CN100527486C - 蓄电池糊状物材料以及制造蓄电池极板的方法 - Google Patents
蓄电池糊状物材料以及制造蓄电池极板的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
制造蓄电池极板的方法,其包括将四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合以形成糊状物材料。所述颗粒的平均球形粒径小于约2.5微米。该方法还包括在蓄电池栅板上提供至少一部分所述糊状物材料,在低于约48℃的温度下固化蓄电池栅板和糊状物材料,从而制得其上具有已固化的糊状物的蓄电池极板。
Description
相关专利申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享受于2003年10月21日递交的第60/512,951号未决美国临时专利申请的优先权。这里将以下专利申请的全部内容并入本申请中作为参考:于2003年10月21日递交的第60/512,951号未决美国临时专利申请。
技术领域
本发明概括地涉及蓄电池领域(例如铅酸蓄电池,如汽车的启动、照明和点火(SLI)用蓄电池;工业蓄电池;商用蓄电池;以及船舶蓄电池)。更具体而言,本发明涉及用于蓄电池活性材料中的材料以及制造该材料的方法。
背景技术
用于铅酸蓄电池中的正极及负极极板或栅板是由铅或铅合金制造的,并且包括连接到多个节点的多条线(例如,蓄电池极板可包括含有四个侧面的框架,其具有从一个侧面延伸出的接线片或集电器以及与多个节点相互连接的线或栅格元件的网络)。
至少一部分正极栅板或极板上被施加了一种材料(如糊状物)。典型的糊状物包括氧化铅(PbO)。活性材料还可包括四碱式硫酸铅(4PbO·PbSO4)(通常简写为“4BS”)和三碱式硫酸铅(3PbO·PbSO4·H2O)(通常简写为“3BS”)中的一种或两种。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,活性材料可包含约40%的PbO和60%的4BS。根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,活性材料可具有不同的组成(例如,活性材料可包括约10%至100%的4BS等)。所提供的四碱式硫酸铅和三碱式硫酸铅可为混入氧化铅糊状物材料内的单晶的形式。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,在合适的混合和极板固化的条件下通过将酸加入糊状混合物,可提供四碱式硫酸铅和三碱式硫酸铅。
使涂覆了糊状物的正极板固化或干燥以去除糊状物中过多的液体,并装入蓄电池中(例如,蓄电池容器中的正极与负极极板之间设置了隔离物之后,将酸(如硫酸)加入该蓄电池中)。在固化过程中,四碱式硫酸铅和/或三碱式硫酸铅晶体长大或尺寸变大。
在蓄电池形成过程中(例如,对该蓄电池初次充电),糊状物的成分转化为正极板上的活性材料,如二氧化铅(PbO2),以及负极板上的海绵状铅(Pb)。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,将酸加入蓄电池时,硫酸盐化反应根据下式进行:
PbO+H2SO4=PbSO4+H2O
在形成过程中,根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,正极和负极极板处的反应根据下式进行:
正极板
PbSO4+2H2O=PbO2+H2SO4+2H++2e-
PbO+H2O=PbO2+2H++2e-
负极板
PbSO4+2H++2e-=Pb+H2SO4
PbO+2H++2e-=Pb+H2O
总反应
2PbSO4+2H2O=PbO2+Pb+2H2SO4
2PbO=PbO2+Pb
与使用三碱式硫酸铅作为糊状物中的一种组分的已固化正极板相比,包含四碱式硫酸铅作为涂覆于其上的糊状物的一种组分的已固化正极板具有改进的深度放电循环寿命。B.Culpin在J.Power Sources,25,p.305-311(1989)中提供了对4BS正极板化学和其优点的综述。
另一个潜在的优势性特征在于,与使用三碱式硫酸铅的极板相比,使用四碱式硫酸铅的正极板可获得改进的放电容量。例如,使用四碱式硫酸铅正极板技术制成的蓄电池在储备容量方面提高了约20%(其中,储备容量定义为在80℉下以25安放电直至蓄电池电压降至10.5伏时所需的分钟数)。
传统上提供的四碱式硫酸铅的晶体厚度约为10至20微米,长度约为60至90微米。使用该四碱式硫酸铅的一个困难在于,在形成过程中允许糊状物材料转化为二氧化铅的晶体尺寸可能不是最佳的。使用该四碱式硫酸铅的另一个困难在于,正极板需实施约1小时或更久的高温蒸汽固化。
使用传统的四碱式硫酸铅晶体的一个不利影响在于,使用该晶体的极板可能出现不完整的形成过程(例如,在初次充电过程中,并非所有的四碱式硫酸铅均转化为二氧化铅活性材料)。因此,由该极板制造的蓄电池可能要求随后的急充电以完成该形成过程。与不完整的形成过程有关的大晶体也可能造成该形成的正极板的翘曲变形。
使用四碱式硫酸铅化学的另一个困难之处在于,糊状物混合过程和/或极板固化步骤必须在至少70℃的提高的温度下进行,而更典型为超过80℃。对于该制造过程而言,该提高的温度可能是不期望的,这可能会导致制造成本的增加以及生产效率的降低。
因此,需要提供一种制造用于蓄电池糊状物中的四碱式硫酸铅材料的改进方法。还需要提供一种包含具有最佳晶体尺寸的四碱式硫酸铅的蓄电池糊状物,该晶体尺寸能够相对有效地将四碱式硫酸铅转化成二氧化铅活性材料。进一步还需要提供一种制造用于铅酸蓄电池中的蓄电池糊状物的相对有效且成本低廉的方法。进一步还需要提供一种制造用于蓄电池糊状物中的材料的方法,该方法降低了制造蓄电池所需的材料,而不牺牲蓄电池性能或循环寿命,并且不降低生产效率。这些或其他需要可通过此处所述的一个或更多个示例性的具体实施方案得到满足。
发明内容
本发明涉及制造蓄电池极板的方法,其包括将四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合以形成糊状物材料。该颗粒的平均球形粒径小于约2.5微米。该方法还包括在蓄电池栅板上提供至少一部分糊状物材料,在小于约48℃的温度下固化蓄电池栅板和糊状物材料,以制造其上具有已固化的糊状物的蓄电池极板。
本发明还涉及制造蓄电池用极板的方法,其包括将平均球形粒径小于约2微米的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合以形成糊状物。该方法还包括用该糊状物涂覆至少一部分蓄电池栅板,并在小于约48℃的温度下加热蓄电池栅板和糊状物材料,以制造其上具有已固化的糊状物的蓄电池极板。
本发明还涉及制造蓄电池的方法,其包括将平均球形粒径小于约2.5微米的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒加入铅的氧化物中以形成糊状物材料。该方法还包括在蓄电池栅板上提供至少一部分糊状物材料,并在小于约48℃的温度下固化蓄电池栅板和糊状物材料,以形成其上具有已固化的糊状物的蓄电池极板。该方法还包括在容器中提供该蓄电池极板,以制造蓄电池,并为蓄电池充电。
附图说明
图1所示为使用三碱式硫酸铅化学的传统正极板(即不使用四碱式硫酸铅)的放大2000倍的扫描电子显微镜照片,该极板已在95%的湿度及46℃的温度下固化16小时。
图2所示为已在与图1中所示极板相同的低温条件下固化的正极板的放大2000倍的扫描电子显微镜照片,但该极板使用了含有1重量%四碱式硫酸铅种晶添加剂的糊状物混合物。
图3所示为具有更大尺寸的四碱式硫酸铅晶体的正极板的放大2000倍的扫描电子显微镜照片,该极板是采用高温固化(约100℃)制得的,而不具有四碱式硫酸铅种晶添加剂的优点。
图4所示为四碱式硫酸铅在低温固化极板中的百分比转化率的理论预测值对种晶球形粒径的曲线图。
具体实施方式
根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,使用四碱式硫酸铅作为蓄电池糊状物(例如连同PbO)的一种组分的制造正极板或栅板的过程或方法,节约了正极板材料(例如4至8%之间),少量损失或不损失铅酸蓄电池的性能或循环寿命,并且小幅降低或不降低生产效率。
根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,该过程允许所用糊状物的混合温度低于60℃,并允许固化温度低于46℃。这些温度显著低于用于传统四碱式硫酸铅极板化学制造过程的温度,即可能约为70至80℃或更高的温度。
根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,在约1重量%的装载水平下,将精细研磨或碾磨的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒加入其他标准糊状物混合过程中的铅的氧化物中。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,该颗粒的平均球形粒径小于约2.5微米(即该颗粒通常为球形,并且粒径小于约2.5微米)。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,该颗粒的平均球形粒径最大约为2微米。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,该颗粒的平均球形粒径约为1微米。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,该颗粒的平均球形粒径约为2微米。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,该颗粒的平均球形粒径约为1至2微米。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,该颗粒可具有不同的平均球形粒径(例如2微米或更大)。
在相对较低的温度下固化蓄电池糊状物之后,该颗粒通过成核作用和晶粒生长作用增大到小于采用传统高温固化可能达到的尺寸(例如约为2至5微米厚,优选约为3微米厚,约为20至30微米长)。在导致四碱式硫酸铅晶体生长的固化步骤之后,该四碱式硫酸铅晶体包括约50至60重量%的已固化的糊状物。根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,该糊状物中更高或更低的酸含量可用于获得约为10至100重量%的已固化极板的四碱式硫酸铅的水平。还根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,四碱式硫酸铅的总重量还可随四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的使用量而改变。
使用相对更精细研磨的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒或“种晶”的一个优势性的特征在于,可使所有PbSO4的大于约90%转化为四碱式硫酸铅。无需进一步的固化过程(例如蒸汽固化过程)。相对而言,传统的四碱式硫酸铅的生产方法可能要求使用蒸汽固化过程,这将一个额外的步骤加入制造过程中。
若湿度保持在约95%的情况下,在约46至48℃的固化温度下四碱式硫酸铅颗粒或“种晶”催化所有三碱式硫酸铅化学完全转化成四碱式硫酸铅。根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,湿度可保持在不同的水平上(例如约为80至100%之间)。选择该温度的一个优势性的特征在于,更低的制造温度需要更少的能量,并且避免了涉及使用填充了抗翘曲纤维的塑料堆积板以在固化过程中固定极板的更高的成本。而且,高温糊状物混合过程可能需要更昂贵的加工设备(例如真空-冷却糊状物混合器)。
使用小的四碱式硫酸铅种晶的一个优势性的特征在于,减少了四碱式硫酸铅的需求量,因而降低了该糊状物混合添加剂的成本。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,各种四碱式硫酸铅种晶发展为单固化的四碱式硫酸铅晶体。种晶的数量越多,则已固化晶体的数量越多。因为存在更大量的种晶,所以最终固化的晶体的尺寸小于使用常规方法制得者(例如,各种种晶生长为更大的已固化的晶体受到所提供的种晶数量的限制)。与固化温度无关,可获得相对较小的已固化晶体尺寸。
通过喷射碾磨较大的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒以获得约1至2微米的平均球形粒径,可产生四碱式硫酸铅颗粒。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,可使用Fluid Energy Aljet Model 8 Micro-Jet研磨系统(由Fluid EnergyAljet公司制造,Telford,Pennsylvania)生产具有减小的球形粒径(例如约为1至2微米)的四碱式硫酸铅种晶或颗粒。根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,可使用其他类型的喷射碾磨或其他碾磨或研磨设备。根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,还可使用制造四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的其他方法,其颗粒尺寸小于常规使用的颗粒。
根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,四碱式硫酸铅的平均球形颗粒尺寸可以不同。例如,可改变平均颗粒尺寸和装载水平以最优化形成过程中四碱式硫酸铅至二氧化铅的转化率。根据一个具体实施方案,四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的球形粒径可在约2至5微米之间的范围内。根据另一个示例性的具体实施方案,提供的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒可具有多种颗粒尺寸(例如,约10%的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的平均球形粒径约为10至20微米,而90%的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的球形粒径约为1微米)。特定颗粒尺寸的混合物可根据不同的考虑而改变。根据另一个示例性的具体实施方案,含有四碱式硫酸铅种晶的糊状物的装载量可在约0.5至10.0重量%之间的范围内。根据其他示例性的具体实施方案,还可采用其他装载量。
使用具有减小尺寸的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的一个优势性的特征在于,四碱式硫酸铅晶体使已固化的四碱式硫酸铅晶体尺寸足够小,以在铅酸蓄电池的第一次充电过程中(通常称作形成过程)相对有效地转化为二氧化铅正极活性材料。
图1所示为使用三碱式硫酸铅化学的传统正极板(即不使用四碱式硫酸铅)的放大2000倍的扫描电子显微镜照片,该极板已在95%的湿度及46℃的温度下固化16小时。显微照片中所示的小晶体结构是传统三碱式硫酸铅化学的特征,其已由X射线衍射和热重分析法加以确认(J.Materials Science Letters,Vol.11,pp 369-372(1992))。
相对而言,图2所示为已在与图1中所示极板相同的低温条件下固化的极板的放大2000倍的扫描电子显微镜照片,但该极板使用了含有1重量%四碱式硫酸铅种晶添加剂的糊状物混合物。根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,使用四碱式硫酸铅晶体提供了更大的2至3微米厚的晶体。该已固化的晶体尺寸是令人期望的,因为该晶体尺寸使蓄电池形成过程中向二氧化铅的转化过程最优化,同时与三碱式硫酸铅极板化学相比提高了使用寿命和性能。X射线衍射和热重分析法确认了超过90%的存在于极板中的PbSO4已转化为四碱式硫酸铅晶体的形式。
图3所示为具有更大尺寸的四碱式硫酸铅晶体的极板的放大2000倍的扫描电子显微镜照片,该极板是采用高温固化(约100℃)制得的,而不具有经研磨的四碱式硫酸铅种晶添加剂的优点。该极板在约100℃的温度下实施蒸汽固化。明显更大的约10微米厚的四碱式硫酸铅更难以在后序的蓄电池形成过程中转化为二氧化铅正极板活性材料。该极板在形成过程中也显示了更大的翘曲趋势。
使用标称为1至2微米的球形粒径的四碱式硫酸铅“晶种”,提供了相对简单且稳定的过程,其确保了在随后的关键性的极板固化步骤中极板中的四碱式硫酸铅种子材料合适的尺寸和数量。
PbSO4转化为期望的四碱式硫酸铅化学的程度还决定性地受控于在相对较低的固化温度下的四碱式硫酸铅种晶颗粒尺寸,其不会在固化过程中额外产生更多的四碱式硫酸铅晶体。图4所示为四碱式硫酸铅在低温固化极板中的百分比转化率的理论预测值对种晶粒径的曲线图。形成图4基础的假设是,低温固化的四碱式硫酸铅晶体不能长大至大于约3微米厚和30微米长。这些已固化晶体的数量决定了在已固化极板中生成四碱式硫酸铅的百分比转化率。通过产生更大量的成核位点以产生更大量已固化的四碱式硫酸铅晶体,由于颗粒尺寸的降低而提高每单位重量添加剂中四碱式硫酸铅种晶的数量,从而提高了已固化极板中四碱式硫酸铅的百分比转化率。
图4所示为,种晶球形粒径需要不大于约2微米,以确保在固化过程中完全转化为四碱式硫酸铅晶体。更小的种晶尺寸会更确定地保证在低的固化温度下完全转化成四碱式硫酸铅,并且能够使用更少量的种晶添加剂以降低生产成本。
由于避免了进行额外的高温蒸汽固化过程的需要,使用四碱式硫酸铅种晶的糊状物材料相对于传统的四碱式硫酸铅极板制造方法取得了进步。该方法还产生了最佳尺寸的后固化四碱式硫酸铅晶体,其与可能使用传统四碱式硫酸铅极板的制造方法相比,可以更有效地转化为二氧化铅。使用该种晶有利地保持了四碱式硫酸铅极板化学的优点,例如使正极板材料的使用率增加了5至15%,改进了重复储备容量测试中的放电容量的稳定性,并且提高了深度放电循环寿命。
利用本发明的教导可实现不同的优势性特征。例如,与传统方法相比,根据此处所述的教导使用四碱式硫酸铅糊状物化学制造或生产蓄电池极板的方法可采用更低的温度。也就是说,可采用低温以固化涂覆在极板或栅板上的蓄电池糊状物。
根据一个示例性的具体实施方案,与可能使用的常规方法相比,使用相对较小的四碱式硫酸铅种晶可在固化操作后形成更小的四碱式硫酸铅晶体,同时可在蓄电池形成过程中得到比传统制造方法更高的四碱式硫酸铅向二氧化铅的百分比转化率。该过程可提供用于制造已固化的铅酸蓄电池极板的相对更简单、稳定且廉碱式的方法,形成具有最佳尺寸(2至5微米厚)的四碱式硫酸铅的百分比转化率相对较高,这些四碱式硫酸铅可在蓄电池形成过程中相对更有效地依次转化成二氧化铅活性材料。
还可获得其他优势。例如,可减少活性材料糊状物的重量,而不降低蓄电池的性能或循环寿命,并且不明显增加生产成本或降低生产效率。
以下并非唯一的实施例阐述了本发明的特征:
实施例
根据Biagetti和Weeks在1970年9月出版的Bell System TechnicalJoumal中描述的方法,在50加仑的热的含水浆料中,制备一批60磅的纯度大于90重量%的四碱式硫酸铅(三碱式硫酸铅杂质)。将经干燥的材料喷射碾磨至基于平均体积的1微米的球形粒径,其标称标准偏差为1微米。使用基于激光的颗粒尺寸分析仪以测定所有四碱式硫酸铅种子颗粒的尺寸。
将这些四碱式硫酸铅种子颗粒加入2400磅传统的铅的氧化物的糊状混合物中,以达到期望的1重量%的装载水平(例如,将24磅的硫酸铅种子加入该混合物中)。然后通过添加水实施本领域通常情况下的混合作用,紧接着在标称为10分钟的过程中适量加入比重为1.325的硫酸以达到60℃的标称峰值混合温度。
然后将机械糊状的极板迅速干燥至10%的标称湿度含量,然后在46℃及95%的湿度下实施固化16小时。该极板随后在60℃及不超过50%的低湿度下实施干燥,标称历时30小时。传统的蓄电池组装和形成过程后,紧接着测试蓄电池。使用国际电池委员会(BCI)的测试程序和设备测试所有蓄电池的性能和使用寿命。
根据Joumal of Material Sciences Letters,Vol11,pp 369-372(1992)描述的过程,使用X射线衍射确认所有三碱式硫酸铅和四碱式硫酸铅固化的极板化学,而利用热重分析法连同化学硫酸盐分析法定量测定这些物质。
需着重指出的是,不同的示例性具体实施方案仅为说明性的。虽然在所公开的内容中仅详细描述了少量本发明的具体实施方案,但对于阅读了本发明所公开的内容的本领域技术人员而言,应容易理解许多改变方案是可能的(例如尺寸、大小、结构、形状以及不同元素的比例、参数值等的改变),而不实际上背离此处所引用主题的新颖性的教导和优势。对于优选的和其他示例性具体实施方案的设计、过程参数、材料特性、操作条件和其他特征,可以进行其他替代、修改、变化和省略,而不离开本发明的范围。
Claims (31)
1、制造蓄电池极板的方法,其包括:
将四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合以形成糊状物材料,所述颗粒的平均球形粒径小于2.5微米;
在蓄电池栅板上提供至少一部分所述糊状物材料;以及
在低于48℃的温度以及80至100%的湿度水平下固化所述蓄电池栅板和所述糊状物材料,从而制得其上具有已固化的糊状物的蓄电池极板。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的平均球形粒径小于2微米。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的平均球形粒径在1至2微米之间。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在95%的湿度水平下实施所述固化步骤。
5、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述已固化的糊状物包括厚度为2至5微米的四碱式硫酸铅晶体。
6、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在46至48℃的温度下实施所述固化步骤。
7、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中将四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合以形成糊状物材料的步骤包括在0.1至10.0重量%的装载水平下将四碱式硫酸铅颗粒加入所述铅的氧化物。
8、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在低于60℃的温度下实施所述混合步骤。
9、如权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括碾磨四碱式硫酸铅以形成四碱式硫酸铅颗粒,然后将该四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合。
10、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中平均粒径是基于平均体积的球形粒径。
11、如权利要求10所述的方法,其中基于平均体积的球形粒径是通过假定颗粒为球形以量化粒径而计算出的。
12、如权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括在引入四碱式硫酸铅颗粒以形成糊状物材料之后,添加水,然后添加硫酸。
13、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中四碱式硫酸铅颗粒是晶种。
14、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中混合四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的步骤包括将24磅的四碱式硫酸铅种子加入2400磅的铅的氧化物的糊状混合物中,以达到1重量%的装载水平。
15、如权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括在蓄电池内提供蓄电池极板,并对蓄电池实施形成过程以将糊状物材料转化为蓄电池极板上的活性材料。
16、如权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括测定经碾磨的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的平均尺寸。
17、如权利要求16所述的方法,其中测定经碾磨的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的平均尺寸的步骤利用了基于激光的颗粒尺寸分析仪。
18、制造蓄电池用极板的方法,其包括:
将平均球形粒径小于2微米的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合以形成糊状物;
用所述糊状物涂覆至少一部分蓄电池栅板;以及
在小于48℃的温度以及80至100%的湿度水平下加热所述蓄电池栅板和糊状物材料,从而制得其上具有已固化的糊状物的蓄电池极板。
19、如权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的平均球形粒径在1至2微米之间。
20、如权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述混合步骤包括在1重量%的装载水平下将所述四碱式硫酸铅颗粒加入所述铅的氧化物。
21、如权利要求18所述的方法,其中在低于60℃的温度下实施所述混合步骤。
22、如权利要求18所述的方法,其中四碱式硫酸铅颗粒是晶种。
23、如权利要求18所述的方法,其中混合四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的步骤包括将24磅的四碱式硫酸铅种子加入2400磅的铅的氧化物的糊状混合物中,以达到1重量%的装载水平。
24、如权利要求18所述的方法,其进一步包括在蓄电池内提供蓄电池极板,并对蓄电池实施形成过程以将糊状物材料转化为蓄电池极板上的活性材料。
25、制造蓄电池的方法,其包括:
将平均球形粒径小于2.5微米的四碱式硫酸铅颗粒加入铅的氧化物以形成糊状物材料;
在蓄电池栅板上提供至少一部分所述糊状物材料;
在低于48℃的温度以及80至100%的湿度水平下固化所述蓄电池栅板和所述糊状物材料,从而形成其上具有已固化的糊状物的蓄电池极板;
在容器中提供所述蓄电池极板,从而制得蓄电池;以及
对所述蓄电池充电。
26、如权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述四碱式硫酸铅颗粒的平均球形粒径在1至2微米之间。
27、如权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述已固化的糊状物包括厚度为2至5微米的四碱式硫酸铅晶体。
28、如权利要求27所述的方法,其中在所述固化步骤之后,所述已固化的糊状物包括50至60重量%的四碱式硫酸铅晶体。
29、如权利要求25所述的方法,其中在46至48℃的温度下实施所述固化步骤。
30、如权利要求25所述的方法,其中将四碱式硫酸铅颗粒与铅的氧化物混合以形成糊状物材料的步骤包括将1重量%的所述四碱式硫酸铅颗粒加入所述铅的氧化物。
31、如权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述对蓄电池充电的步骤使所述已固化的糊状物转化为二氧化铅。
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US20050009523A1 (en) | 2003-07-07 | 2005-01-13 | Nokia Corporation | Protocol using forward error correction to improve handover |
ATE527709T1 (de) * | 2003-10-21 | 2011-10-15 | Johnson Controls Tech Co | Batteriepastenmaterial und verfahren |
US7011805B2 (en) | 2004-03-19 | 2006-03-14 | Ges Technologies Ip Gmbh | Production of tetrabasic lead sulfate from solid state reactions for the preparation of active plates to be used in lead-acid batteries |
US7118830B1 (en) | 2004-03-23 | 2006-10-10 | Hammond Group, Inc. | Battery paste additive and method for producing battery plates |
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2004
- 2004-10-21 AT AT04795820T patent/ATE527709T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-10-21 KR KR1020087007034A patent/KR20080031531A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-10-21 BR BRPI0415854-7A patent/BRPI0415854B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-10-21 EP EP04795820A patent/EP1680827B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-21 WO PCT/US2004/034710 patent/WO2005043651A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-10-21 CN CNB200480037336XA patent/CN100527486C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-10-21 KR KR1020067009737A patent/KR100828275B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-21 MX MXPA06004510A patent/MXPA06004510A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-21 US US10/576,427 patent/US7517370B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-21 JP JP2006536747A patent/JP4505464B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-10-09 US US11/907,133 patent/US20080087868A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Influence of paste composition and curing program usedforthe production of positive plates with PbSnCa grids ontheperformance of lead acid batteries. Pavolv.D,Dimitrov.M,Rogachev.T,Bogadanova.L.Journal of Power Sources,Vol.114 No.1. 2003 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE527709T1 (de) | 2011-10-15 |
US20070269592A1 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
JP2007509484A (ja) | 2007-04-12 |
KR100828275B1 (ko) | 2008-05-07 |
WO2005043651A1 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
MXPA06004510A (es) | 2006-07-06 |
US7517370B2 (en) | 2009-04-14 |
KR20080031531A (ko) | 2008-04-08 |
EP1680827B1 (en) | 2011-10-05 |
JP4505464B2 (ja) | 2010-07-21 |
EP1680827A1 (en) | 2006-07-19 |
BRPI0415854A (pt) | 2007-01-02 |
US20080087868A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
CN1894810A (zh) | 2007-01-10 |
KR20060086434A (ko) | 2006-07-31 |
BRPI0415854B1 (pt) | 2014-11-18 |
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