CN101131728A - A Face Shape Matching Method Based on Shape Context - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种基于Shape Context的人脸形状匹配方法，首先采用图像金字塔及扩散滤波技术进行预处理；再利用Canny边缘检测算法和轮廓提取算法提取边界轮廓信息；对提取的边界信息进行对数极坐标变换，得到对数极坐标直方图；通过计算Cs值，获得所有相匹配点；计算相近似度值，进行形状匹配判断。本发明具有简便、准确、经济及可扩展性良好等众多优势，因此人脸形状匹配可广泛应用于出入口控制、安全验证、安防监控与搜寻罪犯等有关方面。
The invention relates to a face shape matching method based on Shape Context. Firstly, image pyramid and diffusion filter technology are used for preprocessing; then the Canny edge detection algorithm and contour extraction algorithm are used to extract boundary contour information; the extracted boundary information is logarithmic Polar coordinate transformation to obtain a logarithmic polar coordinate histogram; by calculating the Cs value, all matching points are obtained; calculating the similarity value to judge the shape matching. The present invention has many advantages such as simplicity, accuracy, economy and good expandability, so the face shape matching can be widely used in entrance and exit control, security verification, security monitoring, criminal search and other related aspects.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a face recognition technology, in particular to a face Shape matching method based on Shape Context.
Background
The intelligent video monitoring is based on digital and networked video monitoring, is different from general networked video monitoring, and is a higher-end video monitoring application. The intelligent video monitoring is a monitoring mode which analyzes the video image content of a monitoring scene based on the computer vision technology, extracts key information in the scene and forms corresponding events and alarms, and is a new generation of monitoring system based on video content analysis. In an intelligent video monitoring system, the modeling of a human body motion image is the first stage, and people can be extracted from a monitoring video through the modeling of the human body motion image to obtain information of each characteristic part of the human body. Intelligent video surveillance has many advantages and functions, such as detection of object movement, PTZ tracking, human behavior analysis, and so forth. Among them, face recognition is particularly important, which automatically detects and recognizes facial features of a person and identifies or verifies the identity of the person by comparing with a database file, which has become an indispensable part of people's real life.
At present, the face automatic recognition technology has been a great research hotspot of disciplines such as pattern recognition, image processing and the like. The automatic face recognition system comprises two main technical links, namely face detection and positioning, and then feature extraction and recognition (matching) of the face.
Face shape matching, most of the current researches mainly aim at two-dimensional front face images, and some methods exist in front face recognition, such as: template matching, hidden markov models, etc. However, since the facial expression is rich; the face changes with age; the influence of decorations such as hairstyle, beard, glasses and the like on the human face; the image formed by the face is affected by illumination, imaging angle, imaging distance and the like, which are difficult points for implementing face shape matching, and the effect is not ideal. ( Reference [1]: li-Na Liu. Yi-Zheng Qiao "Some Aspects of Human Face Recognition Technologies" )
Currently, most of the proposed face shape matching algorithms use a numerical value or a feature vector to represent the target, and thus have certain limitations. The limitation is manifested in 2D invariance without scale, rotation, and translation. In the traditional method, in the face shape matching of video intelligent monitoring, after 2D deformation, the matching effect becomes poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for extracting and identifying the characteristics of the human face shape in an automatic human face identification system, and the method simultaneously overcomes the defects of no limitation of 2D invariance of proportion, rotation and translation and the like.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows: a face Shape matching method based on Shape Context is provided, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Preprocessing by adopting an image pyramid and diffusion filtering technology;
(2) Extracting boundary contour information by using a Canny edge detection algorithm and a contour extraction algorithm;
(3) Carrying out logarithmic polar coordinate transformation on the extracted boundary information to obtain a logarithmic polar coordinate histogram;
(4) Obtaining all matching points by calculating the Cs value;
(5) And calculating a phase approximation value, and performing shape matching judgment.
The image pyramid adopts a searching method from high to low and from coarse to fine, so that a matching position can be more accurately searched, the tracking speed is effectively improved, and the real-time requirement is met.
The pyramid structure mode is suitable for multi-resolution images. The images of different resolutions are stored in different layers of the pyramid respectively: the original image is stored at the bottom of the image pyramid, the resolution ratio is reduced along with the rise of the layer of the pyramid structure, and the space used for storing the corresponding image is reduced. The resolution of the image is reduced to N times of the original resolution, and the space used for storing the corresponding image is 1/N of the original space. When matching, firstly, matching the target at the highest layer (lowest resolution) of the image pyramid by adopting a global search strategy to obtain the target position of the layer. Then, the search strategy from high to low and from coarse to fine is used to obtain a more accurate position. By adopting the mode, the tracking speed can be effectively improved, and the real-time requirement can be better met.
The diffusion filtering technology adopts a method of enhancing the boundary and blurring the detail content.
In the image smoothing process of diffusion filtering, the diffusion function can automatically adjust the diffusion coefficient according to the image content, the image smoothing is strengthened in the flat area of the image, the image smoothing is weakened in the characteristic edge area, and meanwhile the anisotropic diffusion behavior is also shown. By diffusion filtering, the boundary is enhanced, and the detail content is blurred, so that the image has better smooth result and smooth quality.
The step (2) is realized by the following steps:
(a) Extracting the edge information to obtain a binary image;
(b) And (3) searching the contour in the binary image by using a contour extraction algorithm to obtain the contour boundary of the basic information of the human face.
The approximation algorithm mode of the contour extraction algorithm is to compress horizontal, vertical and diagonal segmentation, namely, a curve representing edge information only keeps a pixel point at the tail end, so that the point acquisition reaches nonuniformity. The resulting profile has the following effects: the method not only extracts the contour characteristic points as little as possible, but also better retains the characteristic points (if the boundary is a straight line, the sampling interval of the contour characteristic points is larger, and if the boundary is a curve, the sampling interval is smaller if the curvature is larger).
The step (3) comprises the following steps:
(a) Carrying out logarithmic polar coordinate transformation by taking the selected point as a coordinate origin;
(b) Calculating the number of points falling in each grid;
(c) And carrying out normalization processing by using an empirical density method to obtain a histogram.
The empirical density normalization method comprises the following steps: hx (1.. N), hy (1.. N) are 2 sets, respectively, normalized using empirical density functions Hx and Hy.
And (5) the Cs value in the step (4) is the Cost value of Shape Context.
Wherein Cs is the X of the two histograms 2 And (5) counting the value. g (k) and h (k) are the values of the corresponding histograms, respectively. Then:
the step (5) is realized by the following steps:
(a) Selecting points in the graph, and finding a matching point in another graph by solving a minimum Cost value;
(b) Storing the matching information by using a visual library;
(c) Repeating the step (a), and matching the remaining points until all the points are matched;
(d) And (5) calculating the matching rate K under the Cs standard deviation and the threshold value T.
When the threshold T of the match rate K is less than or equal to 0.3, it indicates that 2 targets are matched.
The invention has the advantages of simplicity, convenience, accuracy, economy, good expandability and the like, so the human face shape matching can be widely applied to relevant aspects such as access control, safety verification, security monitoring, criminal searching and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a face shape matching method according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates boundary extraction according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a log polar histogram of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is an example of the present invention.
Fig. 5 and 6 are specific experimental diagrams.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, it should be understood that various changes and modifications of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the teachings of the present invention, and such equivalents may fall within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
After considering execution efficiency and portability, the present system is implemented using standard C + + and aided by OpenCV (Intel @. Keyed computer vision library). The face database used was UMIST (564 images divided into 20 subjects, each including a different face pose from side to front.)
Corresponding to the method of the present invention, a total of 6 tasks are designed for the face shape matching system, and the names of the tasks and the functions of the tasks are described in table 1.
Table 1: task specification of human face shape matching system
| Task name | Function(s) |
| Image pyramid processing | Searching from high to low and from coarse to fine, and finding the matching position more accurately. |
| Diffusion filtering process | And enhancing the boundary and blurring the detail content. |
| Boundary extraction | And extracting the boundary contour. |
| Log polar transformation | And (5) solving a log-polar coordinate histogram. |
| Calculation of the Cs value | The Cost value of ShapeContext is found. |
| Similarity calculation | And judging the face shape matching according to the similarity. |
As shown in fig. 1, the whole face shape matching process is as follows: firstly, carrying out multi-scale matching and diffusion filtering by using an image pyramid to carry out smooth preprocessing on an image; then, obtaining boundary information by using a Canny edge detection algorithm and a contour extraction algorithm; then carrying out logarithmic coordinate transformation on the boundary to obtain a logarithmic coordinate histogram; then, using Shape Context Shape matching processing to obtain a similarity value; and finally, carrying out mathematical statistics according to the similarity value and judging whether the shapes are matched.
As shown in fig. 2, the Canny edge detection algorithm and the contour extraction algorithm are adopted to perform boundary extraction: adopting a Canny algorithm to carry out edge detection, extracting edge information and obtaining a binary image, wherein the edge information obtained by the Canny algorithm is the binary image formed by a series of curves; and then, searching a contour in the binary image by using a contour extraction algorithm to obtain a contour boundary of the basic information of the human face.
As shown in fig. 3, log-polar transformation: and after the step of extracting the boundary is finished, adopting a logarithmic polar coordinate method for the extracted contour boundary, and calculating to obtain a logarithmic polar coordinate histogram.
As shown in fig. 4, after the Cs value is obtained, the matching points are found by using Cs as follows, and the matching is completed to obtain the matched point set and the Cs value: 1) There are P, H two graphs, for point P in P i Finding out the point H with the minimum Cost value among all H i (ii) a 2) Information to be matched (including P) i Matching point H i Cost value) is saved with an OpenCV sequence (i.e., linked list); 3) And (5) repeating the step (1) and matching the remaining points until all the points are matched.
And calculating the Cs standard deviation and the matching rate K under the threshold value T. Through experimentation, we found that when the threshold T of the match rate K is ≦ 0.3, 2 targets are shown to be matched.
As shown in fig. 5 and 6, three experimental conditions are set respectively: different faces of the same person, namely class a; the human faces (size scaling, translation and scaling) at different size positions of the same person, namely b types; different human faces, i.e. class c.
For the three cases, the standard deviation of the Cs of the total sample is counted for the Cs value when the matching degree is 100%, the matching degree when the Cs threshold is 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively.
Contour point interval d =10
| a1 | a2 | b1 | b2 | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | |
| Cs | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.2 |
| T＝0.1 | 41％ | 46％ | 0％ | 0％ | 92％ | 82％ | 27％ | 32％ |
| T＝0.2 | 100％ | 100％ | 59％ | 68％ | 100％ | 100％ | 95％ | 100％ |
| T＝0.3 | 100％ | 100％ | 97％ | 99％ | 100％ | 100％ | 100％ | 100％ |
| S( ＊ 0.001) | 5.920 | 8.641 | 16.463 | 10.488 | 4.134 | 4.841 | 13.856 | 8.611 |
Contour point interval d =5
| a1 | a2 | b1 | b2 | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | |
| Cs | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.19 |
| T＝0.1 | 67％ | 66％ | 0％ | 0％ | 95％ | 91％ | 38％ | 53％ |
| T＝0.2 | 100％ | 100％ | 74％ | 74％ | 100％ | 100％ | 96％ | 100％ |
| T＝0.3 | 100％ | 100％ | 99％ | 99％ | 100％ | 100％ | 100％ | 100％ |
| S( * 0.001) | 4.566 | 6.986 | 13.912 | 11.206 | 3.671 | 4.274 | 12.008 | 7.825 |
The experimental results show that when the threshold T =0.3 of the matching rate K, the degree of matching is 100% (except for the 2D transform). After 2D transformation, the degree of matching when T =0.3 is also substantially 100%. This indicates that when determining whether the shapes match, the threshold T of determining a perfect match (or a substantially perfect match) is less than or equal to 3. This empirical value is applicable in many cases and has good versatility.
In addition, experimental data shows that the precision of the method is not greatly influenced by the density of the contour point taking intervals, and the method has strong applicability to various cameras.
Claims (8)
1. A face Shape matching method based on Shape Context comprises the following steps:
(1) Preprocessing by adopting an image pyramid and a diffusion filtering technology;
(2) Extracting boundary contour information by using a Canny edge detection algorithm and a contour extraction algorithm;
(3) Carrying out logarithmic polar coordinate transformation on the extracted boundary information to obtain a logarithmic polar coordinate histogram;
(4) Obtaining all matching points by calculating the Cs value;
(5) And calculating a phase approximation value, and performing shape matching judgment.
2. The Shape matching method for the face based on Shape Context of claim 1, wherein the Shape matching method comprises the following steps: the image pyramid adopts a searching method from high to low and from coarse to fine.
3. The Shape matching method for the face based on Shape Context of claim 1, wherein the Shape matching method comprises the following steps: the diffusion filtering technology adopts a method of enhancing the boundary and blurring the detail content.
4. The Shape matching method for the face based on Shape Context of claim 1, wherein the Shape matching method comprises the following steps: the step (2) is realized by the following steps:
(a) Extracting the edge information to obtain a binary image;
(b) And (3) searching the contour in the binary image by using a contour extraction algorithm to obtain the contour boundary of the basic information of the human face.
5. The Shape matching method for the face based on Shape Context of claim 1, wherein the Shape matching method comprises the following steps: the step (3) comprises the following steps:
(a) Carrying out logarithmic polar coordinate transformation by taking the selected point as the origin of coordinates;
(b) Calculating the number of points falling in each grid;
(c) And carrying out normalization processing by using an empirical density method to obtain a histogram.
6. The Shape matching method for the face based on Shape Context of claim 1, wherein the Shape matching method comprises the following steps: and (4) the Cs value in the step (4) is the Cost value of Shape Context.
7. The Shape matching method for the face based on Shape Context of claim 1, wherein the Shape matching method comprises the following steps: the step (5) is realized by the following steps:
(a) Selecting points in the graph, and finding a matching point in another graph by solving a minimum Cost value;
(b) Storing the matching information by using a visual library;
(c) Repeating the step (a), and matching the remaining points until all the points are matched;
(d) And (5) calculating the Cs standard deviation and the matching rate K under the threshold value T.
8. The Shape matching method for faces based on Shape Context of claim 7, wherein the Shape matching method comprises the following steps: the visual library is OpenCV.
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