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CN101052432B - 伺服呼吸机中目标通气量的调节 - Google Patents

伺服呼吸机中目标通气量的调节 Download PDF

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CN101052432B
CN101052432B CN2005800377454A CN200580037745A CN101052432B CN 101052432 B CN101052432 B CN 101052432B CN 2005800377454 A CN2005800377454 A CN 2005800377454A CN 200580037745 A CN200580037745 A CN 200580037745A CN 101052432 B CN101052432 B CN 101052432B
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戴维·约翰·巴辛
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Abstract

根据适于由内科医生设置的预先编程的方案，伺服呼吸机控制缓慢地改变在一段时间上的目标通气量。优选地，该目标通气量在初始维持时间保持恒定在初始目标通气量，并且然后以恒定的速率增加，直到其达到最终目标通气量，之后在最终目标通气量保持恒定。如果压力支持水平太高，可能表明存在声门或上呼吸道闭合，目标通气量的增加速率可能降低，或者不能达到最终目标通气量。

Description

伺服呼吸机中目标通气量的调节
本申请要求2004年9月3日提交的澳大利亚临时申请AU 2004/905022的权益。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及辅助呼吸领域，尤其涉及用来确定肺泡换气不足的患者在睡眠中的合适的呼吸机设置，以及用于输送这些设置的方法和装置。
背景技术
在非侵入性通气领域，例如在美国专利6,532,957中所描述的，特别是在刚刚接入伺服通气的患者中会出现一个问题。患者的动脉二氧化碳偏压(Pco2)可能远远超过临床医生所期望的值；例如，Pco2可能是60毫米汞柱，而临床医生期望它能够稳定在45毫米汞柱。这就要求患者的肺泡通气量增加大概60/45＝4/3倍。然而如果临床医生将在伺服呼吸机上的目标通气量设置为当前患者通气量的4/3，这样大量的增大通气量，如果立即发生，很有可能使所有呼吸驱动和大量的上呼吸道驱动失效（导致上呼吸道阻塞的问题）。尽管呼吸机输送编程所支持的最大压力水平，它也可能引起声门闭合，从而阻止通气量增至目标水平，这导致患者在睡眠中惊醒。如果患者动脉的pH值在治疗初期相对正常，这表明存在对相对慢性呼吸性酸中毒的新陈代谢补偿，此时通气量的突然大量增加，将会导致出现显著的碱中毒，伴有不希望发生的电解质转移，包括可能会诱发心率不齐的低钾血症。
基于以上原因，在一段时间内，一般是几天或几周内，逐步增加目标通气量是所希望的。通过频繁的手动改变目标通气量可以满足这个需求，但是并不方便，因为患者在这个阶段可能在家休养。
发明内容
依照本发明，伺服呼吸机并入了根据内科医生设置的预先编程的方案，在一段时间内缓慢改变目标通气量的机构。在多数情况下，目的是使目标通气量在一段时间内从第一水平增加到第二水平，之后保持在第二水平不变。根据任意增加的时间函数，这种增加都会发生。
在本发明的一种形式下，目标通气量在固定的时间段内（初始维持时间），在第一级水平V1（初始目标通气量）保持恒定，直到时间t＝t1（t1有可能是0），之后通气量以恒定的速率增长，直至达到第二水平V2（最终目标通气量），之后它将在第二水平保持恒定。
增加速率R可以由初始目标通气量V1和最终目标通气量V2，以及目标通气量上升时间tr使用以下公式计算得出，所有这些设置都是由临床医生输入的：
tr＝t2－t1
R = V 2 - V 1 t r
可以增加各种限制来修改目标通气量的增加速率。例如，如果压力支持水平过高，可能表明声门或上呼吸道闭合，目标通气量的增长率可能会降低，甚至暂时设为零，因此可能会用更长时间才能达到最终目标通气量，或者在一些情况中从来不会达到最终目标通气量。
本发明提供了一种用于输送压力支持通气的伺服呼吸机装置，包括具有在控制器控制下的叶轮的电动马达，其允许增压空气的气流沿空气输送导管传送到患者接口；在所述患者接口和压力传感器之间的压力感测管，其允许所述控制器感测在所述患者接口中的压力；流量传感器，其中，所述控制器通过所述流量传感器确定沿所述空气输送导管的空气的流速；允许设置适当的目标通气量和上升时间的仪器；其中所述控制器在超过几个呼吸周期的第一持续时间内按压力支持通气量的第一水平向患者提供压力支持通气；以及在所述第一持续时间结束时，将所述压力支持通气量的水平在几周的第二持续时间内从所述压力支持通气量的第一水平改变为压力支持通气量的第二水平。
本发明还提供了一种输送第一压力支持通气水平的双水平压力支持通气装置，所述双水平压力支持通气装置包括控制器，所述控制器被编程为使所述压力支持通气水平在初始维持时间后以所选的速率在几周的一段时间内增加，直至它达到最终压力支持通气水平。
具体实施方式
图1示出了本发明的实施方式。X轴表示时间，Y轴表示呼吸机的目标通气量。图2示出适于执行本发明的伺服呼吸机装置5。电动马达20有叶轮10并且在控制电路40的控制之下。使用时马达和叶轮都安放在涡壳25中，这在使用时允许增压的气流通过空气输送导管60到达合适的患者接口50。该患者接口50可能鼻罩或口鼻罩，全脸面罩或者其他一些合适的设备。在患者接口50和压力传感器75之间的压力感测管70允许控制器40感测在患者接口50中压力。通过气流传感器（未示出），控制器40还可以确定沿着空气输送导管60的空气的流速。该装置包括显示器90和键盘80，这允许某些人，例如临床医生，依照本发明的实施方式设置合适的目标通气量和上升时间。
目标通气量设置的确定可以参照美国专利6,644,312中所描述的内容完成，其公开的内容在此并入作为参考。特别地，用于伺服呼吸机的合适的初始目标呼吸机设置可以根据在学习阶段对清醒时的目标患者进行测量和观察来确定。或者，目标通气量可以是学习阶段的一部分中采用的平均通气量的固定百分比。在学习阶段，通气量的伺服控制失效，设备设置为输送固定最低支持程度，典型是选择6厘米H2O使患者感觉舒服。在该学习阶段，测量通气量，并且用血氧计测量氧饱和度。在患者睡眠时使用的目标通气量是基于通气量测量和可选的氧饱和度测量来选择和确定的。如果该目标患者的PCO2高于临床医生的所期望的，最终目标通气量可由初始目标通气量乘以Pco2值与所期望的Pco2值之比来获得。
实施该发明的临床算法如下：
(i)使用合适的呼吸机学习患者清醒状态下的通气量（例如参照美国专利6,644,312）；
(ii)设置初始目标通气量与该通气量呈比例；
(iii)设置最终目标通气量为初始目标通气量乘以所期望的Pco2与当前Pco2之比；
(iv)将目标通气量上升时间设置为一些合适的值，该值取决于临床上对降低Pco2的急迫性和期望Pco2降低的量（如果其他参数都一样，降低量大，则预期时间长）。
相似的原理也可以应用到传统的双水平通气上。可以对压力支持水平进行编程，使其经过一段初始维持时间后按照一定的速率增长直至它达到最终压力支持水平。
因此依照本发明，提供了对患者实施非侵入性通气的方法，该方法包括如下步骤：
(i)在第一持续时间，以第一通气量水平对患者进行通气；以及
(ii)在第一持续时间结束时，在第二持续时间内，将通气量水平从第一水平改变为第二水平。
在本发明的一种形式中，第二持续时间有可能是几周。在优选形式中，通气量水平的变化是增加的。在本发明的一种优选形式中，通气量水平的变化是自动控制的。
尽管本发明已经参照特定实施方式进行了描述，可以理解的是这些实施方式仅仅是本发明的原理应用的示意。在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的前提下，可能还会做出很多修改和设计出其他的装置。

Claims (2)

1.一种用于输送压力支持通气的伺服呼吸机装置，包括
具有在控制器控制下的叶轮的电动马达，其允许增压空气的气流沿空气输送导管传送到患者接口；
在所述患者接口和压力传感器之间的压力感测管，其允许所述控制器感测在所述患者接口中的压力；
流量传感器，其中，所述控制器通过所述流量传感器确定沿所述空气输送导管的空气的流速；
允许设置适当的目标通气量和上升时间的仪器；
其中所述控制器在超过几个呼吸周期的第一持续时间内按压力支持通气量的第一水平向患者提供压力支持通气；以及
在所述第一持续时间结束时，将所述压力支持通气量的水平在几周的第二持续时间内从所述压力支持通气量的第一水平改变为压力支持通气量的第二水平。
2.一种输送第一压力支持通气水平的双水平压力支持通气装置，所述双水平压力支持通气装置包括控制器，所述控制器被编程为使所述压力支持通气水平在初始维持时间后以所选的速率在几周的一段时间内增加，直至它达到最终压力支持通气水平。
CN2005800377454A 2004-09-03 2005-09-02 伺服呼吸机中目标通气量的调节 Expired - Fee Related CN101052432B (zh)

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US9205210B2 (en) 2015-12-08
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EP2526991A1 (en) 2012-11-28
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US10688263B2 (en) 2020-06-23
US20160038698A1 (en) 2016-02-11
CN102058924A (zh) 2011-05-18
WO2006024107A1 (en) 2006-03-09
CN102058924B (zh) 2014-03-05
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CN101052432A (zh) 2007-10-10
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