CN101018860B - 黄病毒疫苗 - Google Patents
黄病毒疫苗 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101018860B CN101018860B CN2005800304379A CN200580030437A CN101018860B CN 101018860 B CN101018860 B CN 101018860B CN 2005800304379 A CN2005800304379 A CN 2005800304379A CN 200580030437 A CN200580030437 A CN 200580030437A CN 101018860 B CN101018860 B CN 101018860B
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Abstract
一种复制子病毒样颗粒,能用于制备黄病毒疫苗。
Description
发明背景
本发明涉及黄病毒科病毒。黄病毒属包括70多种病毒,其中40种与人类疾病有关。大部分黄病毒是虫媒病毒,通过蚊、蜱向鸟和哺乳动物(包括人)等宿主传播。其中,登革热病毒(1-4型)、黄热病毒、日本脑炎病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒和西尼罗河病毒能引起人类很高的发病率和死亡率。而另一些黄病毒是重要的兽医病原,如跳跃病病毒能引起绵羊的神经性疾病,西尼罗河病毒能引起马脑炎,日本脑炎病毒能引起马脑炎和猪死产。
黄病毒基因组由一条线性的单链正意RNA组成,该正链能感染适合的宿主细胞。全部基因组长10-11kbs,无3’端polyA,5’端有甲基化cap。
黄病毒的基因组不含内部核糖体进入部位(IRES,提供一个宿主核糖体翻译起始位点)。它通过核糖体扫描启动蛋白合成。
黄病毒颗粒呈球状,直径40-65nm;外被脂囊膜,内含直径约25-30nm的二十面体衣壳。
一般来说,黄病毒由节肢动物传播,如蚊和蜱。黄病毒在其介体内繁殖并通过介体从一个宿主传播到另外一个宿主。
黄热病毒能引起大规模疫病流行。它在宿主猴和人以及介体蚊之间传播。一种传播途径是病毒通过非洲伊蚊(Aedes africanus)和其它伊蚊(在非洲)、或Hemogogus蚊(在美洲)传播,猴作为储存宿主,深入森林或丛林的人常被感染。另一种传播途径是通过与人类生活密切相关的家蚊——埃及伊蚊,直接将病毒传播到人,此途径只有一个宿主。
蜱传脑炎病毒由俄罗斯和欧洲温带的硬蜱传播。病毒只在硬蜱存在的地区感染人类。
黄病毒能引起其它类型的脑炎,如墨累谷脑炎(Murray Valley encephalitis)、罗西奥脑炎(Rocio encephalitis)和玻瓦桑脑炎(Powassan encephalitis),以及最近多在北美流行的西尼罗河热病。
登革热是一种急性传染病,其典型特征是两阶段发热,头疼,全身疼痛,疲劳,皮疹,淋巴结肿大和白细胞减少(Holstead,SB,1980,Immunological parameters of togavirus disease syndromes,p.107-173,in RW Schlesinger(ed.)TheTogaviruses,Academic Press,Inc.,NY;Sabin,AB,1959,Dengue,p.361-373,in T Rivers and F Horsfall(eds.),Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man,JB Lippincott Co.,Philadelphia).
登革热由蚊子传播,由四种血清学相关的登革病毒类型(登革1型-4型)感染引起。一种登革病毒血清型的感染能提供该亚型病毒的终生免疫,但不能形成对其它亚型病毒的交叉免疫保护。也就是说,生活在登革热疫区的人在其一生中可能感染3种甚至是4种亚型的登革病毒。症状从无明显感染到典型的登革热,在一些严重的病例中,还出现可能致命的登革出血热/登革休克综合征(DHF/DSS)。
登革出血热(DHF)是一种严重的热病,其特征是止血异常、血管通透性增加,有时能导致血量减少性休克综合征,即登革休克综合征(DSS)(World HealthOrganization:1975.Technical Guides for Diagnosis,Treatment,Surveillance,Prevention and Control of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.WorldHealth Organization.Geneva).在不同的病例中DHF/DSS的机理可能不同。主要因素可能包括病毒毒性,患者健康状况和不同血清型登革病毒的二次感染。
基于对黄病毒疫苗的迫切需求,需要建立新的疫苗方案。理论上,活的弱毒疫苗能刺激最有效、持久且病毒特异性的免疫,而灭活病毒疫苗,包括重组亚单位疫苗,能提供最高水平的安全性。理想的疫苗应能产生活疫苗的效力和亚单位疫苗的安全性。本发明的目标是发展一种假传染性病毒样颗粒(PVLP)疫苗。
发明概要
本发明涉及制造一种黄病毒疫苗的材料和方法。该疫苗由病毒样颗粒组成,能感染宿主细胞,在宿主细胞中复制并合成可被宿主免疫系统识别的病毒蛋白,但不能包装成感染性病毒颗粒。该病毒样颗粒包含一个复制子,该复制子含有所有能确保复制子RNA自我复制和黄病毒蛋白合成所需的基因。所以,优选的复制子应含有所有的非结构蛋白基因和prM、E基因。但其衣壳基因需要处理,以确保不能合成衣壳蛋白,或合成后无法用于形成感染性病毒颗粒,同时保证prM、E蛋白的高水平表达。本发明所述的病毒样颗粒能感染宿主细胞,然后在细胞中合成多拷贝的复制子,继而由复制子表达prM、E蛋白。prM、E蛋白由宿主细胞释放或被表达在细胞表面,进而激发宿主的体液和细胞免疫发应。
本发明的其它特征和优点将在以下的发明细节描述和附图中被解释和展示。
附图说明
图1显示了黄病毒的结构。
图2显示了黄病毒的基因组结构以及多聚蛋白的翻译和加工位点。图的上部显示了病毒的基因组结构,包括结构蛋白和非结构蛋白编码区,5’cap,假定的3’二级结构,以及5’和3’非翻译区(NTR)。基因组下面的图显示了由蛋白水解加工产生的前体蛋白和成熟蛋白。成熟结构蛋白用阴影框标识,非结构蛋白和结构蛋白的前体用白框标识,连续的无电荷氨基酸区用黑条标识。星号*指示带有N多糖的蛋白,但不表明其位置和数量。图中还标识了蛋白酶的剪切位点。ORF指开放阅读框架。
图3显示了登革病毒基因组及其衍生的复制子。复制子DEN2/ΔprM-E由基因组删除prM蛋白和E蛋白(452nt-2340nt)而成。复制子DEN2/ΔC-prM-E由基因组删除了157nt-2340nt而成。复制子DEN2/ΔC由基因组删除了160nt-320nt而成。UCR指非编码区。
图4显示了用穿梭载体系统获得全长黄病毒cDNA克隆的技术方案。TRP代表磷酸核糖-氨基苯甲酸异构酶,一种酵母的选择标记基因;2μm表示来自质粒的酵母复制起点;amp指氨苄青霉素抗性基因;ori表示细菌复制起点。RT-PCR指反向转录酶聚合酶链反应。
图5显示了NS3缺失的黄病毒亚基因组表达质粒结构。CMV指巨细胞病毒启动子。UTR指非翻译区。HDVr将在下文解释。Neo指新霉素抗性基因。PA指聚腺苷酸化位点。
图6显示了构建体生成的方案。pTet-off质粒被用于生产第一个稳定细胞株BHK/Tet-off,该细胞株能自调控表达四环素转录激活因子(tetracyclinetransactivator,tTA)。TRE指四环素反应因子。PminCMV指最小化的CMV启动子。tTA指四环素转录激活因子。IRES指脑心肌炎病毒的内部核糖体进入位点。Hyro指潮霉素B磷酸转移酶基因。Neo指新霉素磷酸转移酶基因。Intron指在Clontech某载体中一段合成序列。Cpr指含有衣壳蛋白和部分prE片段的多肽。
发明的具体描述
黄病毒颗粒由6%RNA、66%蛋白、9%多糖和17%脂组成(Russell PK,Brandt WE,Dalrymple JM,Chemical and Antigenic Structure of Flaviviruses,in Schlesinger RW,eds.,The Togaviruses:Biology,Structure,Replication.NewYork:Academic;1980:503-529;and Trent DW,Naeve CW,Biochemistry andReplication,in Monath T,ed.St.Louis Encephalitis.Washington,DC:American Public Health Association;1980 p.159-199)。电子致密的核心(nucleocapsid)由衣壳蛋白C和基因组RNA组成。囊膜蛋白E(envelope protein E)和膜蛋白M通过C端疏水锚嵌入脂双层中。但是在胞内囊泡中发现一些未成熟的颗粒,含有独特的未加工的prM,这些颗粒的感染性低于被释放的病毒颗粒(MorensDM:Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and the pathogenesis ofviral disease.Clin Infect Dis 1994,19:500-512)。
黄病毒基因组均由一条约10-11kb的单链正义RNA分子组成,仅含一个ORF,约占基因组的95%(Chambers TJ,Hahn CS,Galler R,Rice CM:Flavivirus genomeorganization,expression,and replication,Ann Rev Microbiol 1990,44:649-688)。在病毒感染的细胞中,全长基因组RNA似乎是唯一的病毒特异性信使RNA(mRNA)。感染时,病毒RNA被翻译成约3400氨基酸的多肽,该多肽被加工成10个基因产物:三个结构蛋白(C、prM和E)和七个非结构蛋白(1、2A、2B、3、4A、4B和5)(Bhamarapravati N,Yokan S:Live attenuated tetravalent vaccine,in Gubler DJ,Kuno G(eds.):Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.Wallingford,CAB International,1997,pp 367-377;and Falgout,B and Markoff,L,1995,The family flaviviridae and its diseases,p.47-66.in:JSPorterfield(ed.),Exotic Viral Infections.Chapman and Hall Medi cal,London,United Kingdom)。
象所有正意链RNA病毒一样,黄病毒基因组RNA具感染性。本发明旨在通过对基因组的加工获得一些黄病毒复制子,这些复制子不能造成二次感染,但能持续表达能被宿主识别的抗原表位和决定簇,如M和E蛋白。
例如,删除部分或全部结构基因能构建出一些复制子。也就是说,C、prM和/或E的全部或部分可以被删除。例如,可以删除几乎全部C序列而仅余20个氨基酸,但不影响复制和表达。
另一方面,本发明涉及缺陷病毒基因组,它含有病毒的主要结构蛋白或至少含有宿主抗体决定簇的主要多肽结构。优选的方案是保留大部分prM和E的编码序列,这些蛋白是野生型病毒感染的主要免疫位点。C蛋白不是宿主免疫的主要目标,因此,它是使病毒失去增殖能力的更理想的操作靶点。
所以,C编码区能被部分或全部删除。C编码区也能通过其它方式改变,如一点或多点突变、倒置、删除,以及其它确保衣壳蛋白不表达的方式,或衣壳蛋白被表达但不能用于形成感染性病毒所需的功能性衣壳。C编码区的改变不应影响prM和E编码序列的表达。因此,可以在衣壳中加入其它可表达的氨基酸,以防止蛋白正确折叠或形成可复制的外壳。
不同的结构蛋白基因被删除或修饰后可获得如图3所示的各种登革病毒复制子。电击转染宿主细胞后,复制子开始复制和表达。按照本发明所述方法获得的颗粒是一种感染性颗粒,它含有缺陷的复制子,但进入宿主细胞后不能再被包装成感染性颗粒。因此,一旦所述颗粒感染宿主细胞,复制子就开始复制和表达,但不能被包装成颗粒。
优选的载体类型应具有如图3下部所示的结构和特性,其中仅C不能表达。因为各种黄病毒的基因组结构具有相似性,所以同样的方法也可以用于其它黄病毒血清学类型、株系或种,如日本脑炎病毒、西尼罗河病毒和黄热病毒。
黄病毒感染克隆在大肠杆菌中不稳定。此障碍可通过真核宿主细胞克服,如啤酒酵母。登革病毒感染性全长克隆的穿梭载体已被构建(Polo,S,Ketner,G,Levis,R and Falgout,B,1997,Infectious RNA transoriptions from full-lengthdengue virus type 2 cDNA clones made in yeast.J Virol 71:5366-5374;Pang,X and Markoff,L 1998,A full-length“infectious”cDNA clone of a dengueserotype 2 vaccine virus.Poster,Fifth International Symposium on PositiveStrand RNA viruses.p.1-73;and Pur,B,Polo,S,Hayes,C,Fal gout,B,2000,Construction of full length infectious clone for dengue-l virus westernpacific 74 strain.Virus Genes,2000:20(1):57-63)。该穿梭载体含有一个细菌的复制起点和选择标记,一个酵母复制起点和酵母选择标记。
因此,为利于构建和提高本发明PVLP的产量,建立了如下方案:将黄病毒的5’、3’cDNA片段(不含中间cDNA片段)克隆入穿梭载体的一个多聚接头上,然后在酵母中通过中间cDNA片段与5’、3’cDNA片段间的同源重组装配出全长的cDNA克隆,如图4所示。
缺失部分C基因的复制子能表达所有主要病毒抗原,在已被构建和测试的复制子中免疫原性最高。本发明开发了一种黄病毒复制子,该复制子表达时,含有最高的免疫原性。所以,所述复制子具有如下特性:含有大部分或全部已知的病毒抗原,有一种或多种导致病毒感染性丧失的缺陷。该复制子不能在宿主细胞中被包装入VLP,而能在宿主细胞内保持持续的RNA复制和表达。
由于本发明所述复制子的目的在于生产prM和E蛋白,所述复制子不需要含有转基因。因此,所述复制子的目标不是携带外源基因,也就是说,所述复制子不是一种克隆载体。替代的是,所述复制子的目标在于产生大量无复制能力的黄病毒基因组,且不含任何其它病毒或其它种黄病毒的任何基因。但是,该复制子可以含有和表达能提高宿主对prM和E蛋白识别和反应能力的分子,即该复制子可(被构建成)含有佐剂或任何其它可提高免疫原性的分子。
而且,prM和E编码序列可以被改变以确保或提高免疫原性。所以,在prM和E编码序列中可以进行点突变或类似的操作,使其在宿主中表达时能诱导免疫保护反应的发生。
有几种方法可帮助技术人员将所述复制子包装入病毒样颗粒。通常,可采用额外的载体或包装细胞包装复制子。它们能反式提供缺陷复制子包装所需要的成分。
本发明的另一目的在于发展黄病毒复制子的包装系统。例如,本发明构建了能表达登革结构蛋白prM、E和C的辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis)复制子。在缺陷登革复制子转染细胞24小时后,再用辛德毕斯复制子转染细胞,然后登革复制子RNA被包装成病毒样颗粒(VLPs),并释放到培养基中。
含有合适补充表达产物的包装细胞能向复制子RNA反式提供包装所需的结构蛋白。因此,复制子RNA在包装细胞内能被包装成VLP。
虽然含有复制子的VLP具有感染性,但不通过感染产生新的感染性病毒颗粒,因为在被感染的宿主细胞内无法合成正确的衣壳蛋白,所以VLP被称为“假感染病毒样颗粒”(PVLP)或非复制型颗粒。因此,一个非复制型颗粒能感染宿主细胞,但被感染细胞不能再产生感染性病毒颗粒。在本发明中,PVLP与VLP意义相同。
PVLP独特的性能使其成为一种潜在的、安全有效的黄热病毒疫苗。一种高免疫原性的PVLP病毒株应该能形成与天然黄病毒相似的感染过程,并诱发长期持续的免疫力。因此,理想的PVLP应含有这样一些遗传材料,它们能表达野生型prM和E蛋白的所有表位,有时可能还包括C的表位。如果对结构蛋白加工的目的是为了确保复制无法实现,则应改变C蛋白,且改变较小更好。
实施例1:
第一个包装系统的实施例是采用两个连续的感染:先用黄病毒PVLP感染包装细胞,然后在24小时后,再用能反式提供结构蛋白的辛德毕斯PVLP感染,具体细 节将在下文详细描述。甲病毒包装细胞株的发展已有文献报导(Polo,JM,Belli,B,Driver,D,Frolov,I,Sherrill,S,Hariharan,MJ,Townsend,K,Perri,S,Ment,SJ,Jolly,DJ,Chang,SW,Schlesinger,S and Dubensky,Jr,.T,1999.Stable alphavirus packaging cell lines for Sindbis virus-derived vectorsand Semliki forest virus-derived vectors.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Vol96:4598-4603)。本发明所述辛德毕斯病毒包装细胞株含两个表达盒,每个表达盒都含有部分结构蛋白基因。做一些修饰能有利于表达盒的构建和提高包装效率。
适当滴度的黄病毒PVLP几乎能感染100%的敏感细胞。用不同滴度的PVLP感染六孔板中的Vero细胞。约在感染24小时后,加入包装辛德毕斯PVLP,37℃摇床振荡2小时,然后用培养基冲洗,除去未吸附的辛德毕斯PVLP。在二次感染后,用辛德毕斯特异性多克隆抗体处理,去除可能产生的复制型辛德毕斯颗粒。48小时后,收集细胞培养基。
为了部分纯化PVLP,将培养液置于微型离心机中,16,000g 40℃离心15分钟,取上清。然后用Sorvall OTD55B离心机AH650转头,40,000rpm 4℃超速离心2小时,沉淀病毒颗粒。再用50μl PBS重悬沉淀,4℃过夜。为确定登革PVLP的滴度,用50μl 10倍倍比稀释的细胞培养液或沉淀的重悬液于37℃感染八孔细胞培养玻片(chamber slides)中的BHK-21细胞2小时。继而用1ml含有2%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基替换上述液体。细胞在CO2培养箱中37℃孵育24小时,最后用1∶100滴度的HMAF进行免疫荧光分析,如下文所述。
实施例2:
第二个包装细胞株的实施例是基于哺乳动物基因表达系统。由于真核表达质粒pCI-neo(Promega)表达效率高(Almond,BD and Schenborn,ET,A comparisonof pCI-neo vector and pcDNA4/HisMax vector.Promega Publication),所以本发明用该质粒表达结构蛋白C-pr(pr代表prM中的片段pr)。pCI-neo哺乳动物表达载体含有一个CMV IE增强子/启动子,一个优化的嵌合内含子和猴病毒40(SV40)后期多聚腺苷酸化信号。这三个元素的结合使被克隆的基因在哺乳动物细胞中高效组成型表达。以登革2型病毒(DEN-2)为例。用PCR方法,以DEN-2 cDNA为模板扩增DEN-2 NGC(一种登革病毒株)结构蛋白C和pr中编码1-105氨基酸(nt 93-640)的基因片段。引物中加入XhoI和XbaI两个单一酶切位点。将PCR产物与pCI载体一起用XhoI和XbaI消化,消化产物用Qiagen柱纯化,然后连接 成pCI-C质粒。将筛选的阳性克隆用Qiagen柱纯化,其中的C蛋白基因序列通过DNA测序验证。继而将pCI-C电转染BHK-21细胞,在96孔板上以不同滴度筛选G418抗性细胞的单个克隆。最后用缺失C蛋白的DEN-2复制子转染筛选出来的各细胞克隆,收集培养液测定每个克隆的包装能力。理想的包装细胞株应能生产高水平的病毒样颗粒,而不产生复制型病毒。
实施例3:
第三个实施例的包装细胞是基于四环素诱导基因表达系统。该系统可采用Clontech的商业产品——Tet-On和Tet-Off。这些产品可通过加入或移除四环素而诱导基因表达,详情请参见Clontech手册中相关产品的描述。选择Tet-Off系统是为了避免在PVLP制备过程中存在抗生素。为获得四环素诱导表达的包装细胞株(四环素诱导黄病毒结构蛋白基因盒Cpr表达),本发明建立了一种能稳定表达四环素转录激活因子的BHK细胞株BHK-Tet-Off。方法如下:将pTet-off质粒DNA转染BHK21细胞。两天后,加入200μg/ml抗生素G418(Sigma)筛选阳性克隆。通过这次转染,成功地分离和培养了一些细胞克隆。然后,在含有0.5μg/ml强力霉素或缺乏强力霉素(一种与四环素广谱相同但特异性活力更强、半寿期更长的抗生素)条件下转染pTRE2荧光素酶质粒,分析这些细胞克隆的诱导表达能力。与未诱导细胞相比,能高度诱导荧光素酶表达的BHK-Tet-Off细胞可用于建立表达黄病毒结构蛋白基因盒Cpr的稳定细胞株。然后,将黄病毒Cpr基因的PCR片段接入质粒pTK-Hyg构建成质粒pTRECpr,转染那些已被证明为高表达的细胞株。在培养基中分别加入潮霉素、G418和强力霉素至终浓度10μg/ml、200μg/ml和0.5μg/ml,筛选被转染的细胞。为选出最高效的包装细胞株,将黄病毒复制子RNA电击转染具有G418和嘌呤霉素抗性的细胞克隆。在无强力霉素的条件下培养,以确定它们是否能生产PVLPs。用鼠超免疫腹水免疫荧光分析PVLPs感染的Vero细胞,以测定收获培养液(CFs)中的PVLPs的滴度(感染单位IU/ml)。最高效的细胞克隆被用于PVLP的生产。
在另一个具体方案中,采用四环素诱导系统的改良方案。在本实施例中,构建了两套双顺反子表达载体pTet-off和pCpr(Fig.6)以增加包装细胞株的稳定性,减少需要筛选的细胞数量。其中,所构建的自调控表达质粒pTet-off依次含有一个四环素调控启动子PhCMV*-1(来自Clontech质粒pTRE2),四环素反应转录激活因子(tTA)和潮霉素B磷酸转移酶(Hygr)的双顺反子表达盒。当受到诱导时, 自调控tTA表达载体允许tTA的高水平表达;当加入强力霉素后,tTA保持低水平表达以最小化其毒性。
所构建的质粒pCpr含有PhCMV*-1启动子,启动子后是C-pr和新霉素磷酸转移酶(Neor)的双顺反子表达盒。
将质粒pTet-off转染BHK-21细胞,再加入0.4mg/ml潮霉素B和0.5μg/ml强力霉素进行筛选,所获阳性克隆为BHK/Tet-off细胞。在0.5μg/ml强力霉素或无强力霉素的条件下,通过质粒pTRE2EGFP的转染分析10个克隆的诱导表达能力。所有克隆的EGFP表达均显示出一定程度的可诱导性。最高EGFP诱导生产能力的克隆被用于建立稳定表达登革蛋白Cpr的BHK细胞株。用质粒pCpr转染该细胞株,然后在0.2mg/ml G418、0.3mg/ml潮霉素B和0.5μg/ml强力霉素条件下筛选。为选出最高效率包装的细胞株,将复制子DEN2/ΔC(一个缺失C编码序列160-320nt的克隆)RNA电击转染15个细胞株,然后在无强力霉素的培养基内进行培养。
以间接免疫荧光分析(IF)方法用登革3型超免疫鼠腹水(HMAF)测定收获培养液(CFs)中复制子VLP的滴度(感染单位IU/ml)。15个克隆中的10个能生产复制子VLPs。最高效率的细胞克隆BHK/Cpr/8能产生4.6×106IU的复制子VLPs。
实施例4:
与缺陷黄病毒基因组RNA互补的包装细胞株。该缺陷黄病毒基因组在非结构基因(如NS3)的C端存在一个致死性大片段缺失。
用巨细胞病毒CMV即时早期增强子/启动子替代在上文所述全长克隆中的SP6启动子,获得一个新质粒。通过融合PCR,将黄病毒序列5’端连在CMV序列后。将丁肝病毒反基因组核糖酶(HDVr)序列直接插入黄病毒最后一个核苷酸下游。然后加入脑心肌炎病毒的内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)和新霉素的抗性基因(ORF)作为选择压力。将所构建的质粒转染BHK21细胞。两天后,加入抗生素G418(Sigma)至终浓度200μg/ml以筛选细胞克隆。一些细胞克隆被成功地分离和培养出来。为选出最有效率的包装细胞株,将具有G418和嘌呤霉素抗性的细胞克隆与黄病毒复制子RNA一起电穿孔,以确定是否能生产出PVLPs。用鼠超免疫酸性液体对PVLPs感染的Vero细胞进行免疫荧光分析,以测定收获培养液(CFs)中的PVLPs的滴度(感染单位IU/ml)。最高效的细胞克隆被用于PVLP的生产。
为进一步促进病毒样颗粒(VLP)的形成,可以在prM信号序列羧基末端插入和替换氨基酸(例如VPQAQA突变)(见图3最上面的部分,VPQAQA突变可被插入在C和prM连接区的109-114残基之间)。VPQAQA序列能增强信号肽酶的剪切。该插入有利于prM蛋白的信号肽酶剪切,降低了其对细胞质中病毒NS2B-3蛋白酶剪切的依赖。本工作提高了包装效率。
通过两次连续的细胞电击转染,黄病毒RNA复制子被包装到PVLP中。例如,先将黄病毒复制子RNA电击转染细胞,24小时后用表达互补黄病毒结构蛋白的重组辛德毕斯病毒复制子RNA再次转染细胞。一旦获得了黄病毒PVLPs,第一次细胞电击转染的步骤就可以用PVLP感染代替。类似Sindbis反式提供黄病毒基因的方法也被用于小RNA病毒(如脊髓灰质炎病毒)复制子PVLPs的生产,该复制子必需的结构蛋白由痘苗载体反式提供(Porter,DC,Wang,J,Moldoveanu,Z,McPherson,S and Morrow,C,1997.Immunization of mice with poliovirus repliconsexpressing the C-fragment of tetanus toxin protects against lethalchallenge with tetanus toxin.Vaccine 15:257-264).。
体液抗体和细胞免疫反应均参与了机体抵抗黄病毒感染和感染恢复的过程。所述的基于黄病毒复制子的疫苗激发了上述免疫反应的两个方面。这些颗粒中含有prM和E蛋白,因此,这些颗粒本身就是免疫原。所述的颗粒感染宿主细胞,并在其中表达额外的prM和E蛋白。prM和E蛋白可以从那些细胞中释放,提供额外的针对宿主的抗原刺激物,或能在被感染的宿主细胞表面表达,例如,在宿主抗原提呈细胞上提供针对宿主的另一种抗原刺激物。
疫苗复制子含有病毒抗原,包括结构蛋白prM和E,并能自主表达非结构蛋白NS1。以前的报告证实,那些病毒蛋白诱导了保护性免疫反应(Heinz,FX & Roehrig,J,1990,in Immunochemistry of Viruses,Vol II.Amsterdam-NY-Oxford,Elsvier,p.289-305;Heinz FX,1986,Epitope mapping of flavivirusglycoproteins.Adv Virus Res 31:103-168;Bray,M and Lai,CJ,1991,Denguevirus premembrane and membrane proteins elicit a protective immune response.Virology,185:505-508;Henchal EA,Henchal,LS and Shlesinger,JJ,1988,Synergistic interactions of anti-NS1 monoclonal antibodies protectpassively immunized mice from lethal challenge with dengue 2 virus.J.GenVirol.69:2101-2107;and Schlesinger JJ,Brandriss,MW,Cropp,CB et al.,1986.Protection against yellow fever in monkeys by immunization with yellowfever virus non-structural protein NS1.J Virol 60:1153-1155).
正如存在黄病毒感染的动物模型一样,也存在用于检测所述药物组合物效力的适宜模型。例如,一种免疫小鼠后用登革病毒攻毒的方案已有报道(Bray,M,Zhao,B,Marckoff,L,Eckels,K,Chanock,RM and Lai,C,1989,Mice immunized withrecombinant vaccinia virus expressing dengue 4 virus structural proteinswith or without nonstructural protein NSl are protected against fatal dengueencephalitis.J.Virol.63:2853-2856)。简而言之,每组10只雌性BALB/c小鼠,实验组小鼠腹膜接种病毒样颗粒,对照组动物给予磷酸缓冲液(PBS)。小鼠三周龄时进行首次免疫(第一天),第14天进行二次免疫。所有动物在第0天和第21天进行取血。第22天给小鼠脑内注射100倍半数致死量(LD50)的登革病毒进行攻毒。攻毒后观察21天,观察小鼠有无脑炎症状,并且每日记录出现任何重要症状(脑炎,偏瘫和死亡)的小鼠数量。收集存活下来的小鼠的血清,以用于比较攻毒前的血清。
每一个VLP的剂量都进行了测量。用商品化标记试剂盒和抗体对免疫小鼠的抗登革病毒蛋白血清反应进行放射性免疫沉淀分析,其中登革病毒抗原用[35S]甲硫氨酸标记。用蚀斑减少实验测量小鼠血清中特异性登革中和抗体的滴度。取约0.5ml血清样品进行分析,先于56℃孵育30分钟进行热灭活,然后用含2%热灭活FBS的M199培养基稀释血清,从1∶10开始,以4倍倍比稀释,获得一系列终体积为0.3ml的血清稀释物。每一份0.3ml的稀释血清均加入等体积的含有150-180PFU登革病毒的培养基。将病毒和血清混合并在37℃保温30分钟。在每个实验中,均包括一个无血清对照和一组不同登革病毒类型特异性鼠超免腹水(ATCC)的对照,腹水为2倍稀释。用Costar六孔板(康宁公司,康宁,纽约)培养LLC-MK2融合单层细胞,每孔分别加入0.2ml病毒-血清和对照混合物。每个样品感染两个孔。室温下每15分钟手摇一次,持续1小时完成病毒吸附过程。然后每孔用6ml培养基覆盖,该培养基含有1%琼脂糖(SeaKem LE;BioWhittaker,Rockland,Maine)、Earle’s平衡盐溶液、10%FBS,以及一些必需维生素和氨基酸(Invitrogen)。平板在含5%CO2的37℃环境中孵育7天。然后用含有1%琼脂糖的4%中性红溶液(4ml中性红外加96mlPBS)覆盖这些小孔。平板在37℃孵育24小时。平均蚀斑数用于计算蚀斑数目水平的半数减少。
以一个四联登革疫苗为例,该疫苗可以使宿主同时对登革1、2、3、4型免疫。
因为各种黄病毒具有该属病毒共同的遗传结构,所以,可以通过本发明所提供的各种登革病毒类型的复制子(1、2、3和4型)达到获得四联疫苗的目 的。本发明提供的疫苗制造方法包括:用两个载体携带黄病毒结构基因,在酵母中通过同源重组重建整个黄病毒结构基因,得到重叠肽(overlappingpeptide),然后用一个包装细胞携带该重叠肽。该疫苗制造方法不仅可应用到登革病毒中,也可应用到所有的黄病毒属病毒中。
如同已知的疫苗技术,所述PVLP可被添加到适于给予的疫苗药物组合物中。这类组合物一般包括活性组分和药学上可接受的载体。如本文所用的,术语“药学上可接受的载体”包括任何的和所有的溶剂、分散剂、包衣、抗生素和抗真菌剂、等渗和吸收延迟剂等可与药物兼容的成分。这些用于药物有效成分的介质和试剂的使用在疫苗工业中广为人知。除与活性物质不能相容的介质或试剂以外,其它成分均可以考虑在组合物中使用。补充的活性组分也可添加到组合物中。
本发明所采用的药物组合物与预设的给药途径相容。可选择的给药途径包括肠道外给药,如静脉注射、皮内注射、皮下注射、口服(例如吸入剂)、经皮(局部)、经粘膜和直肠给药。肠道外、皮内或皮下应用的溶液或悬液可包括下述组分:灭菌的稀释剂,如注射用水、生理盐水、非挥发油、聚乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇或其它合成溶剂;抑菌剂,如苯甲基乙醇或对羟基苯甲酸甲酯;抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸氢钠;螯合剂,如EDTA;缓冲液,如醋酸盐、柠檬酸盐或磷酸盐;和调节张力的试剂,如氯化钠或葡萄糖。pH可用酸或碱进行调节,如盐酸或氢氧化钠。肠道外制剂可包装在玻璃或塑料制造的安剖瓶、一次性使用注射器或多倍剂量管形瓶中。
适于注射用的药物组合物包括无菌水溶液(水溶性组分)或分散液,以及临用前配置无菌注射液或分散液的无菌粉末。对于静脉给药,合适的载体包括生理盐水、抑菌水、Cremophor (BASF:Parsippany,NJ)或磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。在任何情况下,该组合物必须是无菌的,并且应该是容易注射的液体。该组合物在制造和储存条件下必须是稳定的,并且在保存过程中必须避免微生物如细菌和真菌的污染。载体可以是含有诸如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇和液体聚乙二醇等)及其适宜混合物的溶剂或分散介质。通过使用卵磷脂做包衣,或在分散液中维持需要的颗粒大小,或使用表面活性剂等方法,可以保持药物适当的流动性。使用各种抗菌剂和抗真菌剂可以达到抑制微生物的作用,例如,对羟苯甲酸酯、三氯丁醇、苯酚、抗坏血酸、硫柳汞等。通常,在组合物中加入等渗剂也是一种较好的选择,如蔗糖、甘露醇、山梨醇或氯化钠等多元醇。注射剂的延长吸收可通过在组合物中加入能延缓吸收的诸如单硬 脂酸铅和明胶等试剂而实现。
将溶解在适当溶剂中适当剂量的活性成分与一种上文所述成分或其组合物混合,可以制备出无菌注射液,根据需要,还可辅以过滤除菌。通常,赋形剂含有基本的分散介质和上文所述的其它必要成分,将活性成分加入灭菌的赋形剂中可制备出分散剂。制备可调成无菌注射液的无菌粉末的优选方法是:将活性成分和其它事先灭菌、过滤的组分混合后真空干燥和冻干。
口服剂通常包括惰性的稀释剂或可食用的载体。该组合物可包入胶囊或压缩成片剂。为口服治疗需要,可以将活性组分与片剂、锭剂或胶囊等剂型的赋形剂混合。口服剂也可通过液体载体制成糖浆或液体制剂,或用作漱口,其用法包括口服、漱口、吐出或咽下。
药学上可兼容的结合剂,和/或佐剂也可作为药物组合物的一部分。片剂、丸剂、胶囊、锭剂等可含有下述具有相似性质的任何成份或混合物:粘合剂,如微晶纤维素、西黄著胶或明胶;赋形剂,如淀粉或乳糖;崩解剂,如海藻酸、Primogel或玉米淀粉;润滑剂,如硬脂酸镁或氢化植物油;助流剂,如二氧化硅胶;甜味剂,如蔗糖或糖精;或调味剂,如薄荷、冬青油或橙味剂。
对于吸入给药而言,药物可通过以下形式给予:通过压力容器、含有适宜推进剂如二氧化碳气的分散器或喷雾器产生的飞沫,或薄雾。
系统给药也可同通过透粘膜或透皮方式实现。对于透粘膜或透皮给药,在制剂中可加入能透过吸收屏障的渗透剂。这些渗透剂是本领域技术人员熟知的,例如,对于透粘膜给药,可使用去污剂、胆汁盐和夫西地酸衍生物作为渗透剂。透粘膜给药可通过喷鼻剂或栓剂实现。对于透皮给药,活性成份可制成软膏、油剂、凝胶剂或乳膏等本领域熟知的剂型。
疫苗也可制成栓剂(如以可可豆脂和其它甘油酯为基质的常用栓剂)或灌肠剂,供直肠给药应用。
在一个实施例中,制剂时加入一些载体,以保护活性成分使其免于被机体快速排出。这种控释剂型包括包括埋植剂和微囊分配系统。也可以使用可生物降解的、生物兼容的聚合物,如乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚酐、聚乙醇酸、胶原、多正酯类和聚乳酸。
这些剂型的制备方法对本领域技术人员是显而易见的。所用的材料也可通过商业渠道从阿尔扎集团和诺华制药公司获取。
脂质体悬液(包括用单克隆抗体和其它类似的靶向分子定向的脂质体)也可用 作药学上可接受的载体,其制备可采用本领域人员所熟知的方法,如美国专利No.4,522,811所述的方法。
将口服或肠道外的药物组合物按照适宜的剂量单位水平做成制剂,有利于方便给药和控制剂量。此处所述的剂量单位水平是指根据治疗需要确定的、不连续的剂量单位。每个单位含有预定剂量的活性成分及其所需的药学载体,该剂量能达到预期的治疗效果。剂量,即优选的给药途径和数量,可根据临床前和临床研究获得的经验数据确定,该方法为本领域人员所熟知。根据疾病情况,治疗可能持续几天或更长时间,需多次给药,直至症状好转、预期的治疗效果出现。其它的用药方法也可采用。治疗的进展易通过常规的技术和分析而进行监测。WO94/04188提供的剂量用法值得效仿。本发明指示的剂量单位水平遵从并直接依赖于活性成分的独特特点和要取得的特殊治疗效果。对于个体治疗而言,这种确定用量的方法在活性成分组合技术上存在固有局限。
药物组合物可与用药说明一起装入容器、小包或分配器。
另一种给药方式是将所述的成分加入食物或饮料,作为食品补充剂或添加剂,或作为一种类似维生素的预防用制剂。所述的多肽可通过某些形式的包被而顺利通过胃环境(免于破坏)。这些形式是总所周知的,如肠溶衣。另外,可通过修饰提高所述多肽的半寿期,如肽键的化学修饰;根据本领域熟知的知识,这些修饰还能确保口服给药的稳定性。
此处引用的所有文献都以整体文献的形式进行了整合。
应该理解,对此处所述的当前优选例的各种改变和修饰对本领域的技术人员而言将是显而易见的。这样的改变和修改能够在没有脱离本发明的精神和范围,没有缩小其预期优点的情况下取得。因此,这样的改变或修饰也被附加的权利要求所覆盖。
Claims (6)
1.一种非复制型登革病毒颗粒,其特征在于,所述登革病毒颗粒含有一个复制子,所述复制子不含转基因,并且其中所述复制子由登革病毒基因组删除了160nt-320nt而成。
2.一种药物组合物,其含有权利要求1所述的非复制型登革病毒颗粒和药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
3.一种制备权利要求1所述非复制型登革病毒颗粒的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:用权利要求1中所述的复制子转染宿主细胞,所述复制子表达prM和E蛋白,但表达的C蛋白不含感染性病毒颗粒的衣壳,且不含转基因,而所述宿主细胞表达C蛋白。
4.一种权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,当上述宿主细胞用所述复制子转染时,C蛋白的表达被诱导。
5.一种转化的细胞,其特征在于,其表达一种登革病毒结构蛋白C,且被权利要求1中所述的复制子所转化。
6.一种权利要求5所述的转化的细胞,其特征在于,其还含有一种权利要求1中所述的复制子,该复制子表达prM和E蛋白,但表达的C蛋白不含感染性病毒颗粒的衣壳。
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ES2649840T3 (es) | 1998-08-06 | 2018-01-15 | Mountain View Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Uricasa tetramérica aislada |
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KR101499750B1 (ko) | 2006-02-27 | 2015-03-06 | 더 보드 오브 리전츠 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 텍사스 시스템 | 가감염성 플라비바이러스 및 이들의 용도 |
CA2717499A1 (en) * | 2008-03-14 | 2009-09-17 | Sanofi Pasteur Biologics Co. | Replication-defective flavivirus vaccines and vaccine vectors |
WO2010151823A1 (en) | 2009-06-25 | 2010-12-29 | Savient Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Methods and kits for predicting infusion reaction risk and antibody-mediated loss of response by monitoring serum uric acid during pegylated uricase therapy |
US10494421B2 (en) | 2014-02-10 | 2019-12-03 | Univercells Nv | System, apparatus and method for biomolecules production |
KR102239090B1 (ko) * | 2014-06-05 | 2021-04-13 | 삼성전자 주식회사 | 위치 정보를 제공하기 위한 방법 및 장치 |
WO2017165317A2 (en) * | 2016-03-20 | 2017-09-28 | Samuel Bogoch | Therapies, vaccines, and predictive methods for flaviviruses |
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EP1034290A4 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 2004-09-15 | Queensland Inst Med Res | FLAVIVIRUS-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION AND DIFFUSION SYSTEM |
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AT410634B (de) * | 2001-02-21 | 2003-06-25 | Franz X Dr Heinz | Attenuierte lebendimpfstoffe |
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CN101018860A (zh) | 2007-08-15 |
US20070249032A1 (en) | 2007-10-25 |
WO2006017206A3 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
US20180340011A1 (en) | 2018-11-29 |
US10040824B2 (en) | 2018-08-07 |
JP2008505656A (ja) | 2008-02-28 |
WO2006017206A2 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
CN103088038A (zh) | 2013-05-08 |
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