CN101094903A - Refrigerant compositions comprising 1-ethoxy-1,1,2,2,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane and a hydrofluorocarbon and uses thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are refrigerant and heat transfer fluid compositions comprising 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and at least one hydrocarbon. These compositions are useful in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that employ a centrifugal compressor. Also disclosed herein are azeotropic or near azeotropic refrigerant and heat transfer fluid compositions comprising 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and at least one hydrocarbon.

Description

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone compositions comprising hydrofluorocarbons and uses thereof

Cross References to Related Applications

This application claims priority to US Provisional Application 60/575,037, filed May 26, 2004, and US Provisional Application 60/584,785, filed June 29, 2004.

Background technique

1. Technical field

The present invention relates to compositions for refrigeration and air conditioning systems comprising at least one hydrofluorocarbon and 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl )-3-pentanone (PEIK). Further the present invention relates to compositions for refrigeration and air conditioning systems using centrifugal compressors, comprising at least one hydrofluorocarbon and 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4 -(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone. The compositions of the present invention may be azeotropic or near azeotropic for use in refrigeration or heating or as heat transfer fluids.

2. Description of related technologies

The refrigeration industry has spent the past several decades working to find alternative refrigerants for the ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that have been phased out due to the Montreal Protocol. The solution for most refrigerant producers is to commercialize hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. New HFC refrigerants (now the most widely used is HFC-134a) have zero ozone depletion potential and are therefore not subject to phase-out by existing regulations resulting from the Montreal draft.

In addition, environmental protection regulations may eventually lead to the global phase-out of certain HFC refrigerants. Today, the automotive industry faces regulations regarding the global warming potential of refrigerants used in mobile air conditioning. Therefore, there is a great need to identify new refrigerants with reduced global warming potential for use in the automotive air conditioning market. If this regulation is applied more broadly in the future, there will be an even greater need for refrigerants that can be used in all areas of the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry.

Refrigerants now being proposed to replace HFC-134a include HFC-152a, pure hydrocarbons such as butane or propane, or "natural" refrigerants such as _CO2 or ammonia. Many of these proposed alternatives are toxic, flammable and/or energy inefficient. So people are constantly looking for new alternatives.

It is an object of the present invention to provide new refrigerant compositions and heat transfer fluids with unique properties that meet the requirements of low or zero ozone depletion potential and reduced global warming potential compared to existing refrigerants.

Summary of the invention

Compositions involved in the present invention include:

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,3-trifluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,4-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-methylbutane ;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5 , 5,5-decafluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluorohexane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane.

The present invention further relates to the above-mentioned composition especially suitable for use in refrigeration or air-conditioning systems using centrifugal compressors.

The present invention further relates to the above-mentioned composition especially suitable for use in refrigeration or air-conditioning systems using multi-stage or two-stage centrifugal compressors.

The present invention further relates to the above composition especially suitable for use in refrigeration or air conditioning systems using single pass/single plate centrifugal compressors.

The invention further relates to azeotropic or near azeotropic refrigerant compositions. These compositions can be used in refrigeration or air conditioning systems. The composition can also be used in refrigeration or air conditioning systems using centrifugal compressors.

The invention further relates to methods for cooling, heating and transferring heat from a heat source to a heat sink using the inventive composition.

Detailed ways

Applicants specifically incorporate all references cited in this disclosure in their entirety. Furthermore, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is stated as a range, preferred range, or listing preferred upper and lower values, it is to be understood that all values defined by any pair of upper or lower limits are specifically disclosed. A preferred value is a range formed with a lower limit or preferred value, whether or not such range is independently disclosed. Where, unless otherwise stated, when a numerical range is recited herein, such range is intended to include the end values of the range, and all integers and fractions of the range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range.

The refrigerant composition of the present invention comprises 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone (PEIK) and hydrofluorocarbon ( HFC). The composition of the present invention may comprise a mixture of more than one HFC, wherein the mixture is mixed with 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentane Ketone (PEIK) combined.

The hydrofluorocarbons of the present invention include compounds comprising hydrogen, fluorine and carbon. The hydrofluorocarbon may be represented by the formula _{CxH2x +2yFy or CxH2x - yFy} . In the formula, x is equal to 3-8, and y is equal to 1-17. The hydrofluorocarbons may be linear, branched or cyclic; saturated or unsaturated compounds; having about 3-8 carbon atoms. Representative hydrofluorocarbons are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

compound chemical formula Chemical Name CAS registration number Hydrofluorocarbons HFC-245ca CHF ₂ CF ₂ CH ₂ F 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane 679-86-7 HFC-245fa _{CF3CH2CHF2 _ _} 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane 460-73-1 HFC-263fa CHF ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ F 1,1,3-Trifluoropropane 24270-67-5 HFC-272fa _{CH2FCH2CH2F _ _} 1,3-Difluoropropane 462-39-5 HFC-338mpy CHF ₂ CF(CF ₃ )CHF ₂ 2-(Difluoromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane 65781-21-7 HFC-338pcc CHF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₂ CHF ₂ 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluoropropane 377-36-6 HFC-358mcf CF ₃ CF ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ F 1,1,1,2,2,4-Hexafluorobutane 161791-33-9 HFC-365mfc CF ₃ CH ₂ CF ₂ CH ₃ 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane 406-58-6 HFC-392p _{CF2HCH2CH2CH3 _ _ _} 1,1-Difluorobutane 2358-38-5 HFC-392qqz (CH ₂ F) ₂ CHCH ₃ 1,3-Difluoro-2-methylpropane 62126-93-6 HFC-392qy CH ₂ FCF(CH ₃ ) ₂ 1,2-Difluoro-2-methylpropane 62126-92-5 HFC-392qe CH ₂ FCHF CH ₂ CH ₃ 1,2-Difluorobutane 686-65-7 HFC-392qfe CH ₂ FCH ₂ CHFCH ₃ 1,3-Difluorobutane 691-42-9 HFC-392qff _{CH2FCH2CH2CH2F _ _ _} 1,4-Difluorobutane 372-90-7 HFC-392see _{CH3CHFCHFCH3 _} 2,3-Difluorobutane 666-21-7 HFC-42-11mmyc (CF ₃ ) ₂ CFCF ₂ CHF ₂ 1,1,1,2,3,3,4,4-octafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)butane 1960-20-9 HFC-42-11p CHF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₃ 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Undecafluoropentane 375-81-1 HFC-43-10mee CF ₃ CHFCHFCF ₂ CF ₃ 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-Decafluoropentane 138495-42-8 HFC-43-10mf CF ₃ CH ₂ CF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₃ 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,5,5,5-Decafluoropentane 755-45-3 HFC-449mmzf (CF ₃ ) ₂ CHCH ₂ CF ₃ 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)butane 367-53-3 HFC-4-10-3m CF ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₃ CH ₃ 1,1,1-Trifluoropentane 402-82-6 HFC-4-10-3mfsz CF ₃ CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ ) ₂ 1,1,1-trihydro-3-methylbutane 408-49-5 HFC-4-11-2p CHF ₂ (CH ₂ ) ₃ CH ₃ 1,1-Difluoropentane 62127-40-6 HFC-4-11-2qe CH ₂ FCHF(CH ₂ ) ₂ CH ₃ 1,2-Difluoropentane 62126-94-7 HFC-4-11-2sc _{CH3CF2CH2CH2CH3 _ _ _ _} 2,2-Difluoropentane 371-65-3 HFG-5-12-3m CF ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₄ CH ₃ 1,1,1-Trifluorohexane 17337-12-1 HFC-52-13p CHF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₂ CF ₃ 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-Tridecafluorohexane 355-37-3 HFC-54-11mmzf (CF ₃ ) ₂ CHCH ₂ CF ₂ CF ₃ 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pentane 90278-01-6 HFC-C354cc c-CF ₂ CF ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ - 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluorocyclobutane 374-12-9 PFBE CF ₃ (CF ₂ ) ₃ CH=CH ₂ 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexene (or perfluorobutylethylene) 19430-93-4 Fluoroketone PEIK CF ₃ CF ₂ C(O)CF(CF ₃ ) ₂ 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone (or perfluoroethyl isopropyl ketone) 756-13-8

The compounds listed in Table 1 are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known in the art. 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-Nafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone (PEIK) is commercially available from 3M ^™ (St. Paul, Minnesota) .

The compositions of the present invention have low or zero ozone depletion and low global warming potential. For example, mildly fluorinated hydrofluorocarbons and PEIK, alone or as a mixture, have a lower global warming potential than many HFC refrigerants in use today.

The compositions of the present invention may be prepared by combining the desired amounts of the various components by any convenient method. The preferred method is to weigh the desired amounts of the components and then combine the components in a suitable container. Stirring may be used if desired.

Refrigerant composition of the present invention comprises following:

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,3-trifluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,4-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-methylbutane ;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5 , 5,5-decafluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluorohexane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane; and

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6 , 6-nonafluoro-1-hexene.

The refrigeration or heat transfer compositions of the present invention may be azeotropic or near-azeotropic compositions. An azeotropic composition refers to a liquid mixture having a constant boiling point above or below the boiling points of the individual components. An azeotropic composition does not fractionate within a refrigeration or air conditioning system during operation, which can reduce the efficiency of the system. In addition, azeotropic compositions do not undergo fractionation upon leakage from refrigeration or air conditioning systems. In the event that one component of the mixture is flammable, fractionation during the leak will form a flammable composition either within the system or outside the system.

A near-azeotropic composition is a substantially constant-boiling liquid mixture of two or more substances that behave substantially like a single substance. One way of characterizing a near-azeotropic composition is by partial evaporation or distillation of the liquid to produce a vapor that has substantially the same composition as the liquid in which it evaporated or distilled, ie the mixture distills/refluxes without significant change in composition. Another way of characterizing a near azeotropic composition is that the bubble point vapor pressure and dew point vapor pressure of the composition are substantially the same at a particular temperature. As used herein, a composition is referred to if the difference in vapor pressure between the original composition and the composition remaining after removal of 50 wt. is close to azeotropic.

The azeotropic refrigerant compositions of the present invention are listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Combination A Group B Azeotropic composition concentration Azeotropic composition BP(℃) Wt%A Wt%B PEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIKPEIK HFC-263faHFC-272faHFC-392pHFC-392qeHFC-392qfeHFC-392qffHFC-392qqzHFC-392qyHFC-392seeHFC-4-10-3mHFC-4-10-3mfszHFC-4-11-2pHFC-4-11-2qeHFC-4-11-2scHFC- 43-10meeHFC-5-12-3mHFC-C354cc 78.474.750.678.484.992.586.855.975.047.545.495.290.182.073.696.073.2 21.625.349.421.615.17.513.244.125.052.554.64.89.918.026.44.026.8 46.033.537.637.241.345.841.731.536.036.235.448.744.845.246.048.848.7

Table 3 lists the near-azeotropic refrigerant compositions and concentration ranges of the present invention.

table 3

Composition (A/B) Near azeotropic composition concentration range wt%A/wt%B PEIK/HFC-263faPEIK/HFC-272faPEIK/HFC-365mfcPEIK/HFC-392pPEIK/HFC-392qePEIK/HFC-392qfePEIK/HFC-392qffPEIK/HFC-392qqzPEIK/HFC-392qyPEIK/HFC-392seePE4IK/0HFC HFC-4-10-3mfszPEIK/HFC-4-11-2pPEIK/HFC-4-11-2qePEIK/HFC-4-11-2scPEIK/HFC-43-10meePEIK/HFC-5-12-3mPEIK/HFC-C354ccPEIK/ PFBE 1-99/99-11-90/99-101-99/99-11-99/99-154-91/46-965-95/35-576-99/24-168-95/32-51- 84/99-1648-90/52-101-86/99-141-84/99-1662-99/38-172-99/28-151-99/49-11-99/99-165-99/ 35-11-99/99-11-99/99-1

The compositions of the present invention may further comprise from about 0.01 to 5% by weight of stabilizers, free radical scavengers or antioxidants. These additives include, but are not limited to, nitromethane, hindered phenols, hydroxylamines, mercaptans, phosphites, or lactones. The additives alone or in combination can be used.

The compositions of the present invention may further comprise from about 0.01 to 5% by weight of a water scavenger (drying compound). Such water scavengers may include orthoesters such as trimethyl orthoformate, triethyl orthoformate or tripropyl orthoformate.

The compositions of the present invention may further comprise ultraviolet (UV) dyes and optionally solubilizers. UV dyes are useful components for detecting leaks in refrigerant compositions by allowing one to observe the fluorescence of the dye in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition at or near the point of the leak in refrigeration or air conditioning equipment. detection. One can observe the fluorescence of the dye under ultraviolet light. Solubilizers are needed because of the low solubility of this UV dye in some refrigerants.

"Ultraviolet" dye refers to UV fluorescent compositions that absorb light in the ultraviolet or "near" ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fluorescence produced by UV fluorescent dyes can be detected by illumination with a UV lamp that emits radiation with a wavelength of 10-750 nanometers. Thus, if a refrigerant containing such a UV fluorescent dye leaks from a known point in a refrigeration or air conditioning unit, fluorescence can be detected at that leak point. Such UV fluorescent dyes include, but are not limited to, naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, benzoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives or combinations thereof.

The solubilizer of the present invention includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters, lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers and 1,1,1-Trifluoroalkane.

The hydrocarbon solubilizers of the present invention include hydrocarbons comprising linear, branched or cyclic alkanes or alkenes, comprising 5 or fewer carbon atoms, comprising only hydrogen and no other functional groups. Representative hydrocarbon solubilizers include propane, propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, isobutane and n-pentane. It should be noted that if the refrigerant is a hydrocarbon, the solubilizer need not be the same hydrocarbon.

Hydrocarbon ether solubilizers of the present invention include ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME).

The polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizer of the present invention is represented by the formula R ¹ [(OR ² ) _x OR ³ ] _y , x is an integer of 1-3; y is an integer of 1-4; R ¹ is selected from hydrogen and has 1-6 carbon atoms and an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of y bonding positions; ^R2 is selected from an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 2-4 carbon atoms; ^R3 is selected from hydrogen and an aliphatic group with 1-6 carbon atoms and Alicyclic hydrocarbon group; R ¹ and R ³ at least one of said hydrocarbon group; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ether has a molecular weight of about 100-300 atomic mass units. In the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizer of the present invention represented by R ¹ [(OR ² ) _x OR ³ ] _y : x is preferably 1-2; y is preferably 1; R ¹ and R ³ are preferably independently selected from Hydrogen and an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1-4 carbon atoms; R is ^preferably selected from an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 2 or 3 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 carbon atoms; the molecular weight of the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether is preferably About 100-250 atomic mass units, most preferably about 125-250 atomic mass units. The R ¹ and R ³ hydrocarbon groups having 1-6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R ^{and R} hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert Pentyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Where the free hydroxyl groups on the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizers of the present invention may be incompatible with certain compression refrigeration equipment materials of construction (eg Mylar ^(R )), R ^{and R} preferably have 1-4 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 carbon atom aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The aliphatic hydrocarbylene group R ² having 2 to 4 carbon atoms forms an oxyalkylene repeating group -(OR ² ) _x - which includes oxirane, propylene oxide and butylene oxide groups. The oxyalkylene groups including R ² in one polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizer molecule may be the same, or one molecule may include different R ² oxyalkylene groups. The polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizers according to the invention preferably comprise at least one propylene oxide group. In case R ¹ is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding positions, this group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R ^aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 2 bonding sites include, for example, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, cyclopentylene, and cyclohexylene. Representative R ^aliphatic hydrocarbon groups with 3 or 4 bonding sites include residues derived from polyols such as trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, 1,2,3 - Trihydroxycyclohexane and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane.

Representative polyoxyalkylene glycol ether solubilizers include, but are not limited to: CH ₃ OCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O(H or CH ₃ ) (propylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH ₃ O[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₂ (H or CH ₃ ) (dipropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH ₃ O[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₃ (H or CH ₃ )( Tripropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), C ₂ H ₅ OCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ ) O (H or C ₂ H ₅ ) (propylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C ₂ H ₅ O[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₂ (H or C ₂ H ₅ ) (dipropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C ₂ H ₅ O[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₃ (H or C ₂ H ₅ ) (tripropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C ₃ H ₇ OCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ ) O (H or C ₃ H ₇ ) (propylene glycol n-propyl (or diethyl) n-propyl) ether), C ₃ H ₇ O[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₂ (H or C ₃ H ₇ ) (dipropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether, C ₃ H ₇ O[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₃ (H or C ₃ H ₇ )(tripropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether, C ₄ H ₉ OCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )OH (propylene glycol n- butyl ether), C ₄ H ₉ O[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₂ (H or C ₄ H ₉ )(dipropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether, C ₄ H ₉ O[ CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₃ (H or C ₄ H ₉ )(tripropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether, (CH ₃ ) ₃ COCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )OH (propylene glycol tert-butyl base ether), (CH ₃ ) ₃ CO[CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₂ (H or (CH ₃ ) ₃ ) (dipropylene glycol tert-butyl (or di-tert-butyl) ether), (CH ₃ ) _3CO [CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )O] ₃ (H or (CH ₃ ) ₃ )(tripropylene glycol tert-butyl (or di-tert-butyl) ether), C ₅ H ₁₁ OCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )OH (propylene glycol n-pentyl ether), C ₄ H ₉ OCH ₂ CH(C ₂ H ₅ )OH (butylene glycol n-butyl ether), C ₄ H ₉ O[CH ₂ CH(C ₂ H ₅ )O] ₂ H (dibutylene glycol n-butyl ether), trimethylolpropane tri-n-butyl ether (C ₂ H ₅ C(CH ₂ O(CH ₂ ) ₃ CH ₃ ) ₃ ) and trimethylolpropane di-n-butyl Ether _{( C2H5C} ( _{CH2OC ( CH2} ) _3CH3 ) _{2CH2OH )} .

The amide solubilizers of the present invention include those represented by the formula R ¹ C(O)NR ² R ³ and cyclic -[R ⁴ C(O)N(R ⁵ )-], wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ^are independently selected from aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1-12 carbon atoms; ^R are selected from aliphatic alkylene groups having 3-12 carbon atoms; and wherein the amide has about Molecular weights of 100 to about 300 atomic mass units. The molecular weight of the amides is preferably from about 160 to about 250 atomic mass units. R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁵ may optionally contain substituted hydrocarbon groups, that is, contain non-hydrocarbon substitutions selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxy (e.g. methoxy) base group. R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁵ may optionally contain heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbyl groups, that is, nitrogen (aza), oxygen (oxa) or sulfur (thia) atoms in a radical chain originally composed of carbon atoms . Generally, no more than 3, preferably no more than 1, non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms will be present for every 10 carbon atoms in R ^1-3 , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be present in the application Consideration is given to the above molecular weight constraints. Preferred amide solubilizers consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Representative R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁵ aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their structural iso Construct. A preferred embodiment of amide solubilizers are those wherein in the above formula cyclic -[R ⁴ C(O)N(R ⁵ )-] R ⁴ may be represented by an alkylene group (CR ⁶ R ⁷ ) _n , That is, the formula: cyclic-[(CR ⁶ R ⁷ ) _n C(O)N(R ⁵ )-], in which the above-mentioned molecular weight value is still applicable; n is an integer of 3-5; R ⁵ is an integer containing 1-12 A saturated hydrocarbon group of carbon atoms; R ⁶ and R ⁷ (for each n) are independently selected from the definitions R ^1-3 provided above. In lactones represented by the formula cyclic-[(CR ⁶ R ⁷ ) _n CON(R ⁵ )-], all R ⁶ and R ⁷ are preferably hydrogen, or contain one saturated Hydrocarbon group, R ⁵ is a saturated hydrocarbon group containing 3-12 carbon atoms. For example, 1-(saturated hydrocarbon group)-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one.

Representative amide solubilizers include, but are not limited to: 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-decylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-octyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1 -Butylcaprolactone, 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butyl-5-methylpiperidin-2-one, 1-pentyl-5-methylpiperidin-2-one, 1-hexylcaprolactam, 1-hexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 5-methyl-1-pentylpiperidin-2-one, 1,3-dimethylpiperidin-2-one, 1-methylcaprolactam, 1-butyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, 1,5-dimethylpiperidin-2-one, 1-decyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1- dodecylpyrrolidin-2-one, N,N-dibutylformamide and N,N-diisopropylacetamide.

The ketone solubilizers of the present invention include ketones represented by the formula R ¹ C(O)R ² , wherein R ¹ and R ² are independently selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 1-12 carbon atoms, and wherein the ketone has a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units. ^R1 and ^R2 in said ketone are preferably independently selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 9 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of the ketone is preferably about 100 to 200 atomic mass units. R ¹ and R ² are joined together to form an alkylene group and to form a five-, six-, or seven-membered ring of cyclic ketones, such as cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone. R ^{and R} may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon groups, ie groups containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogen (eg fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxy (eg methoxy). R ¹ and R ² may optionally comprise heteroatom substituted hydrocarbyl groups, ie containing nitrogen (aza), oxygen (keto, oxa) or sulfur (thia) atoms in the radical chain originally composed of carbon atoms. Typically, no more than 3, preferably no more than 1, non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms will be present for every 10 carbon atoms in R ^{and R} , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be at Considerations apply under the molecular weight limitations described above. Representative R ¹ and R ² aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbyl groups in the general formula R ¹ C(O)R ² include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso Butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, Dodecyl and their structural isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, menthyl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl.

Representative ketone solubilizers include, but are not limited to: 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, acetophenone, propyl phenyl ketone, amyl phenyl ketone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, 4-ethylcyclohexanone, 2-nonanone, 5-nonanone, 2 -Decanone, 4-Decanone, 2-Decalone, 2-Tridecanone, Dihexylketone and Dicyclohexylketone.

Nitrile solubilizers of the present invention include nitriles represented by the formula R ¹ CN, wherein R ¹ is selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon groups containing 5-12 carbon atoms, and wherein the nitrile has about 90 to Molecular weight of about 200 atomic mass units. R ¹ in the nitrile solubilizer is preferably selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 8 to 10 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of the nitrile solubilizer is preferably from about 120 to about 140 atomic mass units. R ¹ may optionally include a substituted hydrocarbon group, ie, a group containing a non-hydrocarbon substituent selected from halogen (eg, fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxy (eg, methoxy). R ¹ may optionally comprise a heteroatom substituted hydrocarbyl group, ie containing nitrogen (aza), oxygen (keto, oxa) or sulfur (thia) atoms in the radical chain originally consisting of carbon atoms. Typically, no more than 3, preferably no more than 1, non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms will be present for every 10 carbon atoms in ^R , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be present in the molecular weight considered within the constraints. Representative ^R aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon groups in the general formula R CN ^include pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl phenyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their structural isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, menthyl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl. Representative nitrile solubilizers include, but are not limited to: 1-cyanopentane, 2,2-monomethyl-4-cyanopentane, 1-cyanohexane, 1-cyanoheptane, 1-cyano Octane, 2-cyanoctane, 1-cyanononane, 1-cyanodecane, 2-cyanodecane, 1-cyanoundecane and 1-cyanododecane.

The chlorinated hydrocarbon solubilizers of the present invention include chlorinated hydrocarbons represented by the formula RCl _x , wherein x is an integer selected from 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1-12 carbon atoms and wherein said chlorinated hydrocarbon has a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units. The molecular weight of the chlorinated hydrocarbon solubilizer is preferably about 120 to 150 atomic mass units. Representative R aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups in the general formula _RCl include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, Isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their structural isomers.

Representative chlorinated hydrocarbon solubilizers include, but are not limited to: 3-(chloromethyl)-pentane, 3-chloro-3-methylpentane, 1-chlorohexane, 1,6-dichlorohexane, 1-chloroheptane, 1-chlorooctane, 1-chlorononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1,1,1-trichlorodecane.

The ester solubilizers of the present invention include esters represented by the general formula R ¹ CO ₂ R ² , wherein R ¹ and R ² are independently selected from linear and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated alkyl and aryl groups. Preferred esters consist essentially of the elements C, H and O and have a molecular weight of from about 80 to about 550 atomic mass units.

Representative esters include, but are not limited to: (CH ₃ ) ₂ CHCH ₂ OOC(CH ₂ ) ₂ - ₄ OCOCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ ) ₂ (diisobutyl dibasic ester), ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate ester, n-butyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, ethyl benzoate, di-n-propyl phthalate, ethoxyethyl benzoate, dipropyl carbonate, "Exxate 700" (commercially available acetic acid C ₇ alkyl esters), "Exxate 800" (commercially available C ₈ alkyl acetates), dibutyl phthalate, and tert-butyl acetate.

The lactone solubilizing agent of the present invention includes lactones represented by the structures [A], [B] and [C]:

[A] [B] [C]

These lactones contain the functional group -CO ₂ - in the six-membered ring (A) or preferably in the five-membered ring (B), wherein for structures [A] and [B], R ₁ -R ₈ are independently selected from hydrogen or line Type, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon groups. Each R ₁ -R ₈ may be linked to another R ₁ -R ₈ to form a ring. As in structure [C], the lactone may have an exocyclic alkylene group, where R ₁ -R ₆ are independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon group. Each R ₁ -R ₆ may be linked to another R ₁ -R ₆ to form a ring. The lactone solubilizer has a molecular weight of about 80 to about 300 atomic mass units, preferably about 80 to about 200 atomic mass units.

Representative lactone solubilizers include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 4.

Table 4

Lactone solubilizers typically have a kinematic viscosity of less than about 7 centistokes at 40°C. For example, also at 40°C, γ-undecalactone has a kinematic viscosity of 5.4 centistokes and cis-(3-hexyl-5-methyl)-dihydrofuran-2-one has a kinematic viscosity of 4.5 centistokes. Lactone solubilizers are commercially available or prepared by the methods described in US Patent Application 10/910495 (inventors P.J. Fagan and C.J. Brandenburg), filed August 3, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The aryl ether solubilizer of the present invention further includes aryl ethers represented by the formula R ¹ OR ² , wherein R ¹ is selected from aryl hydrocarbon groups having 6-12 carbon atoms; R ² is selected from aryl hydrocarbon groups having 1-4 an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of carbon atoms; and wherein the aryl ether has a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units. Representative R ¹ aryl groups in the general formula R ¹ OR ² include phenyl, biphenyl, cumenyl, menthyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl and pyridyl. Representative R ² aliphatic hydrocarbon groups in the general formula R ¹ OR ² include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl. Representative aromatic ether solubilizers include, but are not limited to, methyl phenyl ether (anisole), 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, ethyl phenyl ether, and butyl phenyl ether.

Fluoroether solubilizers of the present invention include those represented by the general formula R ¹ OCF ₂ CF ₂ H, wherein R ¹ is selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably Primary, linear, saturated alkyl groups. Representative fluoroether solubilizers include, but are not limited to, C ₈ H ₁₇ OCF ₂ CF ₂ H and C ₆ H ₁₃ OCF ₂ CF ₂ H. It should be noted that if the refrigerant is a fluoroether, the solubilizing agent may not be the same fluoroether.

Fluoroether solubilizers may further include ethers derived from fluoroolefins and polyols. Fluoroolefins may be of the type CF ₂ =CXY, where X is hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine, and Y is chlorine, fluorine, CF ₃ or OR _f , where R _f is CF ₃ , C ₂ F ₅ or C ₃ F ₇ . Representative fluoroolefins are tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and perfluoromethyl vinyl ether. Polyols can be of the type HOCH ₂ CRR'(CH ₂ ) _z (CHOH) _x CH ₂ (CH ₂ OH) _y , where R and R' are hydrogen, CH ₃ or C ₂ H ₅ and x is 0-4 Integer, y is an integer of 0-3, z is 0 or 1. Representative polyols are trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, butanediol and ethylene glycol.

The 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane solubilizing agent of the present invention includes 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane represented by the general formula CF ₃ R ¹ , wherein R ¹ is selected from the group having about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups, preferably primary, linear, saturated alkyl groups. Representative 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane solubilizers include, but are not limited to, 1,1,1-trifluorohexane and 1,1,1-trifluorododecane.

The solubilizers of the present invention may be present as a single compound, or may be present as a mixture of more than one solubilizer. The mixture of solubilizers may contain two solubilizers from the same compound, such as two lactones, or two solubilizers from two different types, such as lactones and polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers.

In the composition of the present invention comprising a refrigerant and a UV fluorescent dye, the UV dye comprises about 0.001-1.0% by weight of the composition, preferably about 0.005-0.5% by weight, most preferably 0.01-0.25% by weight.

These UV fluorescent dyes may have poor solubility in refrigerants. Therefore, methods of introducing these dyes into refrigeration or air conditioning equipment can be difficult to use, costly and time consuming. U.S. Patent No. RE36951 discloses a method using dye powder, solid pellets or slurries of dye that can be added to components of refrigeration or air conditioning equipment. Because the refrigerant and lubricant are circulated throughout the equipment, the dye is Dissolve or disperse throughout the device and be transported. Many other methods of introducing dyes into refrigeration or air conditioning equipment are described in the literature.

Ideally, the UV fluorescent dye would be soluble in the refrigerant itself, thereby not requiring any special methods of introduction into refrigeration or air conditioning equipment. The present invention relates to compositions comprising UV fluorescent dyes which can be introduced into the system into the refrigerant. The composition of the present invention will allow dye containing refrigerants to be stored and transported even at low temperatures while keeping the dye in solution.

In the composition of the present invention comprising a refrigerant, a UV fluorescent dye and a solubilizer, the solubilizer in the refrigerant accounts for about 1-50% by weight, preferably about 2-25% by weight, and most preferably about 5% by weight of the combined composition. -15% by weight. In the compositions of the present invention, the UV fluorescent dye in the refrigerant is present at a concentration of about 0.001-1.0% by weight, preferably 0.005-0.5% by weight, and most preferably 0.01-0.25% by weight.

Optionally, commonly used refrigeration system additives may be added to the compositions of the present invention as desired to enhance performance and system stability. Such additives are known in the refrigeration art and include, but are not limited to, antiwear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface passivators, free radical scavengers, and foam control agents. Typically, these additives are present in the compositions of the invention in small amounts relative to the composition as a whole. Typical concentrations range from less than about 0.1% by weight up to about 3% by weight for each additive used. These additives are selected based on the requirements of each system. These additives include members of the triaryl phosphate family of EP (excess pressure) lubricant additives, such as butylated triphenyl phosphate (BTPP), or other alkylated triaryl phosphates, such as Syn- 0-Ad8478, tricresyl phosphate and related compounds. Additionally, metal dialkyldithiophosphates such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (or ZDDP), Lubrizol 1375 and other members of this chemical family may be used in the compositions of the present invention. Other antiwear additives include Natural product oils and asymmetric polyhydric lubricating additives such as Synergol TMS (International Lubricants). Similarly, stabilizers such as antioxidants, free radical scavengers and water scavengers may be used. Compounds in this category may include but not Limited to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and epoxides.

Solubilizers (eg ketones) may have an unpleasant odor which can be masked by adding odor masking agents or fragrances. Typical examples of odor masking agents or flavors may include wintergreen, fresh lemon, cherry, cinnamon, mint, flower or orange peel, all commercially available, as well as d-ene and pinene. These odor-masking agents can be used in concentrations of about 0.001% by weight up to about 15% by weight, based on the combined weight of the odor-masking agent and solubilizer.

The invention also relates to a method of using a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid additionally comprising an ultraviolet fluorescent dye and optionally a solubilizing agent in refrigeration or air conditioning equipment. The method includes introducing a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition into refrigeration or air conditioning equipment. This can be done by dissolving a UV fluorescent dye in a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition in the presence of a solubilizer and introducing the composition into the device. Alternatively, this can be done by combining a solubilizing agent and a UV fluorescent dye, and introducing said combination into a refrigeration or air conditioning device containing a refrigerant and/or a heat transfer fluid. The resulting composition can be used in refrigeration or air conditioning equipment.

The present invention also relates to methods of detecting leaks using refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions comprising ultraviolet fluorescent dyes. The presence of the dye in the composition allows detection of refrigerant leaks in refrigeration or air conditioning equipment. Leak detection helps to address, resolve or prevent ineffective operation or device failure of equipment or systems. Leak detection also helps people contain chemicals used in equipment operation.

The method comprises providing refrigeration and air conditioning equipment with a composition comprising a refrigerant, a UV fluorescent dye (as described herein), and optionally a solubilizing agent (as described herein), and employing a suitable means to detect the UV fluorescent dye containing of refrigerant. Suitable tools for detecting dyes include, but are not limited to, ultraviolet light, often referred to as "black light" or "blue light". These UV lamps are commercially available from a variety of sources specially designed for this purpose. Once a composition containing a UV fluorescent dye is introduced into refrigeration or air conditioning equipment and allowed to circulate throughout the system, it can be found by shining the UV lamp on the equipment and observing the fluorescence of the dye near any leaks. leakage.

The invention also relates to a method of using the composition of the invention to generate refrigeration or heat, wherein the method comprises generating refrigeration by evaporating said composition around an object to be cooled and then condensing said composition, or by Heat is generated by condensing the composition around a heated object, and then evaporating the composition.

Mechanical refrigeration is primarily a thermodynamic use in which a cooling medium, such as a refrigerant, moves along a cycle so that it can be recovered for reuse. Commonly used cycles include vapor compression, adsorption, vapor injection or steam jet pumps and air.

A vapor compression refrigeration system consists of an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion device. The vapor compression cycle reuses the refrigerant in multiple steps, producing cooling in one step and heating in a different step. The cycle can be briefly described as follows. The liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator through the expansion device, and the liquid refrigerant boils in the evaporator at a low temperature to form a gas and produce refrigeration. Low pressure gas enters the compressor where it is compressed to increase its pressure and temperature. The higher pressure (compressed) gaseous refrigerant then enters the condenser where it condenses and dissipates its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns to the expansion device through which the liquid expands from a higher pressure level in the condenser to a lower pressure level in the evaporator, thereby repeating the cycle.

Various types of compressors can be used in refrigeration applications. Compressors can generally be classified as reciprocating, rotary, jet, centrifugal, scroll, helical, or axial flow, depending on the mechanical method of compressing the fluid, or as positive displacement ( such as reciprocating, scroll or helical) or dynamic (such as centrifugal or jet).

Both positive displacement and dynamic compressors can be used in the method of the present invention. For the refrigerant compositions of the present invention, a centrifugal type compressor is the preferred device.

Centrifugal compressors use rotating elements to radially accelerate the refrigerant, usually including an impeller and diffuser housed within the casing. Centrifugal compressors typically take fluid at the impeller inlet or at the center inlet of the recirculating impeller and accelerate it radially outward. Some static pressure rise occurs in the impeller, but most of the pressure rise occurs in the diffuser section of the casing where velocity is converted to static pressure. Each impeller-diffuser set is a compressor stage. Centrifugal compressors are formed from 1-12 or more stages, depending on the final pressure required and the volume of refrigerant to be processed.

The pressure ratio, or compression ratio, of a compressor is the ratio of absolute discharge pressure to absolute inlet pressure. The pressure delivered by a centrifugal compressor remains virtually constant over a relatively wide range of capacities.

Positive displacement compressors draw vapor into a chamber and reduce the volume of the chamber to compress the vapor. After being compressed, the vapor is expelled from the chamber by further reducing the chamber volume to zero or close to zero. Positive displacement compressors can generate pressures limited only by volumetric efficiency and the strength of the components to withstand the pressure.

Unlike positive displacement compressors, centrifugal compressors rely entirely on the centrifugal force of the high-speed impeller to compress the vapor passing through the impeller. There is no positive displacement here, but what is called dynamic compression.

The pressure that a centrifugal compressor can generate depends on the tip speed of the impeller. Tip speed is the speed of the impeller measured at its tip and refers to the diameter of the impeller and its revolutions per minute. The capacity of a centrifugal compressor is determined by the size of the passage through the impeller. This makes compressor sizing more dependent on required pressure than capacity.

Centrifugal compressors are basically high capacity, low pressure machines due to their high speed operation. Centrifugal compressors work best with low pressure refrigerants such as trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) or 1,2,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113).

Large centrifugal compressors typically operate at 3000-7000 revolutions per minute (rpm). Small turbocentrifugal compressors are designed for high speeds of about 40,000 to about 70,000 (rpm) and have small impeller sizes, typically less than 0.15 meters.

Multi-stage impellers can be used in centrifugal compressors to improve compressor efficiency, thereby requiring less power when in use. For a two-stage system, in operation, the discharge from the first stage impeller enters the suction inlet of the second impeller. Both impellers can be operated by using a single shaft rod (or shaft). Each stage can produce a compression ratio of about 4:1; that is, the absolute discharge pressure can be four times the absolute suction pressure. An example of a two-stage centrifugal compressor system, in the case of automotive use, is described in US5065990, incorporated herein by reference.

The composition of the present invention is suitable for refrigeration or air-conditioning systems using centrifugal compressors, and it is selected from at least one of the following:

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,3-trifluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,4-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-methylbutane ;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5 , 5,5-decafluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluorohexane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane; and

I, I, I, 2, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6 , 6-nonafluoro-1-hexene.

These aforementioned compositions are also suitable for use in multi-stage centrifugal compressors, preferably in two-stage centrifugal compressor installations.

The compositions of the invention can be used in static air conditioning, heat pump or mobile air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Static air conditioning and heat pump applications include window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal units, chillers and commercial including packaged rooftop units. Refrigeration applications include domestic or domestic refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, package coolers and freezers, cold stores and freezers and mobile refrigeration systems.

Furthermore, the composition of the present invention can be used in air conditioning, heating and cooling systems using fin-tube heat exchangers, microchannel heat exchangers and vertical or horizontal one-way tube or plate heat exchangers.

Conventional microchannel heat exchangers may not be ideal for the low pressure refrigerant compositions of the present invention. Low operating pressures and densities result in high flow rates and high friction losses for all components. In these cases, the evaporator design can be changed. Instead of several microchannel plates connected in series (as opposed to refrigerant channels), a single plate/single pass heat exchanger configuration can be used. Therefore, the preferred heat exchanger for the low pressure refrigerant of the present invention is a single plate/single pass heat exchanger.

In addition to two-stage centrifugal compressor equipment, the following compositions of the present invention are suitable for use in refrigeration or air-conditioning units employing single-plate/single-pass heat exchangers:

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,3-trifluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoropropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,4-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoro-2-methylpropane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,3-difluorobutane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-methylbutane ;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(difluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(difluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(difluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,2-difluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(decafluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5 , 5,5-decafluoropentane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluorohexane;

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane; and

1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6 , 6-nonafluoro-1-hexene.

The compositions of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in small impeller centrifugal compressors, which can be used in automotive and window air conditioners or heat pumps, among other applications. These high-efficiency miniature centrifugal compressors can be driven by electric motors, so they can run independently of engine speed. A constant compressor speed allows the system to provide relatively constant cooling capacity at all engine speeds. This offers the possibility of improving the efficiency especially at high engine speeds compared to conventional R-134a automotive air conditioning systems. The advantages of these low pressure systems become even greater when considering the cyclic operation of conventional systems at high drive speeds.

Some of the low pressure refrigerant fluids of the present invention are suitable as drop in replacements for CFC-113 in existing centrifugal units.

The invention relates to a method of producing refrigeration comprising evaporating a composition of the invention around an object to be cooled and subsequently condensing said composition.

The invention also relates to a method of generating heat comprising condensing a composition according to the invention around an object to be heated and subsequently evaporating said composition.

The invention also relates to a method of transferring heat from a heat source to a heat sink, wherein the composition of the invention is used as the heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer method involves delivering the composition of the present invention from a heat source to a heat sink.

Heat transfer fluids are used to transfer, move or remove heat from one space, location, object or object to a different space, location, object or object by radiation, conduction or convection. The heat transfer fluid can be used as a secondary coolant by providing cooling (or heating) transport from a remote cooling (or heating) system. In some systems, the heat transfer fluid may remain in a constant state (ie, no evaporation or condensation) throughout the transfer. Alternatively, the evaporative cooling process can also use a heat transfer fluid.

A heat source can be defined as any space, location, object or body from which it is desired to transfer, move or extract heat. An example of a heat source may be a space (open or closed) requiring refrigeration or cooling, such as a refrigerator or freezer installed in a supermarket, in a building space requiring air conditioning, or in the cabin of a vehicle requiring air conditioning. A heat sink can be defined as any space, location, object or body that can absorb heat. A vapor compression refrigeration system is an example of such a heat sink.

Example

Example 1

Damage from steam leaks

The vessel is charged with the initial composition at a specified temperature and the initial vapor pressure of the composition is measured. While keeping the temperature constant, the composition is allowed to leak from the container until 50% by weight of the initial composition has been removed, at which point the vapor pressure of the composition remaining in the container is determined. The results are summarized in Table 5 below.

table 5

compound wt%A/wt%B Initial Psia Initial kPa Psia after 50% leak kPa after 50% leakage Delta P% PEIK/HFC-263fa(46.0℃) 78.4/21.685/1590/1095/599/1 14.674.6814.694.594.13 101.15101.22101.28100.6097.42 14.6714.6814.6914.5613.52 101.15101.22101.28100.3993.22 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 4.3%

100/070/3060/4040/6020/8010/901/990/100 13.2414.6914.7514.9115.0615.1315.1815.19 91.29101.28101.70102.80103.84104.32104.66104.73 13.2414.6914.7414.9015.0515.1215.1815.19 91.29101.28101.63102.73103.77104.25104.66104.73 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-272fa(33.5℃) 74.7/25.390/1091/9100/060/4040/6020/8010/901/990/100 14.6814.2814.208.3214.4813.7412.6612.0411.4511.39 101.2298.4697.9157.3699.8494.7387.2983.0178.9578.53 14.6813.1312.588.3214.1612.7511.8011.5511.4011.39  101.2290.5386.7457.3697.6387.9181.3679.6378.6078.53 0.0% 8.1% 11.4% 0.0% 2.2% 7.2% 6.8% 4.1% 0.4% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-365mfc(50.0℃) 0/1001/9920/8040/6060/4080/2099/1100/0 20.2320.2320.1419.8219.1617.8715.4115.23 139.48139.48138.86136.65132.10123.21106.25105.01 20.2320.2320.1319.7518.9417.4815.3615.23 139.48139.48138.79136.17130.59120.52105.90105.01 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 1.1% 2.2% 0.3% 0.0%   PFIK/HFC-392p(37.6℃) 50.6/49.480/2090/1099/1100/020/8010/901/990/100 14.7113.9212.7010.189.7414.3113.9913.6113.56 101.4295.9887.5670.1967.1698.6696.4693.8493.49  14.7113.3611.759.929.7414.1113.8113.5813.56 101.4292.1181.0168.4067.1697.2995.2293.6393.49 0.0% 4.0% 7.5% 2.6% 0.0% 1.4% 1.3% 0.2% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-392qe(37.2℃) 78.4/21.690/1091/992/8100/0 14.6714.4214.3414.259.59 101.1599.4298.8798.2566.12 14.6713.5913.1812.659.59  101.1593.7090.8787.2266.12 0.0% 5.8% 8.1% 11.2% 0.0%

60/4054/4653/370/100 14.3814.1714.129.56 99.1597.7097.3565.91  13.6012.8112.679.56 93.7788.3287.3665.91 5.4% 9.6% 10.3% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-392qfe(41.3℃) 84.9/15.195/596/4100/065/3564/360/100 14.7114.2113.9911.1814.2714.237.91 101.4297.9896.4677.0898.3998.1154.54 14.7112.9212.3711.1812.9512.767.91 101.4289.0885.2977.0889.2987.9854.54 0.0% 9.1% 11.6% 0.0% 9.3% 10.3% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-392qff(45.8℃) 92.5/7.599/1100/080/2076/2475/250/100 14.7113.8913.1514.4014.2414.205.03 101.4295.7790.6799.2998.1897.9134.68 14.7113.4013.1513.6912.8712.625.03 101.4292.3990.6794.3988.7487.0134.68 0.0% 3.5% 0.0% 4.9% 9.6% 11.1% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-392qqz(41.7℃) 86.8/13.295/596/4100/070/3068/3267/330/100 14.6814.3514.1811.3414.3414.2614.227.26 101.2298.9497.7778.1998.879 8.3298.0450.06 14.6813.2612.6411.2413.2712.8812.677.26 101.2291.4387.1578.1991.4988.8187.3650.06 0.0% 7.6% 10.9% 0.0% 7.5% 9.7% 10.9% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-392qy(31.5℃) 55.9/44.180/2084/16100/040/6020/8010/901/990/100 14.6914.1613.867.7014.5614.0213.6013.1413.08 101.2897.6395.5653.09100.3996.6793.7790.6090.18 14.6913.3612.477.7014.4113.6613.3313.1013.08 101.2892.1185.9853.0999.3594.1891.9190.3290.18 0.0% 5.6% 10.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.6% 2.0% 0.3% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-392see(36.0℃) 75.0/25.090/1091/9 14.7114.2914.18 101.4298.5397.77 14.7112.9412.44 101.4289.2285.77 0.0% 9.4% 12.3%

  100/048/5247/530/100 9.1614.1614.1210.19 63.1697.6397.3570.26 9.1612.7912.6610.19 63.1688.1887.2970.26 0.0% 9.7% 10.3% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-4-10-3m(36.2℃)  47.5/52.560/4080/2086/1487/13100/020/8010/901/990/100 14.7014.6013.7113.0412.899.2414.2913.9113.4313.37 101.35100.6694.5389.9188.8763.7198.5395.9192.6092.18 14.7014.5112.8311.7811.589.2414.0713.6913.3913.37 101.35100.0488.4681.2279.8463.7197.0194.3992.3292.18 0.0% 0.6% 6.4% 9.7% 10.2% 0.0% 1.5% 1.6% 0.3% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-4-10-3mfsz(35.4℃) 45.4/54.680/2084/1685/15100/020/8010/901/990/100 14.6713.5813.1513.028.9614.3313.9813.5313.47 101.1593.6390.6789.7761.7898.8096.3993.2992.87 14.6712.5911.8911.698.9614.1413.7813.5013.47 101.1586.8181.9880.6061.7897.4995.0193.0892.87 0.0% 7.3% 9.6% 10.2% 0.0% 1.3% 1.4% 0.2% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-4-11-2p(48.7℃) 95.2/4.899/1100/080/2062/3861/390/100 14.7014.6214.5614.1613.1813.137.55 101.35100.80100.3997.6390.8790.5352.06 14.7014.6214.5613.8611.9411.817.55 101.35100.80100.3995.5682.3281.4352.06 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 9.4% 10.1% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-4-11-2qe(44.8℃) 90.1/9.999/1100/072/2871/290/100 14.6813.5112.6914.2914.265.39 101.2293.1587.5098.5398.3237.16 14.6812.8812.6913.0212.795.39 101.2288.8187.5089.7788.1837.16 0.0% 4.7% 0.0% 8.9% 10.3% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-4-11-2sc(45.2℃) 82.0/18.090/10 14.6914.50 101.2899.97 14.6914.37 101.2899.08 0.0%0.9%

99/1100/060/4051/4950/500/100 13.1912.8714.2013.8613.819.12 90.9488.7497.9195.5695.2262.88 13.0512.8713.5812.5512.419.12 89.9888.7493.6386.5385.5662.88 1.1% 0.0% 4.4% 9.5% 10.1% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-43-10mee(46.0℃) 73.6/26.490/1099/1100/040/6020/8010/901/990/100 14.6914.3113.4113.2413.8112.5211.6510.7310.62 101.2898.6692.4691.2995.2286.3280.3273.9873.22 14.6914.1213.3313.2413.2811.7911.1410.6710.62  101.2897.3591.9191.2991.5681.2976.8173.5773.22 0.0% 1.3% 0.6% 0.0% 3.8% 5.8% 4.4% 0.6% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-5-12-3m(48.8℃) 96.0/4.099/1100/080/2065/3564/360/100 14.7114.6614.6114.1213.2913.246.17 101.42101.08100.7397.3591.6391.2942.54 14.7114.6514.6113.7612.0111.866.17 101.42101.01100.7394.8782.8181.7742.54 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 2.5% 9.6% 10.4% 0.0% PEIK/HFC-C354cc(48.7℃) 73.2/26.890/1099/1100/040/6020/801/990/100 14.7214.6614.5714.5614.5614.3714.1314.11 101.49101.08100.46100.39100.3999.0897.4297.29 14.7214.6614.5714.5614.5514.3514.1314.11   101.49101.08100.46100.39100.3298.9497.4297.29 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% PEIK/PFBE(50℃) 0/1001/9910/9020/8030/7040/6050/5060/4070/3080/20  10.7910.8611.3811.9312.4312.9113.3513.7814.1714.55 74.3974.8878.4682.2585.7089.0192.0595.0197.70100.32 10.7910.8411.1911.6212.0912.5713.0613.5414.0114.45 74.3974.7477.1580.1283.3686.6790.0593.3696.6099.63 0.0% 0.2% 1.7% 2.6% 2.7% 2.6% 2.2% 1.7% 1.1% 0.7%

90/1099/1100/0 14.9015.2015.23 102.73104.80105.01 14.8615.2015.23 102.46104.80105.01 0.3% 0.0% 0.0%

The results show that for the compositions of the present invention, the difference between the vapor pressure of the initial composition and the composition remaining after 50% by weight of the composition has been removed is less than about 10%. This indicates that the compositions of the present invention are azeotropic or close to azeotropic. When an azeotropic composition is present, the data show that the compositions of the present invention have an initial vapor pressure that is higher than that of the individual pure components.

Example 2

pressure generating tip speed

Tip speed can be estimated by developing some basic relationships for refrigeration units using centrifugal compressors. The torque ideally imparted by the impeller to the gas is defined as

T=m*(v ₂ *r ₂ -v ₁ *r ₁ ) Equation 1

in:

T=torque, N*m

m = mass flow rate, kg/s

v ₂ = tangential velocity (tip velocity) of the refrigerant leaving the impeller, m/s

r ₂ = radius of impeller outlet, m

v ₁ = tangential velocity of refrigerant entering the impeller, m/s

r ₁ = radius of impeller inlet, m

Assuming that the refrigerant enters the impeller in a substantially radial direction, the tangential component of velocity v ₁ =0, so

T = m*v ₂ *r ₂ equation 2

The power required at the shaft is the product of torque and speed

P=T*w Equation 3

in,

P = power, W

w = speed, rez/s

therefore,

P=T*w=m*v ₂ *r ₂ *w Equation 4

At low refrigerant flow rates, the tip velocity of the impeller is nearly equal to the tangential velocity of the refrigerant; therefore

r ₂ *w = v ₂ equation 5

and

P=m* _v2 * _v2 Equation 6

Another expression for the ideal power is the product of the mass flow rate and the isentropic work of the compressor,

P=m*H _i *(1000J/kJ) Equation 7

where _Hi = difference in enthalpy of the refrigerant from saturated vapor under evaporating conditions to saturated condensing conditions, kJ/kg.

Combining the two expressions Equations 6 and 7 gives:

v ₂ *v ₂ =1000*H _i equation 8

Although Equation 8 is based on some basic assumptions, it provides a good estimate of impeller tip velocities and provides an important way to compare refrigerant tip velocities.

Table 6 below shows the calculated theoretical tip velocities for 1,2,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) and compositions of the invention. Assume that the conditions for this comparison are:

Evaporator temperature: 40.0(4.4℃)

Condenser temperature: 110.0(43.3℃)

Liquid subcooling temperature: 10.0(5.5℃)

Return gas temperature: 75.0(23.8℃)

Compressor Efficiency: 70%

These are typical conditions for the operation of small turbo centrifugal compressors.

Table 6

Refrigerant composition Wt% PEIK Wt%B HiBtu/lb Hi*0.7Btu/lb Hi*0.7KJ/Kg V2m/s V2 relto CFC-113 CFC-113 100 10.92 7.6 17.8 133.3 PEIK plus (B): 11.55 8.1 18.8 137.1 103% HFC-263fa 78.4 21.6 12.36 8.7 20.1 141.9 106% HFC-272fa 74.7 25.3 12.8 9.0 20.8 144.4 108% HFC-365mfc 50.0 50.0 12.62 8.8 20.5 143.3 108% HFC-392p 50.6 49.4 15.23 10.7 24.8 157.5 118% HFC-392qe 78.4 21.6 12.87 9.0 21.0 144.8 109% HFC-392qfe 84.9 15.1 12.5 8.8 20.4 142.7 107% HFC-392qff 92.5 7.5 12.12 8.5 19.7 140.5 105% HFC-392qqz 55.9 44.1 15.48 10.8 25.2 158.8 119% HFC-392qy 86.8 13.2 12.46 8.7 20.3 142.4 107% HFC-392see 75.0 25.0 13.18 9.2 21.5 146.5 110% HFC-4-10-3m 47.5 52.5 15.07 10.5 24.5 156.6 118% HFC-4-10-3mfsz 45.4 54.6 15.03 10.5 24.5 156.4 117% HFC-4-11-2p 95.2 4.8 12.04 8.4 19.6 140.0 105% HFC-4-11-2qe 90.1 9.9 12.33 8.6 20.1 141.7 106% HFC-4-11-2sc 82.0 18.0 13.17 9.2 21.4 146.4 110% HFC-43-10mee 73.6 26.4 11.59 8.1 18.9 137.4 103% HFC-5-12-3m 96.0 4.0 11.98 8.4 19.5 139.7 105% HFC-C354cc 73.2 26.8 12.56 8.8 20.5 143.0 107% PFBE 50.0 50.0 12.29 8.6 20.0 141.5 106%

The examples show that compounds of the present invention have tip speeds in the range of approximately +/- 20% of that of CFC-113, which will effectively replace CFC-113 with minimal changes in compressor design. Most preferred compositions have a tip velocity in the range of about +/- 10% of the CFC-113 tip velocity.

Example 3

performance data

The data in Table 7 shows the performance of various refrigerants compared to CFC-113. These data are based on the following conditions

Evaporator temperature: 40.0(4.4℃)

Condenser temperature: 110.0(43.3℃)

Subcooling temperature: 10.0(5.5℃)

Compressor Efficiency: 70%

Table 7

Refrigerant composition wt% PEIK wt% B EvapPres (Psia) Evap Pree (kPa) CondPres (Psia) CondPres (kPa) ComprDischTemp (F) ComprDischTemp (C) COP Capacity (Btu/min) Capacity (kW) CFC-113 2.7 19 12.8 88 156.3 69.1 4.18 14.e 0.26 PEIK plusB: HFC-263fa 78.4 21.6 2.5 17 13.3 92 139.7 59.8 4.02 16.1 0.28 HFC-272fa 74.7 25.3 4.3 29 20.4 141 142.9 61.6 3.95 25.1 0.44 HFC-365mfc 50.0 50.0 2.9 20 14.5 100 135.2 57.3 3.96 17.5 0.31 HFC-392p 50.6 49.4 3.9 27 17.9 124 145.6 63.1 4.08 23.1 0.40 HFC-392qe 78.4 21.6 3.7 25 18.0 124 134.9 57.2 3.87 21.4 0.37 HFC-392qfe 84.9 15.1 3.1 twenty one 15.7 108 132.2 55.7 3.86 18.3 0.32 HFC-392qff 92.5 7.5 2.5 17 13.4 93 128.7 53.7 3.81 15.1 0.26 HFC-392qqz 55.9 44.1 1.8 13 9.7 67 149.0 65.0 4.19 12.3 0.22 HFC-392qy 86.8 13.2 2.9 20 15.2 105 131.2 55.1 3.91 17.8 0.31 HFC-392see 75.0 25.0 3.8 26 18.7 129 137.5 58.6 381 21.8 0.38 HFC-4-10-3m 47.5 52.5 4.1 28 18.8 130 134.3 56.8 3.92 23.1 0.40 HFC-4-10-3mfsz 45.4 54.6 4.3 29 19.3 133 134.3 56.8 3.93 23.9 0.42 HFC-4-11-2p 95.2 4.8 2.1 15 11.9 82 126.9 52.7 3.81 13.1 0.23 HFC-4-11-2qe 90.1 9.9 2.6 18 14.0 96 127.8 53.2 3.79 15.6 0.27 HFC-4-11-2sc 82.0 18.0 2.7 18 13.8 95 129.8 54.3 3.86 16.0 0.28 HFC-43-10mee 73.6 26.4 2.5 17 13.3 92 126.0 52.2 3.77 14.7 0.26 HFC-5-12-3m 96.0 4.0 2.1 14 11.8 81 125.8 52.1 3.78 12.8 0.22 HFC-C354cc 73.2 26.8 2.3 16 12.2 84 134.6 57.0 3.96 14.5 0.25 PFBE 50.0 50.0 1.7 12 9.8 67 128.3 53.5 3.86 10.9 0.19

The data shows that the compositions of the present invention have evaporator and condenser pressures similar to CFC-113. Some compositions also have higher capacity or energy efficiency (COP) than CFC-113.

Claims (18)

1. A composition selected from the group consisting of: 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,3-trifluoropropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoropropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,4-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoro-2-methylpropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoro-2-methylpropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,3-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-methylbutane ; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,2-difluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5 , 5,5-decafluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluorohexane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane; and 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6 , 6-nonafluoro-1-hexene. 2. A refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition suitable for use in (i) centrifugal compressors or (ii) multistage centrifugal compressors or (iii) single plate/single pass heat exchangers, said composition being selected from: 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,3-trifluoropropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoropropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,4-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,3-difluoro-2-methylpropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoro-2-methylpropane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,3-difluorobutane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-methylbutane ; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1-difluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,2-difluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 2,2-difluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5 , 5,5-decafluoropentane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,1-trifluorohexane; 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane; and 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6 , 6-nonafluoro-1-hexene. 3. An azeotropic or near-azeotropic composition selected from the group consisting of: About 1-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-1% by weight of 1, 1,3-trifluoropropane; About 1-90% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-10% by weight of 1, 3-difluoropropane; About 1-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-1% by weight of 1, 1-Difluorobutane; About 54-91% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 46-9% by weight of 1, 2-Difluorobutane; About 65-95% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 35-5% by weight of 1, 3-Difluorobutane; About 76-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 24-1% by weight of 1, 4-Difluorobutane; About 68-95% by weight 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 32-5% by weight 1,3- Difluoro-2-methylpropane; About 1-84% by weight 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-16% by weight 1,2- Difluoro-2-methylpropane; About 48-90% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 52-10% by weight of 2, 3-Difluorobutane; About 1-86% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-14% by weight of 1, 1,1-Trifluoropentane; About 1-84% by weight 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-16% by weight 1,1, 1-trifluoro-3-methylbutane; About 62-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 38-1% by weight of 1, 1-Difluoropentane; About 72-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 28-1% by weight of 1, 2-Difluoropentane; About 51-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 49-1% by weight of 2, 2-Difluoropentane; About 1-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-1% by weight of 1, 1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane; About 65-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 35-1% by weight of 1, 1,1-Trifluorohexane; About 1-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-1% by weight of 1, 1,2,2-Tetrafluorocyclobutane; and About 1-99% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and about 99-1% by weight of 3, 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene. 4. Selected from the following azeotropic compositions: 78.4% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 21.6% by weight of 1,1,3-tri Fluoropropanes having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 46.0°C; 74.7% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 25.3% by weight of 1,3-difluoropropane , having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 33.5° C.; 50.6% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 49.4% by weight of 1,1-difluorobutyl An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 37.6°C; 78.4% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 21.6% by weight of 1,2-difluorobutyl An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 37.2°C; 84.9% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 15.1% by weight of 1,3-difluorobutyl An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 41.3°C; 92.5% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 7.5% by weight of 1,4-difluorobutanol An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 45.8°C; 86.8% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 13.2% by weight of 1,3-difluoro- 2-methylpropane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 41.7°C; 55.9% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 44.1% by weight of 1,2-difluoro- 2-methylpropane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 31.5°C; 75.0% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 25.0% by weight of 2,3-difluorobutyl An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 36.0°C; 47.5% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 52.5% by weight of 1,1,1-tri Fluoropentane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 36.2°C; 45.4% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 54.6% by weight of 1,1,1-tri Fluoro-3-methylbutane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 35.4°C; 95.2% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 4.8% by weight of 1,1-difluoropentane An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 48.7°C; 90.1% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 9.9% by weight of 1,2-difluoropentane An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 44.8°C; 82.0% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 18.0% by weight of 2,2-difluoropentane An alkane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 45.2°C; 73.6% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 26.4% by weight of 1,1,1,2 , 2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane, having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 46.0°C; 96.0% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 4.0% by weight of 1,1,1-tri Fluorohexane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 48.8°C; and 73.2% by weight of 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and 26.8% by weight of 1,1,2,2 - Tetrafluorocyclobutane having a vapor pressure of about 14.7 psia (101 kPa) at a temperature of about 48.7°C. 5. A method of producing refrigeration comprising evaporating a composition according to claim 2, 3 or 4 around an object to be cooled and then condensing said composition. 6. A method of generating heat comprising condensing a composition according to claim 2, 3 or 4 around an object to be heated and then evaporating said composition. 7. A method of transferring heat comprising delivering the composition of claim 2, 3 or 4 from a heat source to a heat sink. 8. The composition of claim 2, further comprising at least one ultraviolet fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of naphthalimide, perylene, coumarin, anthracene, phenanthracenes, xanthene, thioxanthene, benzoxepine Anthracene, fluorescein, derivatives of said dyes, or combinations thereof. 9. The composition of claim 3 or 4, further comprising at least one ultraviolet fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of naphthalimide, perylene, coumarin, anthracene, phenanthracenes, xanthene, thioxanthene, benzoxanthene Xanthenes, fluoresceins, derivatives of said dyes, or combinations thereof. 10. The composition of claim 8, further comprising at least one solubilizer selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, dimethyl ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, ketones, nitriles, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters, lactones, aromatic base ether, fluoroether, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane; and the refrigerant and solubilizer are not the same compound. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the solubilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of: a) a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether represented by the formula R ¹ [(OR ² ) _x OR ³ ] _y , wherein x is an integer of 1-3, and y is an integer of 1-4; R ¹ is selected from hydrogen and has 1 - an aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites, ^R2 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon groups with 2-4 carbon atoms; ^R3 is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic groups with 1-6 carbon atoms At least one ^of R and ^R is selected from said hydrocarbon group; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ether has a molecular weight of about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units; b) an amide represented by the formula R ¹ CONR ² R ³ and cyclic -[R ⁴ CON(R ⁵ )-], wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁵ are independently selected from the group having 1-12 carbons Atomic aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups, and at most one aromatic group with 6-12 carbon atoms; R ⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene groups with 3-12 carbon atoms; and wherein said The amide has a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units; c) a ketone represented by the formula R ¹ COR ² , wherein R ¹ and R ² are independently selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein the ketone has about 70 to Molecular weight of about 300 atomic mass units; d) the nitrile represented by formula R ¹ CN, wherein R ¹ is selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon groups containing 5-12 carbon atoms, and wherein the nitrile has about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units Molecular weight; e) chlorinated hydrocarbons represented by formula RCl _x , wherein x is an integer selected from 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1-12 carbon atoms; and wherein the chlorinated The hydrocarbon has a molecular weight of about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units; f) an aryl ether represented by the formula R ¹ OR ² , wherein R ¹ is selected from aryl hydrocarbon groups having 6-12 carbon atoms; R ² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1-4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ether has a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units; g) 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the general formula CF ₃ R ¹ , wherein R ¹ is a hydrocarbon group selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic having about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms; i) a fluoroether represented by the general formula R ¹ OCF ₂ CF ₂ H, wherein R ¹ is selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms; or the fluoroether is derived from From fluoroalkenes and polyols, where the fluoroalkenes are of the type CF ₂ =CXY, where X is hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine, and Y is chlorine, fluorine, CF ₃ or OR _f , where R _f is CF ₃ , C ₂ F ₅ or C ₃ F ₇ ; said polyol is of the type HOCH ₂ CRR'(CH ₂ ) _z (CHOH) _x CH ₂ (CH ₂ OH) _y , where R and R' are hydrogen, CH ₃ or C ₂ H ₅ , x is an integer of 0-4, y is an integer of 0-3, z is 0 or 1; and j) Lactones represented by structures [B], [C] and [D]:

wherein R ₁ -R ₈ are independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon groups; and have a molecular weight of about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units; and k) an ester represented by the general formula R ¹ CO ₂ R ² , wherein R ¹ and R ² are independently selected from linear and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated alkyl and aryl groups; and wherein the ester has Molecular weight of about 80 to about 550 atomic mass units. 12. A method for generating refrigeration or air conditioning, said method comprising introducing the composition of claim 10 into a compression refrigeration or air conditioning device: (i) by dissolving the ultraviolet fluorescent dye in the refrigerant combination in the presence of a solubilizing agent or (ii) by combining a solubilizing agent and a UV fluorescent dye, and introducing the combination into a fluid containing a refrigerant and/or a heat transfer fluid said compression refrigeration or air conditioning unit. 13. A method for detecting a leak in or near a refrigeration or air-conditioning unit, said method comprising providing a composition according to claim 8 or 10 in said unit, and providing a method for use at the point of leakage or in the vicinity of said unit Suitable means for detecting said composition. 14. A method of producing refrigeration comprising evaporating the composition of claim 10 around an object to be cooled and then condensing said composition. 15. A method of generating heat comprising condensing the composition of claim 10 around an object to be heated and then evaporating said composition. 16. The composition of claim 2 or 10, further comprising a stabilizer, water scavenger or odor masking agent. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of nitromethane, hindered phenols, hydroxylamines, mercaptans, phosphites and lactones. 18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the water scavenger is an orthoester.