (system responses) under the width situation of signal, can directly handle data, handle otherwise need carry out deconvolution,, can guarantee that system responses is much smaller than the deration of signal as long as the parameter of each device among the measurement mechanism figure rationally is set to data.
A kind of method of utilizing said apparatus to measure coherent backscattering, step is as follows:
A. open laser instrument, output polarization light is regulated through attenuator, makes output laser can use bore hole to discern easily, and does not hinder eye when regulating; The accommodation reflex mirror makes the light of reflection approach horizontal transport; Regulate lens and aperture in the spatial filtering collimator and extender device, make light beam be close to the uniform hither plane ripple of space distribution (subtended angle of light beam is less than 1 milliradian);
B. place beam splitter and plane mirror, plane mirror will make the light of reflection to return on former road perpendicular to light path, according to the angle that attenuator is regulated in the polarization direction of laser instrument output, guarantees that laser is absorbed by attenuator, basically not reflection;
C. newel post's lens before placing are as far as possible near beam splitter; Regulated attenuator makes that the light of output is the most weak, to prevent to damage linear charge-coupled array; Place linear charge-coupled array, and in adjusting subsequently, according to the signal magnitude of measuring on the linear charge-coupled array slowly regulated attenuator the light of output is grown from weak to strong, guarantee that its signal is in the linear response regions of linear charge-coupled array; The position of lateral adjustments linear charge-coupled array CCD makes the bright line on the linear charge-coupled array CCD be positioned at the middle part of linear charge-coupled array CCD, and CCD intersects vertically with linear charge-coupled array; Vertically regulate linear charge-coupled array CCD, when this bright line width is the narrowest, be linear charge-coupled array CCD on the focal plane of post lens; Place back newel post lens, and regulate the horizontal and vertical position of back newel post lens, make that the bright line on the linear charge-coupled array CCD is compressed into point, and the center of the array charge-coupled device CCD of the roughly online front in the position of point; The standard that adjusting finishes is: the width of bright spot is lower than one of the percentage of the measurement overall width of linear charge-coupled array CCD, optimum condition is that the bright spot width is roughly with the single pixel dimension unanimity of linear charge-coupled array CCD, otherwise need carry out step a again, can guarantee the purpose of system responses width much smaller than the deration of signal (differing one more than the order of magnitude) to c;
D. plane mirror is replaced with sample, regulated attenuator is used for regulating the light intensity of polarized light output, make the signal on the linear charge-coupled array be advisable in the centre of its linear response range, regulate the lengthwise position of back newel post lens, make the signal on the linear charge-coupled array CCD approach the strongest, continue regulated attenuator simultaneously and prevent that signal is saturated on the linear charge-coupled array, imaging and note data by microcomputer on linear charge-coupled array CCD is the coherent backscattering data;
E. the data of changing and being recorded on the microcomputer through linear charge-coupled array CCD can use the coherent backscattering formula directly to carry out match.
Above-mentioned measuring process must carry out in the darkroom, shields all parasitic lights as far as possible, to reduce the influence of parasitic light to measurement result.
The method of above-mentioned measurement coherent backscattering is to carry out under the suitable situation of the mean free path of the focal length of post lens and the sample that will measure, under the situation that step c regulates, if the width of the width of curve and system responses belongs to an order of magnitude, then need to select the more post lens of long-focus; And if the width of curve then needs to select the post lens of shorter focal length greater than the scope of linear charge-coupled array measurement, only focal length is by the characteristic decision of the sample of measuring.The focal length of post lens should doubly be advisable for the 0.5-1 of the focal length of post lens.
The inventive method is improved traditional measuring method and data processing method.On the one hand, propose to utilize line array CCD that data are measured, utilize the high resolving power and the highly sensitive advantage of line array CCD, reduce the complexity of experimental provision, reach the purpose of rapid and simple measurement.Can also further improve the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) of gained data suitably in conjunction with increasing CCD integral time and repeatedly measuring the way that adds up, help measurement Unstable Sample.On the other hand, in order to make the measurement can be effective fast, the device of measuring is improved, adopt the method for twin columns combination of lenses, greatly simplified the complexity of the subsequent treatment of data and carried out the intensity of computing, and made last signal be more suitable for using line array CCD to measure.Existing experimental provision uses ordinary lens to carry out the conversion in the near field and the far field of optical information, makes the light distribution on the CCD become the angular distribution of coherent backscattering light intensity.But this distribution is polar coordinates to distribute, therefore in the data of data being carried out after result that the one dimension Integral Processing obtains later on is integration.And the photon mean free path information in order to obtain comprising in the data must use formula to carry out curve fitting.Therefore need carry out Integral Processing to the formula that carries out match, computation complexity seriously increases, and causes the time of match very long, but also need determine some parameters according to the experiment situation, and its accuracy has influence on the result of match.After using the twin columns combination of lenses, carried out conversion by the post lens on the one hand on the one dimension direction, intensity is then carried out beams focusing by second post lens on the other hand with angular distribution, helps improving the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) of signal.Two post lens directions are orthogonal, do not influence mutually in the conversion process.Then can directly note the angular distribution at coherent backscattering angle by line array CCD, and can directly use former formula to carry out match and need not carry out any processing to data, therefore greatly simplify processing procedure, shortened the processing time, and kept the detailed information of data.
(4) description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that the system responses of apparatus of the present invention is measured the light path synoptic diagram, and Fig. 2 is that the testing sample of apparatus of the present invention is measured the light path synoptic diagram, and Fig. 3 is the synoptic diagram of apparatus of the present invention post lens.
Wherein:
1. laser instrument (polarized light output), 2 attenuators, 3. catoptron, 4. lens, 5. aperture, 6. lens, 7. beam splitter, 8. testing sample, 9. attenuator, 10. post lens, 11. the post lens, 12. microcomputers, 13. linear charge-coupled array CCD, 14. plane mirror, the axis of 15. post lens.
(5) embodiment
Embodiment
Apparatus of the present invention as shown in Figure 1, comprise: laser instrument 1 (polarized light output), attenuator 2, catoptron 3, spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device, beam splitter 7, attenuator 9, post lens 10 and 11, microcomputer 12, linear charge-coupled array CCD13 and plane mirror 14, it is characterized in that laser instrument 1 back placement attenuator 2, catoptron 3 is placed in attenuator 2 back; Spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device is made up of two lens 4,6 and aperture 5, and aperture 5 is positioned in the middle of two lens 4,6, and spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation device is positioned at after the catoptron 3, before the beam splitter 7; Vertically place attenuator 9 after being positioned at beam splitter 7, laterally front end is placed plane mirror 14, and laterally two post lens 10,11 are placed in the rear end, and linear charge-coupled array CCD13 places two post lens, 10,11 back and is connected with microcomputer 12.
The design of described attenuator 9 is to be the black glass sheet that Brewster angle tilts.
The axis of described two post lens 10,11 is all perpendicular to optical path direction.
The two axial lines of described two post lens 10,11 is vertical mutually.
The focal length of back newel post lens 11 should be 0.5 times of preceding newel post lens 10 focal lengths in described two post lens.
Described linear charge-coupled array 13 is positioned on the focal plane of preceding newel post lens 10.
The direction of described linear charge-coupled array 13 is parallel with axis 15 directions of back newel post lens 11.
The inventive method as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, step is as follows:
A. open laser instrument 1, output polarization light is regulated through attenuator 2, makes output laser can use bore hole to discern easily, and is adjusted to and does not hinder eye; Accommodation reflex mirror 3 makes the light of reflection approach horizontal transport; Regulate lens 4,6 and aperture 5 in the spatial filtering collimator and extender device, make the subtended angle of light beam, become the uniform hither plane ripple of space distribution less than 1 milliradian;
B. place beam splitter 7 and plane mirror 13 at preposition, plane mirror 14 will be perpendicular to light path, makes the light of reflection to return on former road, the angle of regulating attenuator 9 according to the polarization direction of laser instrument 1 output, guarantee that laser is absorbed by attenuator, basically not reflection;
C. newel post's lens 10 before placing are as far as possible near beam splitter 7; Regulated attenuator 2 makes that the light of output is the most weak, to prevent to damage linear charge-coupled array 13; Place linear charge-coupled array 13, and in adjusting subsequently, according to the signal magnitude of measuring on the linear charge-coupled array 13 slowly regulated attenuator 2 light of output is grown from weak to strong, guarantee that its signal is in the linear response regions of linear charge-coupled array 13; The position of lateral adjustments linear charge-coupled array CCD13 makes the bright line on the linear charge-coupled array CCD13 be positioned at the middle part of linear charge-coupled array CCD13, and CCD13 intersects vertically with linear charge-coupled array; Vertically regulate linear charge-coupled array CCD13, when this bright line width is the narrowest, be linear charge-coupled array CCD13 on the focal plane of post lens 10; Place back newel post lens 11, and regulate the horizontal and vertical position of back newel post lens 11, make that the bright line on the linear charge-coupled array CCD13 is compressed into point, and the center of the array charge-coupled device CCD13 of the roughly online front in the position of point; The standard that adjusting finishes is: the width of bright spot is lower than one of the percentage of the measurement overall width of linear charge-coupled array CCD13, optimum condition is that the bright spot width is roughly with the single pixel dimension unanimity of linear charge-coupled array CCD13, otherwise need carry out step a again, can guarantee the purpose of system responses width much smaller than the deration of signal (differing one more than the order of magnitude) to c;
D. replace plane mirror 14 and be sample 8, regulated attenuator 2 makes the signal on the linear charge-coupled array 13 be advisable in the centre of its linear response range; The lengthwise position of adjustable column lens 11, it is the strongest to make that signal on the linear charge-coupled array CCD13 approaches, and imaging and note data by microcomputer 12 on linear charge-coupled array CCD13 is the coherent backscattering data;
E. the data of changing and being recorded on the microcomputer 12 through linear charge-coupled array CCD13 can use the coherent backscattering formula directly to carry out match.
Present embodiment is to be that the methanol solution of nano TiO 2 is measured to sample, and the laser instrument 1 that uses is the helium-neon laser of the about 10mW of output power, interferes length to be about 15cm, and the polarization direction is a vertical direction.Reflex to 4,5 by catoptron 3, the 6 spatial light filtering beam-expanding collimation devices of forming make that the angle of divergence of light beam is 0.5mrad.Through beam splitter 7, a branch of illumination is to sample 8, and another Shu Guang carries out delustring to be handled.The scattered light of sample is through beam splitter, carry out conversion by post lens 10 and 11 after, on the CCD13 on the focal plane of post lens 10, interfere and be recorded.The focal length of the post lens 10 that present embodiment adopts is 200mm, and the focal length of post lens 11 is 100mm.CCD is the Quantix 1602E of PHOTOMETRICS company, resolution 1536*1024, pel spacing 9 μ m.The nano TiO 2 powder is that Shandong Origine Nanomaterial Engineering Co., Ltd. produces, and the result that Electronic Speculum is measured shows that its particle radius is 40nm～60nm, because the reunion effect, the particle radius in the real solution should be much larger than this numerical value.Methyl alcohol is the chromatographically pure methyl alcohol that Shandong YuWang Industry Co.,Ltd produces, refractive index 1.44.Sample cell is the band plug quartz colorimetric utensil of 10mm*5mm*20mm.
Measurement is carried out in the darkroom, shields all parasitic lights as far as possible, to reduce the influence of parasitic light to measurement result.Strict processing has partly been carried out in delustring, and the black glass sheet that utilizes Brewster angle to tilt is eliminated the polarized light through beam splitter effectively, the result that the influence of light that prevents to reflect is measured.The measured data of present embodiment are by handling, and the photon transmission mean free path that can obtain sample is about 1.7 μ m.
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| CN103925890B (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2017-02-15 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | Three-dimensional angle measuring system based on beam aberration |
| CN104034697B (en) * | 2014-06-25 | 2016-08-17 | 天津大学 | A kind of assay device manufacturing surface roughness affect laser measurement performance and method |
| CN108732132B (en) * | 2018-07-28 | 2020-05-19 | 华中科技大学 | A data processing method in the process of measuring refractive index based on photoelectric sensor array |
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