CN100444742C - 提高反刍动物乳脂和/或组织脂肪中共轭亚油酸异构体的浓度 - Google Patents
提高反刍动物乳脂和/或组织脂肪中共轭亚油酸异构体的浓度 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100444742C CN100444742C CNB2004800204681A CN200480020468A CN100444742C CN 100444742 C CN100444742 C CN 100444742C CN B2004800204681 A CNB2004800204681 A CN B2004800204681A CN 200480020468 A CN200480020468 A CN 200480020468A CN 100444742 C CN100444742 C CN 100444742C
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- safflower oil
- feed formulation
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Abstract
公开了饲料制剂和相应的饲喂反刍动物的方法。该制剂和方法更适合用于泌乳奶牛。该饲料增加了反刍动物乳脂和/或脂肪组织中共轭亚油酸的浓度。该饲料包括红花油和莫能星的组合物。
Description
文献题录
此处引用文献的全部书目提要出处都包括在参考书目中,其紧接在权利要求前。
发明领域
本发明涉及的是为提高一般反刍动物,尤其是奶牛的乳脂和/或组织脂肪中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度而特别设计的饲料制剂。
发明背景
共轭亚油酸(CLA)指的是一组亚油酸的几何及位置异构体(顺-9,顺-12十八碳二烯酸)。鉴于亚油酸在第9个和第12个碳上有两个顺式双键,因此CLA通常在第9个和第11个或第10个或第12个位置上具有共轭双键。为了保持共轭,这些键能在顺式或反式几何位置上。人类饮食中CLA最富绕的来源是反刍动物的肉、奶和乳类产品。正在进行的研究指出,CLA可能对人类健康有一定范围的有益作用。这些有益作用中突出的是CLA的潜在抗癌性(Parodi,1997)。
自然界中有抗癌活性的多数物质都是来自植物的并且在其天然植物来源中仅以痕迹量存在(Wattenberg,1992)。相反,CLA被发现在动物产品中是几乎唯一的。CLA已经显示是天然存在的抗癌药中最有潜力的一个。这个领域中的研究起源能追溯到来自Michael Pariza实验室的许多被引证研究。在研究温度和时间对全油炸汉堡包中诱变剂形成的影响中,Pariza等从未煮过的和油炸汉堡包中的诱变抑制活性中获得了证据(Pariza等,1979)。随后Pariza&Hargreaves(1985)部分纯化了油炸绞细牛肉的诱变抑制剂,并说明它能通过诱变剂7,12-二甲基苯并[a]蒽(DMBA)来抑制小鼠表皮肿瘤。这项工作是第一个说明绞细牛肉包含抗癌药(它在正常无伤动物中是有效的)的研究。
包含能抑制肿瘤生长物质的熟牛肉是吸引人的,因为已知烹调富含蛋白的食物能产生一系列诱变剂和致癌物(Dipple,1983;Wakabayashi等,1992)。这也产生了问题,就是这是否是牛肉和其它肉的消费量与某种类型癌之间缺乏强有力联系的原因(ParizaandHargreaves,1985)。
研究的下一个阶段是阐明未知抗癌药的特性。Pariza&Hargreaves(1985)很早就已经注意到抗癌药是完全的非极性分子。Pariza实验室随后的工作表明,它实际上是亚油酸的四个同分异构衍生物的混合物,每个异构体都包含共轭双键系统(Ha等,1987)。这个抗癌药混合物从此以后就被指定为CLA。为了证明抗癌药的作用确实是归功于CLA,Ha等在小鼠DMBA模型上测试了CLA异构体的合成制备混合物。经CLA处理的小鼠仅发展了约一半的乳头瘤,与对照小鼠相比显示了较低的肿瘤发病率(Ha等,1987)。这个最初的工作开始了对CLA的一连串研究。
后来CLA已经在小鼠皮肤癌、小鼠贵门窦肿瘤和鼠乳腺肿瘤的实验动物模型上显示是有效的(Belury,1995;Ip,1994)。CLA已经被发现能在体外对抗乳腺肿瘤细胞(Shultz等,1992a)、恶性黑色素瘤和结肠直肠癌细胞(Shultz等,1992b)、白血病、前列腺癌和卵巢癌(Visonneau等,1996)以及肝癌(Yoon等,1997)。CLA似乎以剂量依赖的方式发挥作用,如同在体外乳腺癌细胞(Shultz等,1992a)和在小鼠体内由DMBA诱导的乳房肿瘤(Ip等,1994)中所说明的一样。以0.05g CLA/100g食物的小量饲喂时能致使乳房肿瘤的数量降低(Tp等,1994)。
Ip等(1999)评价了富含CLA的乳脂对小鼠乳房肿瘤的作用。乳脂包含4.1%CLA,其中92%是顺-9,反-11异构体。CLA的富集通过在20头奶牛的饮食中以干物质5.3%的量来包含葵花籽油来实现。从在其牛奶中产生了高水平CLA的这些牛中的九头里收集牛奶。这显示富含CLA的乳脂能抑制53%的鼠乳房肿瘤。这项研究清楚地表明反刍动物产品中的主要异构体顺-9,反-11异构体是抗癌药。
利用对鼠研究的直接外推,Ip(1994)估计,对人来说,有效的CLA摄入将相当于70kg的人每天估计平均消耗3.5g。还没有有关CLA摄入与人类癌症危险度之间的关系的数据。然而,一项跨跃25年的芬兰国家公共卫生研究表明,随着乳制品摄入的增加,乳腺癌的危险率降低(Knelkt,等,1996)。这强有力地暗示了,乳制品中有能提供对人类健康有显著益处的成分或成分们。
研究还指出,CLA可能在降低动脉粥样硬化中有有益作用(Lee等,1994,Nicolosi等,1997),可能在糖尿病的治疗中有益处(Houseknecht等,1998),可能在发育的动物中减少身体脂肪并增加身体蛋白(Park等,1997),可以抵消肌肉萎缩导致的免疫应答(Cook等,1993),并且可以改进骨形成(catkins等,1999)。
反刍动物的肉包含比非反刍动物的肉要更多的CLA。牛奶和其它乳制品也有较高的CLA,然而植物油和海产品却不是。全脂奶中发现的CLA量一般为约4.5到5.5mgCLA/g脂肪(Lin等,1995;Ip,1994),尽管Kelly等(1996)已经在来自纽约牧群的牛奶中观察到了在2.4到18.0mgCLA/g脂肪的范围内变化。
顺-9,反-11是最普遍的异构体并且在牛奶中有大于90%的CLA在牛肉脂肪中有超过75%的CLA(Chin,等1992)。这个异构体被认为是生物活性形式(Ip,1994;Belury,1995;Kelly等,1996)。然而,是否就一个异构体是所有所述不同效果的原因,这仍然是悬而未决的(McGuire等,1997)。肉和乳制品中CLA的含量通过加工产生的变化很少(Shantha等,1994,1995)。这样,预制食品中的浓度就主要取决于原材料的浓度。
CLA是长链不饱和脂肪酸瘤胃生物氢化的中间产品。饮食中的脂肪通过瘤胃中的微生物脂肪酶水解,得到的不饱和脂肪酸被瘤胃细菌生物氢化。Kepler&Tove(1967)指出,顺-9,反-1118:2,CLA主要的异构体,是通过瘤胃细菌丁酸弧菌属在亚油酸生物氢化中形成的第一个中间体。这个最初的反应包括通过顺-12,反-11异构酶将顺-12双键异构化为反-11。这个步骤发生得很迅速。下一个步骤包括将这个二烯共轭到反-11单烯上(t-1118:1)。这个反应发生得不那么迅速。反-1118:1全部氢化为硬脂酸(18:0)涉及不同的生物体并被认为是速率限制的(Griinari等,1997)。因此,反-11一般在瘤胃中聚集。反-1118:1和顺-1118:2占乳脂中发现的反式脂肪酸的约50%(Griinari,1998)。
瘤胃不是奶牛中产生CLA的唯一来源。酰基-辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)能给18:0(硬脂酸)增加顺-9双键来生成18:1(油酸)。这个酶也可以给反-1118:1(反-异油酸)增加顺-9生成CLA。Corl等,(1998)在奶牛的皱胃中注入顺-18:1或反-18:1并发现注入反-18:1的牛奶中CLA的水平升高。Corl把这个归结为乳腺中SCD对反-18:1的作用。
由于其应该能相对容易地增加这个脂肪酸的瘤胃产量,因此这可能代表一种显著提高牛奶中CLA水平的方法。这也将致使牛奶中反-11 18:1增加。尽管这涉及的是食物中的反式脂肪酸,但这也证明了反-11 18:1事实上可能有益于健康。Salminen等(1998)的最新数据表明,反-11 18:1能在人体组织中去饱和成为CLA。这也可以解释从来自动物的反式脂肪酸与患冠心病的危险性之间所观察到的相关性缺乏,与显示正相关的来自植物的反式脂肪酸相比(Willet等,1993)。如果CLA能真正通过乳腺中SCD的作用而生成,那么它就可能表示一种重要的途径,通过它CLA能被合成结合入乳脂中。
McGuire等(1996)给奶牛饲喂了包含各种水平玉米油(55%亚油酸)的食物,并观察到牛奶中CLA的浓度随食物亚油酸的增加而增加。然而,最高的食物脂肪中包含的CLA水平(7.2%醚提取物)仅为6.94mgCLA/g脂肪。Kelly等(1998)也说明了,高亚油酸的食物脂肪能提高牛奶中CLA的含量。Kelly等给基础饮食补充了53g/kgDM花生油(高油酸)、葵花籽油(高亚油酸)或亚麻子油(高亚油酸)。得到的CLA浓度分别为13.3、24.4和16.7mg CLA/g乳脂。从用葵花籽油的处理中观察到的CL A水平增加表现出比那些在传统饮食中一般看到的高约500%的水平。
Chouinard等(1998)给奶牛饲喂了补充有4%DM来自芸苔油、豆油或亚麻子油的脂肪酸钙盐的食物。对芸苔油、豆油和亚麻子油来说所得牛奶的CLA浓度分别为13.0、22.0、19.0mg CLA/g脂肪,对照为3.5mg CLA/g脂肪。豆油,其在亚油酸中较多,是增加CLA的最有效的物质。
我们应该注意到,当使用补充了脂肪的食物时,从牛奶中获得的CLA水平在取决于瘤胃的状况的较大范围内变化。例如,在Cornell大学进行的使用了补充脂肪的研究中发现,当草料∶精料的比例在50∶50到20∶80内变化时,牛奶中的CLA水平减半(Kelly等,1996)。Griinari等(1998)说明,高浓度饮食能改变多不饱和脂肪酸瘤胃生物氢化的产品,结果是提高了反-10异构体的比例。因此,在高浓度喂养条件下的多不饱和脂肪酸的生物氢化可以引起瘤胃状况变化,致使在消耗顺-9,反-11 18:2的情况下形成反-10,顺-12 18:2。
此处使用的术语“离子载体”指的是能破坏革兰氏阳性菌膜电位的脂溶性抗生素,这会导致革兰氏阳性菌死亡。革兰氏阳性菌在瘤胃中易于成为生成醋酸盐和氢的菌类。相反,革兰氏阴性菌,其对离子载体有抵抗力,在瘤胃中生成丙酸盐。这样在反刍中使用离子载体有助于增加瘤胃中丙酸盐对醋酸盐的比例,并降低反刍动物中蛋白水解和甲烷的产量。鉴于这些原因,离子载体能在饲喂场加工的牛肉中广泛使用因为它们能改善产品的功效。
离子载体看来也能干扰多不饱和脂肪酸的瘤胃生物氢化,可能通过抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长来干扰。Fellner等(1997)研究了离子载体对使用了连续培养系统的脂质生物氢化的作用。他们发现反相转运体离子载体莫能星、尼日利亚菌素和替曲那新能干扰亚油酸的生物氢化。该研究表明亚油酸生物氢化程度的降低,伴有该过程中间产物包括CLA在内的聚集。
紧接这项工作的是评价莫能星在24mg/kg的食物干物质下在奶牛中经过28天后提高牛奶CLA的能力(Sauer等,1998)。观察到一个CLA的小但却显著的从0.8%到1.3%乳脂的增加。
然而,其它研究没能显示离子载体对富集乳脂中CLA浓度的有益之处(Dhiman等1999)。因此使用离子载体以提高牛奶中的CLA被认为是模能两可的。此外,经过较长的时间后离子载体是否还有效也是不确定的因为已经已知瘤胃能适应离子载体的作用(Griinari和Bauman,1999)。
发明总述
考虑到由人在牛奶中消耗CLA所获得的潜在健康利益,本发明的目的就在于通过处理动物的饮食来提高反刍动物(尤其是牛)乳脂和/或组织脂肪中的CLA浓度。
这样,本发明的第一个实施方案就是提高反刍动物乳脂和/或组织脂肪中共轭亚油酸浓度的方法。该方法包含给反刍动物饲喂一定量的饲料制剂,该制剂含有以下物质的组合物:(a)植物油,选自包含至少50%C18:2,至少30%C18:3的植物油及其混合物,以及(b)能抑制瘤胃中革兰氏阳性菌生长的离子载体。饲料制剂以能有效提高反刍动物乳脂和/或组织脂肪中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度的量被饲喂。
优选的是,饲喂反刍动物的饲料制剂包含红花油和莫能星的组合物。
本发明的第二个实施方案是相应的动物饲料制剂。该饲料制剂含有以下物质的组合物:(a)植物油,选自包含至少50%C18:2,至少30%C18:3的植物油及其混合物,以及(b)能抑制瘤胃中革兰氏阳性菌生长的离子载体。当把该饲料制剂饲喂给反刍动物时,该组合物以能有效提高反刍动物乳脂中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度的量存在于饲料制剂中。
优选的是,饲料制剂含有红花油和莫能星,当把饲料制剂饲喂给反刍动物时,组合物以能有效提高反刍动物乳脂中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度的量存在于饲料制剂中。
有利的是,本发明生成了富含CLA的牛奶和肉。本发明的饲料制剂浓集了牛奶中CLA异构体(主要是顺-9,反-1118:2)的浓度,其为正常水平的10到15倍(从约0.5%到约5.6%)。因为CLA是潜在的抗癌药,所以富含CLA的牛奶能对消费者的健康有重要的益处。
此外,在此描述的同样的发明方法,提高了牛奶中的CLA,也能产生全面降低牛奶中饱和脂肪酸的额外益处。
本发明的饲料制剂使乳脂中CLA的富集比以往所能达到的要高。其原因被认为是双重的:(1)该方法使用了来自油料种子的油,其能提高瘤胃CLA或反-11 18:1(在反刍动物乳腺中生成CLA的前体)产物的。红花油在这点上特别有效。(2)该方法使用了离子载体,其干扰了生物氢化的进程,这样就致使提高了瘤胃中CLA和/或反-1118:1的产量。莫能星在这点上是特别有效的。
联合使用这两个因素,并以相对高的水平包括在奶制品食物中,被认为是达到CLA富集度的主要原因。
这有一些目前公开的饲料制剂的情况,其能改进超越现有的技术。它包括来自油料种子的油,其有在奶制品饮食中有较高内含物水平(例如优选的水平是约6%食物干物质)的较高的C18:2或C18:3(例如红花油),和等于22mg/kg干物质的离子载体(例如莫能星)内含物的组合物。这两个饮食成分的联合作用使这个制剂在提高牛奶中CLA水平上特别有效。
饲料制剂本身是一种能通过提供乳品加工的饲料公司制造的产品。来自该牛奶的富含CLA的牛奶和/或产品例如富含CLA的奶酪和黄油是这个技术生成的终产品。
附图简述
图1是描述了在0、2、4、8星期时治疗组牛奶的平均维生素E含量(微克α-生育酚/g牛奶)的曲线图。参见实施例2。
图2是描述了在0、2、4、8星期时治疗组牛奶中18:2(n-6%)平均含量的曲线图。参见实施例2。
图3是描述了在0、2、4、8星期时治疗组平均牛奶18:3含量(n-3%)的曲线图。参见实施例2。
图4是描述了在0、2、4、8星期时治疗组顺-9,反-11和CLA平均牛奶百分比的曲线图。参见实施例2。
图5是描述了在0、2、4、8星期时治疗组平均牛奶含量18:1反式%的曲线图。参见实施例2。
图6是描述了在0、2、4、8星期时治疗组平均牛奶含量16:0%的曲线图。参见实施例2。
图7是描述了在0、2、4、8星期时治疗组平均牛奶含量14:0%的曲线图。参见实施例2。
发明详述
本发明打算将本发明的饲料制剂加入到具有常规饲料的组合物中。该制剂以能提高反刍动物,特别是牛的牛奶和/或组织脂肪中CLA浓度的量加入到饲料中。
饲料:
基础饲料或饲料一般含有紫花苜蓿干草、紫花苜蓿青贮饲料、小粒谷类青贮饲料(例如大麦或黑小麦青贮饲料)、草、大麦、玉米、燕麦、膏粱、小麦、麦麸、玉米粥及其混合物。(优选的基础饲料表,参见表1)。奶牛的基础饲料由两部分构成(草料和精料),将其组合以得到总-混合-口粮(TMR)。草料可以包括但不限于:紫花苜蓿干草、紫花苜蓿青贮饲料、小粒谷类青贮饲料(例如大麦或黑小麦)、草和干草。精料可以包括但不限于:玉米、大麦、燕麦、高粱、小麦、麦麸和玉米粥、蛋白质丰富的补充物(例如大豆粉、芸苔粉、血粉(bloodmeal)、玉米谷蛋白)、维生素和矿物质。
主题发明所考虑的补充油类一般用来补足精料部分。制成奶制品食物以符合国家研究委员会(NRC)对泌乳奶牛的推荐。这些推荐确保形成的食物将包含足够的能量、蛋白质、纤维、维生素和矿物质以符合动物的营养需求。
红花油:
红花油在增加牛奶中CLA溶度方面比其它油料种子像大豆、向日葵和芸苔更有效,最可能是因为它具有较高含量的前体分子,亚油酸。然而,其它具有高含量(超过50%)C18:2或高含量(超过30%)C18:3的油料种子能用来代替红花油。油类一般以约2%到7%食物干物质重量的量被加入。就提高牛奶中CLA溶度来说,至少为6%重量的水平将具有最大的作用。
莫能星和其它离子载体:
莫能星是能选择性抑制瘤胃中特定类型细菌生长的离子载体抗生素。莫能星的系统名为2-{5-乙基四氢-5-{四氢-3-甲基-5-{四氢-6-羟基-6-羟基甲基)-3,5-二甲基-2H-吡喃-2-基}-2-呋喃基-9-羟基-β-甲氧基-α,γ,2,8-四甲基-1,6-二氧杂螺{4.5}癸烷7-丁酸;CA号17090-79-8。细菌群落带来的变化会导致瘤胃中C18:2和C18:3氢化的速率下降。结果是,有更多的CLA和C18:1反-11(反式-异油酸)避开了氢化,这就使得乳脂中CLA的水平更高。尽管莫能星是非常有效且优选的,但是能选择性抑制瘤胃中革兰氏阳性菌生长的任何类型的离子载体也都能被使用,例如尼日利亚菌素(CAS号28280-24-7)、替曲那新。所有的物质都是从许多国际来源在商业上可得到的,例如ServaElectrophoresis GmbH,海德尔堡,德国(以前是InvitrogenCorporation的子公司并在2002年7月以完全独立的公司运转)。
离子载体的优选水平是22mg/kg食物干物质或是当前最大允许水平的水平(目前为22mg/kg)。
混合方式:
在决定本发明饲料制剂成功与否中是至关重要的另一个方面是红花油和莫能星混合到食物中的方式。红花油和莫能星优选被预混合到口粮的精料部分中。然后在饲喂前立即将包括饲料制剂在内的精料与草料混合。油类预混合到口粮的精料部分中能允许油类包裹在精料的表面以取代草料的包裹。
草料和精料的比例:
另外,草料和精料的比例是制剂成功与否的关键。总混合口粮(TMR)优选含有约60∶40的草料对精料混合物。过去的研究已经介绍了有高量多不饱和物的油类不以约2-3%DM的水平被用在奶制品的配给中。据报道饲喂较高的水平对瘤胃发酵尤其是纤维消化有负面作用,这会导致饲料摄入和生产力降低。将高水平的油类预混合到精料中和将该精料混合到包括60%草料的口粮中能使较高水平的油类和口粮一起被饲喂,而对瘤胃的环境没有负面作用。尽管60∶40的草料∶精料比可能是最佳的,但是也能使用一个范围内的草料水平(约35%到约75%)。作为精料-饲料部分的饲料制剂也能被用在牧场饲喂工作中作为牧草的补充物。
任选的成分:
除以上列出的成分外,其它成分也能被加入到饲料制剂中。这种成分能选自许多种类的营养补充物和药物,包括以下物质:
C2-C22脂肪羧酸和碱金属、铵以及碱金属盐,其能是不同于或符合存在于脂肪酰胺成分中的其它脂肪酸组份的大小。
糖和复合糖,包括水溶性和水不溶性单糖、二糖和多糖。例如甘蔗废糖蜜是从甘蔗的蔗糖中提取的副产物。它是商业上可得到的,在标准79.5白利糖度浓度下,具有约21重量%的含水量,50重量%的含糖量。糖用甜菜的副产物也是有用的作为低成本糖类的来源。
复合糖的其它适合的来源是乳清。乳清是乳品工业的副产物。乳清是乳白蛋白、乳糖、脂肪和牛奶中可溶性无机物的稀释液。干燥的乳清固体一般具有以下组份:
蛋白质 12.0%
脂肪 0.7%
乳糖 60.0%
磷 0.79%
钙 0.874
灰 9.7%
糖类的另一个来源是来自纸浆和造纸业,其在亚硫酸盐打浆过程中从本材里产生了大量的木质素磺酸盐。这个糖副产物是失效的亚硫酸盐纸浆废液的成分。
氨基酸成分,单独或组合,包括精氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、酪氨酸、乙基HCl、丙胺酸、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸钠、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、半胱氨酸乙基HCl和类似的物质及其类似物和盐。
维生素成分,单独或组合,包括硫胺HCl、核黄素、维生素B6HCl、烟酸、烟酰胺、肌醇、氯化胆碱、泛酸钙、生物素、叶酸、抗坏血酸、维生素B12、对氨基苯甲酸、维生素A乙酸酯、维生素K、维生素D、维生素E和类似物。、
微量元素成分包括以下化合物,钴、铜、锰、铁、锌、锡、镍、铬、钼、碘、氯、硅、钒、硒、钙、镁、钠和钾。
蛋白成分,从例如干燥的血液或肉粉、干燥和灭菌的动物和家禽肥料、鱼粉、液态或粉末状蛋、鱼可溶物、细胞乳膏(cell cream)、大豆粉、棉子粉、芸苔粉和类似的来源中获得。
蛋白等价物成分包括非-蛋白氮化合物例如糖苷脂、双缩脲、磷酸铵和类似物。
药物成分,单独或组合,包括丙嗪盐酸盐、chloromadionateacetate、氢四环素、磺胺甲嘧啶、poloxaline及类似物。土霉素是用于家畜预防的优选抗生素。
抗氧剂,例如丁羟茴醚、丁羟甲苯、生育酚、三级丁基对苯二酚、没食子酸丙酯和乙氧喹,适宜的防腐剂包括山梨酸钠、山梨酸钾、苯甲酸钠、丙酸、α-羟丁酸和类似物。
混悬液稳定剂,例如非离子表面活性剂、水状胶体和纤维素醚。
这些类型化学试剂的例子有酚类聚氧化乙烯冷凝物、C8-C22醇和胺、环氧乙烷与肌糖醇酐脂肪酸部分的酯的反应产物、烷基芳基聚乙二醇磷酸酯、阿拉伯胶、角豆胶、黄锡胶、海藻酸铵、钠、钾和钙、乙二醇海藻酸盐、黄原胶、马铃薯琼脂、烷基纤维素、羟烷基纤维素、羧烷基纤维素和类似物。
实施例
以下实施例全部用来提供本发明在此公开和主张的更完全的说明。实施例不以任何方式对本发明主张的范围构成限制。
实施例1
实施例1的方法和材料:
根据经产数和泌乳天数(DIM)将二十八头泌乳Holstein奶牛分为七批,每批四头牛。给每批母牛随机指定四个治疗饮食中的一个:(1)对照(CTL),(2)对照,包括24mg/kg食物干物质的莫能星(MON),(3)对照,包括6%食物干物质的红花油(SAFF),(4)对照,包括24mg/kg莫能星加6%红花油(SM)。表1显示了每个食物的详细组成。
表1
每个治疗的口粮组份(%干物质)
CTL | MON | SAFF | SM | |
草料: | ||||
紫花苜蓿干草(中间花) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
大麦青贮饲料 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
紫花苜蓿青贮饲料 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
精料: | ||||
大麦粒 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 |
玉米粒(裂开的) | 20.5 | 20 | 13 | 12.5 |
大豆48(大豆粉) | 7 | 7 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
红花油 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 |
莫能星 | 0 | 0.54 | 0 | 0.54 |
盐 | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.2 | 0.16 |
维生素ADE | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
矿物质混合物 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
氧化镁 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
碳酸氢钠 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
磷酸二钙 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Biofos | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
石灰石 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
表2实际的化学组成
给奶牛饲喂食物治疗物15天。接受四个食物治疗前所有的奶牛都接受八天的对照治疗作为共变。在共变期的头三天和治疗期间,奶牛被逐渐调整为新的食物。
在每天上午10点左右给奶牛饲喂一次作为总混合口粮的治疗物。每天记录每个奶牛的摄入,每周收集两次完整饲料的样品、单独的成分和剩饭(饲料的剩余物)用于分析。在共变期末和治疗期末记录(五点标度(five-point scale))所有奶牛的体重和身体状况。在每天的上午4点和下午4点给奶牛挤奶两次。在共变期和处理期的最后两天提取牛奶样品。在每个取样天混合来自每头奶牛的上午和下午的牛奶以形成每天从每头奶牛中得到的一个代表性样品。分析牛奶的脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖的百分比以及体细胞数(乳畜群改进中心牛奶实验室)。还用气相色谱分析牛奶的脂肪酸成分。
实施例1的结果和讨论:
如表3所示,治疗之间的牛奶产量没有显著差异。
表3
牛奶产量,脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖的产量百分比
CTL | MON | SAFF | SM | |
牛奶产量kg/天* | 26.87<sup>a</sup> | 27.58<sup>a</sup> | 26.78<sup>a</sup> | 27.82<sup>a</sup> |
脂肪%# | 4.01<sup>a</sup> | 3.57<sup>b</sup> | 2.83<sup>c</sup> | 2.95<sup>c</sup> |
脂肪产量kg/天 | 1.05<sup>a</sup> | 0.97<sup>a</sup> | 0.75<sup>b</sup> | 0.81<sup>b</sup> |
蛋白质% | 3.33<sup>a</sup> | 3.37<sup>a</sup> | 3.11<sup>a</sup> | 3.23<sup>a</sup> |
蛋白质产量kg/天 | 0.87<sup>a</sup> | 0.92<sup>a</sup> | 0.82<sup>a</sup> | 0.88<sup>a</sup> |
乳糖% | 4.3<sup>ab</sup> | 4.54<sup>a</sup> | 4.26<sup>b</sup> | 4.50<sup>ab</sup> |
乳糖产量kg/天 | 1.13<sup>a</sup> | 1.24<sup>a</sup> | 1.14<sup>a</sup> | 1.24<sup>a</sup> |
在每行中,具有不同上标的值是明显不同的(p<0.05)
*处理期间最后八天中的平均牛奶产量
#用于脂肪、蛋白和乳糖的值表示从处理期间最后两天得到的牛奶平均值。
乳糖和蛋白质的百分比和产量在Holstein奶牛的典型范围内,尽管包括莫能星在内的治疗倾向于具有较高的乳糖百分比。与CTL相比脂肪的百分比在MON、SAFF和SM处理中显著降低。乳脂百分比的降低在包括红花油的治疗(SAFF和SM)中是最大的。尽管单独用莫能星有明显降低,但是红花油和莫能星的组合也不超过单独用红花油所观察到的乳脂抑制。有强有力的证据表明瘤胃生物氢化过程中产生的反式脂肪酸具有乳脂抑制作用(Griinari等1998)。这可能是在这个研究中所观察到的乳脂百分比降低的原因。
CTL食物,Alberta中饲喂的典型食物,形成了具有0.45%CLA(顺-9,反-11异构体)浓度的乳脂,与全脂奶中典型的报道一致(表4)。饲喂SM食物的奶牛生成了具有5.15%CLA的乳脂,约比CTL食物大12倍。尽管与CTL(4.01%)相比,SM处理的乳脂百分比要低(2.95%),但是SM的CLA产量仍然约比CTL大九倍,如表4所示。
表4
a,b,c在每行中,具有不同上标的值是明显不同的(p<0.05)
1食物是对照(CTL),和补充了莫能星(Mon)、红花油(SAFF)红花油加莫能星(SAFF/M)的对照。
2所有的值都以脂肪酸甲酯的百分比表示。
nd=未测出
SM食物还增加了反-10,顺-12和反,反CLA异构体以及C18:2(亚油酸)、C18:1顺-9(油酸)、反-11 18:1(反式-异油酸)、C18:0(硬脂酸)的百分比,并降低了短和中链脂肪酸(C4:0-C16:0)的百分比。
红花油包含约76%的亚油酸。既然CLA和反-1118:1是亚油酸(C18:2)生物氢化中的中间产物,那么加入红花油将预计能提高牛奶中这些异构体的水平。有一定量的亚油酸将可能避开生物氢化,这将能解释SM治疗中亚油酸的增加。此外,一些亚油酸将已经完全氢化为C18:2,这也能解释在SM治疗中观察到的较高的硬脂酸浓度。与CTL或MON相比,包含红花油(SAFF和SM)也能导致反-10,顺-12CLA和反、反CLA异构体显著增加。这些CLA异构体也能在瘤胃中通过维生素酶产生,但仅表示牛奶中总CLA的较小部分。
Fellner(1997)表明,莫能星能降低亚油酸生物氢化的速率致使包括CLA在内的反式脂肪酸聚集。与CTL相比,MON治疗不倾向于提高反1118:1和CLA的百分比,尽管这是不显著的。莫能星的好处在其与红花油组合时被更加清楚地说明。与SAFF相比,SM具有较高的反11 18:1和CLA浓度和较低的C18:0浓度。
总的说来,SAFF和SM食物从几个方面改变了牛奶的组份,这可能对消费者的健康有益。CLA的增加可能对消费者的健康有重要好处。给小鼠饲喂富含CLA的黄油能降低53%乳腺肿瘤的生长(Ip等,1999)。因此人类消耗富含CLA的牛奶或来自该牛奶的产品能在预防特定类型的癌症中发挥作用。与CTL或MON相比,SAFF和SM食物能显著提高反-11 18:1。尽管这涉及的是人类饮食中反式脂肪酸的水平,但是这是反-11 18:1能在人体组织中脱饱和为顺-9,反-11CLA的证据。与CTL或MON相比,SAFF和SM牛奶具有约41.44%的较低C16:0,33-35%的较低C14:0和约50%较高的顺-918:1。与CTL牛奶相比,消耗如在SAFF和SM中具有较低C16:0和C14:0以及较高顺-918:1的牛奶能对血浆胆固醇水平有正面作用。
这些结果说明了生产富含CLA牛奶的可能性。此外,提高CLA的相同治疗也能产生全面降低饱和脂肪酸以及增加不饱和脂肪酸的额外好处。
实施例2:
实施例1中显示的结果说明红花油与莫能星组合能显著增加牛乳脂中共轭亚油酸异构体的浓度。进行此实施例2来证实并更加完全地探究,实施例1中发现的这些结果。这个实施例的特定目标是:
确认红花油(6%DM)和莫能星(24ppm)在提高牛奶CLA方面比单独用红花油更有效。
确认莫能星的作用是否能被保持两个月(与实施例1的两个星期相比)。
确定补充维生素E(150IU/kg DM)对牛奶CLA和抗氧化稳定性的作用。
评价亚麻子油提高牛奶CLA的能力。
对富含CLA的牛奶进行完全的感观评价。
实施例2的材料和方法:
包括使用动物在内的所有步骤都是经过Alberta大学的FacultyAnimal Policy and Welfare Committee认可的。二十八头初次分娩的和34头多产的泌乳Holstein奶牛被用在带有重复测定的随机化完全区组设计中。根据经产数和DIM对动物进行分批。然后给每批中的奶牛随机指定六个治疗饮食中的一个:(1)对照饮食(CTL),(2)对照饮食,包括补充6%DM的红花油(SAFF),(3)对照饮食,包括补充6%DM的红花油和补充150IU/kg DM的维生素E(SAFF/E),(4)对照饮食,包括补充6%DM的红花油和补充24ppm DM的莫能星(SAFF/M),(5)对照饮食,包括补充6%DM的红花油和补充150IU/kg DM的维生素E和补充24ppm DM的莫能星(SAFF/M/E),(6)对照饮食,包括补充6%DM的亚麻子油和补充150IU/kg DM的维生素E(FLAX/E)。加入草料前将补充成分通过在Calan定数仪(data rangers)中以500kg的批量充分混合而加入到其各自的精料中。制备符合或超过NRC推荐(NRC,1989)的所有饮食。
奶牛一直住在能提供水的封口畜舍中。每天上午九点喂一次食物,包括60%草料和40%精料的TMR(表5)。每天记录饲料的摄入并调节以保持5到10%的剩余。最初给所有的奶牛饲喂CTL食物10天(0星期)。然后让奶牛接受九周的预定食物。奶牛三天后适应了食物变化。每天在0330和1430挤奶两次。记录每天的牛奶产量。从0、2、4和8星期的最后一天的上午和下午挤出的奶中取牛奶样品。每次挤奶的取样量与牛奶产量都是成比例的。然后合并上午和下午的样品得到每头奶牛在每个时间点的一个样品。用重铬酸钾对每头奶牛的一部分牛奶进行保藏并在亚伯达农业、食品和乡村发展中心牛奶测定实验室(艾德蒙顿,亚伯达,加拿大)分析蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖和体细胞数。剩余的牛奶在-20℃下贮存直至分析脂肪酸成分和维生素E的含量。
在0、2、4和8星期的最后三天和最后一天收集用于训练感观评价的牛奶。在感观评价前对牛奶进行标准化、巴氏消毒和匀化。评估在处理后贮存在4℃下的0和5天后进行。十个受训小组对每个牛奶样品的气味(所有的强度和特殊臭味的强度)、味道(所有的强度、臭气的强度、甜味、后味)和口感进行评价,并也对详细的臭气属性打分例如平淡的、氧化的、酸性的、腐败的/苦的、麦芽的、饲料和成味。在Leduc,亚伯达的亚伯达农业、食品和乡村发展中心进行处理和感观评价。
使用SAS版本8:3MIXED程序(SAS协会,Cary,NC)对作为具有重复测定的随机化完全区组设计的数据进行分析。
实施例2的结果和讨论:
红花油和亚麻子油的脂肪酸成分列于表6中。选择多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的这些油类。红花中的18:2n-6(76%)特别高,而亚麻子油中的18:3n-3(41.7%)高,18:2n-6水平低(21.3%)。在瘤胃中18:2n-6能转化成CLA和反-11 18:1,而18:3n-3似乎转化为反-11 18:1而非CLA。既然反-1118:1能在饲喂了高18:2n-6或18:3n-3的油类的乳腺中转化为CLA,那么其也能潜在提高牛奶中CLA的水平。
表7中给出了干物质的摄入、牛奶产量和牛奶组份。治疗期间,干物质的摄入、牛奶产量和牛奶乳糖及蛋白质的浓度没有显著差异。SAFF和SAFF/M牛奶与CTL相比乳脂百分比要明显低。在奶制品食物中加入多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)通常发现能引起乳脂百分比降低。相信这是归咎于在瘤胃内从PUFA中产生了特定的反式脂肪酸,其能抑制乳腺中乳脂的合成。既然SAFF/E和SAFF/ME与CTL没有显著差异,那么加入维生素E就似乎部分地防止了乳脂中的这个降低。与CTL相比,FLAX/E的乳脂百分比也没有显著差异。维生素E对牛乳脂的这个作用已经在其它实验室观察到了。与所有其它的治疗相比,SAFF/E和SAFF/ME中的牛奶维生素E含量要明显高(表7,图1)。预期补充维生素E能提高牛奶中维生素E的水平,尽管已知在奶牛中从食物到牛奶的转化效率相对较低。还不确定为什末向包含亚麻子油的食物中加入维生素E也不能增加FLAX/E牛奶中的维生素E,尽管这个食物有和SAFF/E和SAFF/ME一样的维生素E水平。
表8和图2-7显示了食物治疗对牛奶脂肪酸成分的作用。红花油和亚麻子油的主要特性是牛奶脂肪酸成分中所反映出的某种程度。与CTL相比,加入红花油和亚麻子油能显著提高牛奶中18:2n-6的水平(表8,图2),尽管对红花食物来说这与亚麻子相比要显著得多。与CTL或红花治疗相比,将亚麻子加入到食物中能提高牛奶中18:3n-3的水平(表8,图3)。尽管在牛奶中观察到了18:2n-6和18:3n-3的显著提高,但是这些脂肪酸从食物向牛奶中的全部转化率还是相对较低,这很可能是因为瘤胃中的生物氢化。
瘤胃的生物氢化过程产生了作为中间产物的CLA和反-11 18:1。此外,如先前所指出的,反-11 18:1能在乳腺中转化为顺-9,反-11CLA。与CTL相比,红花和亚麻子治疗中的CLA和总反18:1脂肪酸水平有显著提高(表8,图4和5)。红花油在提高牛奶中CLA水平方面比亚麻子油有效。
在红花治疗中,包含莫能星的两种食物(SAFF/M和SAFF/ME)与不包含莫能星的两种食物(SAFF和SAFF/E)相比牛奶中的CLA水平在数值上要高。SAFF/E的这个差别与SAFF/M或SAFF/ME相比是显著的但对SAFF来说其与SAFF/M或SAFF/ME相比却是不显著的。在以上实施例中,红花和红花加莫能星之间的区别被发现是有统计学显著性的。为什末在这个实验中是不显著的原因可能是因为这个研究中SAFF/M组在这个组中的两头奶牛的动物数量变化看来具有比SAFF/M组中剩余动物实际上要低的CLA水平。莫能星的作用在反18:1中能被更加清楚地观察到。与SAFF和SAFF/E组相比,SAFF/M和SAFF/ME组在牛奶中具有明显高的反18:1(表8)。这暗示了SAFF/M组中被观察的动物间在CLA方面的变化可能在于乳腺将反-11 18:1转化为CLA的能力。相同治疗组中个体动物间的变化是令人感兴趣的并值得进一步去研究。从图4和5中我们也能看出,莫能星对CLA和反18:1的作用在两个月内是一致的。
我们已经注意到,与没有维生素E的相同治疗相比,维生素E能部分防止乳脂下降。其原因可能归咎于瘤胃生物氢化途径的作用导致了被合成的反式脂肪酸类型发生变化,或是产生的反式脂肪酸整体数量的变化。表8的结果至少为后一个理论提供了证据。SAFF/E牛奶的反18:1含量比SAFF在数量上要低,SAFF/ME比SAFF/M要明显低。维生素E对瘤胃中反18:1产量的作用能通过减少乳腺中用于CLA合成的反-11 18:1的数量或通过由于较高的脂肪产量而引起的牛奶CLA稀释来降低牛奶CLA的含量。然而,既然牛奶CLA的数值不能证明治疗间反18:1的相同方式,那么关于维生素E对CLA的作用,从这个试验中就很难得出任何强有力的结论。
加入红花油和亚麻子具有降低牛奶中16:0和14:0水平的作用,平均分别为40.1%和28.1%(表8)。这与先前饲喂研究中观察到的结果是一样的。这两个脂肪酸被认为具有能提高血胆固醇的能力,当在食物中被吃掉时,这样,其浓度的较大下降就是一个额外的益处。牛奶中短到中链脂肪酸(4:0-15:0)的浓度也能被降低,作为饲喂红花和亚麻子的结果,和在补充了脂肪和油类的奶制品食物中典型地观察到的一样。
在0、2、4和8星期的最后三天和最后一天从每个治疗组中收集牛奶,加工,并让牛奶受感官评价训练小组成员的比较。在任何星期中在感官属性方面都没有发现这六个治疗组之间有差异(没有给处数据)。维生素E已经被加入SAFF/E,SAFF/ME和FLAX/E中来部分地防止具有较高PUFA浓度的牛奶中可能出现的可能的氧化。然而,任何治疗中都没有出现任何氧化,即使在贮存五天后也是。总的来说,脂肪酸成分的变化看来对牛奶的感官性质没有作用。
表5实验食物的成分和化学组成
1食物是对照(CTL),补充了红花油(SAFF)、红花油加维生素E(SAFF/E)、红花油加莫能星(SAFF/M)、红花油加莫能星加维生素E(SAFF/M/E)或亚麻子加维生素E(FLAX/E)的对照。
2包含:盐(最少95%)、碘(150mg/kg)、钴(50mg/kg)、铜(3500mg/kg)、锰(10,000mg/kg)、锌(9,000mg/kg)和硒(75mg/kg)。
3包含:维生素A(最少10,000,000IU/kg)、维生素D(最少10,000,000IU/kg)、维生素E(最少10,000IU/kg)。
4包含:莫能星(4,400mg/kg)
5包含:维生素E(50,000mg/kg)
6由NRC(1989)评价。
表6红花油和亚麻子油的脂肪酸组成
nd=未测出,数字表示平均值±标准偏差
表7治疗期间干物质的摄入(DMI)、牛奶产量和牛奶组成,不受星期约束。
1食物是对照(CTL),补充了红花油(SAFF)、红花油加维生素E(SAFF/E)、红花油加莫能星(SAFF/M)、红花油加莫能星加维生素E(SAFF/M/E)或亚麻子加维生素E(FLAX/E)的对照。
表8治疗期间牛奶脂肪酸的组成,不受星期约束
1食物是对照(CTL),补充了红花油(SAFF)、红花油加维生素E(SAFF/E)、红花油加莫能星(SAFF/M)、红花油加莫能星加维生素E(SAFF/M/E)或亚麻子加维生素E(FLAX/E)的对照。
我们能够明白,本发明不受在此说明和描述的特定结构和排列部分的限制,但是却包含了它这样的改进形式,如在参考书目后权利要求的范围中出现的一样。
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Claims (18)
1.提高反刍动物乳脂和/或组织脂肪中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度的方法,该方法包括:
给反刍动物饲喂一定量的含有组合物的饲料制剂,该组合物是以下物质的组合物:
植物油,其选自包含至少50%C18:2、至少30%C18:3的植物油及其混合物,和
能抑制瘤胃中革兰氏阳性菌生长的离子载体,其中
饲料制剂的量能有效提高反刍动物乳脂和/或组织脂肪中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度.
2.权利要求1的方法,其中给反刍动物饲喂饲料制剂,其中植物油包含红花油,离子载体包含莫能星.
3.权利要求2的方法,其中给反刍动物饲喂饲料制剂,该制剂含有基于总食物干重百分比为约2%到约7%的红花油.
4.权利要求2的方法,其中给反刍动物饲喂饲料制剂,该制剂含有基于总食物干重百分比为约6%的红花油.
5.权利要求1的方法,其中饲料制剂还包含草料.
6.权利要求1的方法,其中给反刍动物饲喂饲料制剂,其中植物油包含红花油,离子载体包含莫能星,还包括,在饲喂反刍动物前,混合红花油和莫能星来产生均匀混合物,然后将该混合物加入到总混合口粮的非草料成分中.
7.提高反刍动物乳脂中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度的方法,该方法包括:
给反刍动物饲喂一定量的含有红花油和莫能星的组合物的饲料制剂,其中饲料制剂的量能有效提高反刍动物乳脂中共轭亚油酸异构体的浓度.
8.权利要求7的方法,其中红花油以占饲喂给反刍动物的食物干物质的约2%到7%重量的量存在于饲料制剂中.
9.一种动物饲料制剂,其含有:选自包含至少50%C18:2、至少30%C18:3的植物油及其混合物的植物油与能抑制瘤胃中革兰氏阳性菌生长的离子载体的组合物;其中组合物以当把饲料制剂饲喂给反刍动物时能有效提高反刍动物乳脂中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度的量存在于饲料制剂中.
10.权利要求9的动物饲料制剂,其中植物油包含红花油.
11.权利要求9的动物饲料制剂,其中离子载体包含莫能星。
12.权利要求9的动物饲料制剂,其中植物油包含红花油,离子载体包含莫能星.
13.权利要求9的动物饲料制剂,所述制剂还包含草料.
14.动物饲料制剂,其含有红花油和莫能星的组合物,该组合物以当把饲料制剂饲喂给反刍动物时能有效提高反刍动物乳脂中共轭亚油酸异构体浓度的量存在于饲料制剂中.
15.权利要求14的动物饲料制剂,所述制剂还包含草料,所述草料选自紫花苜蓿干草、紫花苜蓿青贮饲料、小粒青贮饲料、草、干草及其组合.
16.权利要求14的动物饲料制剂,所述制剂还包含玉米、大麦、燕麦、高粱、小麦、麦麸、玉米粥、大豆粉、芸苔粉、血粉、玉米麸、维生素、矿物质及其组合.
17.权利要求14的动物饲料制剂,其中红花油以占饲喂给反刍动物的食物干物质的约2%到7%重量的量存在.
18.权利要求14的动物饲料制剂,其中红花油以占饲喂给反刍动物的食物干物质的约6%重量的量存在.
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US5770247A (en) * | 1996-10-03 | 1998-06-23 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method of increasing the CLA content of cow's milK |
US6060087A (en) * | 1997-04-25 | 2000-05-09 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method of increasing fat firmness and improving meat quality in animals |
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2003
- 2003-05-16 US US10/439,501 patent/US20040228948A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2004
- 2004-05-14 CA CA002524613A patent/CA2524613A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-05-14 CN CNB2004800204681A patent/CN100444742C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-14 WO PCT/CA2004/000725 patent/WO2004100677A1/en active Application Filing
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US4027034A (en) * | 1974-05-20 | 1977-05-31 | Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. | Method of combatting swine dysentery |
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含不饱和脂肪酸的新型肉牛.. 饲料广角.,第5期. 1993 * |
尼日利亚菌素、莫能星和替曲那新(Tetronacin)在连续流动的瘤胃发酵槽中对生物氢化的影响.. Fellner. V., et al.J. Dairy Sci.,Vol.80 . 1997 |
尼日利亚菌素、莫能星和替曲那新(Tetronacin)在连续流动的瘤胃发酵槽中对生物氢化的影响.. Fellner. V., et al.J. Dairy Sci.,Vol.80 . 1997 * |
Also Published As
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CA2524613A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
CN1822772A (zh) | 2006-08-23 |
US20040228948A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
WO2004100677A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
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