CN100431979C - Comprehensive process of treating alkaline waste water from alumina plant and domestic sewage - Google Patents
Comprehensive process of treating alkaline waste water from alumina plant and domestic sewage Download PDFInfo
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- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
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- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
技术领域 technical field
综合处理氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水的方法，涉及一种污水处理方法，特别是利用氧化铝厂碱性废水处理生活污水的工业污水和生活污水的综合处理方法。The invention relates to a method for comprehensively treating alkaline waste water and domestic sewage from an alumina plant, relating to a sewage treatment method, in particular to a comprehensive treatment method for industrial sewage and domestic sewage by using alkaline waste water from an alumina plant to treat domestic sewage.
背景技术 Background technique
在日常生产和生活中会有大量废水产生，对废水有效的处理是水资源综合利用和环境保护需要。A large amount of wastewater is produced in daily production and life, and effective treatment of wastewater is required for comprehensive utilization of water resources and environmental protection.
目前，对于污水的处理过程的通用流程是At present, the general process for the treatment process of sewage is
对于生活污水的处理通常采用通用的处理流程。由于生活污水的主要组成特征是pH7～8，有机物高(CODCr200～300mg/L)，氨氮(20～60mg/L)、悬浮物(30～50mg/L)、浊度(120～200)、碱度(200～250mg/L Na2O)，还有Al3+(10mg/L左右)、SiO2(10～20mg/L)、Ca2+(少量)。生活污水主要采用生化法处理，生活污水处理方法的流程复杂、建造费用高，需要加入水处理剂(含铝的较多)，处理成本高。For the treatment of domestic sewage, a general treatment process is usually adopted. Since the main composition characteristics of domestic sewage are pH7~8, high organic matter (COD Cr 200~300mg/L), ammonia nitrogen (20~60mg/L), suspended solids (30~50mg/L), turbidity (120~200) , Alkalinity (200~250mg/L Na 2 O), Al 3+ (about 10mg/L), SiO 2 (10~20mg/L), Ca 2+ (a small amount). Domestic sewage is mainly treated by biochemical methods. The process of domestic sewage treatment is complicated and the construction cost is high. Water treatment agents (more aluminum-containing) need to be added, and the treatment cost is high.
而在氧化铝厂生产过程中产生的工业废水是含有阳离子Na+(大量)、K+(少量)、Al3+(10～200mg/L)，阴离子OH-(pH9～13)、CO3 2-(100～2000mg/L)、SO4 2-(少量)、Cl-(少量)、氨氮(小于7mg/L)、SiO2(5mg/L)，还有碱度(150～3000mg/L Na2O)、CODCr(50～80mg/L)、悬浮物(80mg/L左右)、残留的絮凝剂、浊度(30～60)的碱性废水。The industrial wastewater produced in the production process of the alumina plant contains cations Na + (a large amount), K + (a small amount), Al 3+ (10~200mg/L), anions OH - (pH9~13), CO 3 2 - (100～2000mg/L), SO 4 2- (a small amount), Cl - (a small amount), ammonia nitrogen (less than 7mg/L), SiO 2 (5mg/L), and alkalinity (150～3000mg/L Na 2 O), COD Cr (50-80mg/L), suspended matter (about 80mg/L), residual flocculant, alkaline wastewater with turbidity (30-60).
目前，氧化铝厂碱性废水的处理方法是把废水集中后，依次进行预沉淀、隔离浮油物、加入水处理剂、过滤沉淀、排水(回用水)，处理后的水主要有用于锅炉冲渣、除尘或分质处理后回用于生产流程。At present, the treatment method of alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant is to concentrate the wastewater, followed by pre-precipitation, isolation of slicks, addition of water treatment agents, filtration of sediments, and drainage (reuse water). The treated water is mainly used for boiler flushing. After slag, dust removal or quality separation treatment, it can be reused in the production process.
在氧化铝厂生产废水的中，由于废水中的含有苛性碱、碳酸碱、铝、絮凝剂等成分，处理过程需要对特别对上述成分进行特别处理，随着水处理的过程进入污泥中丢弃。In the production wastewater of alumina plant, because the wastewater contains caustic alkali, carbonate alkali, aluminum, flocculant and other components, the treatment process requires special treatment for the above components, and they will be discarded in the sludge during the water treatment process. .
而苛性碱、碳酸碱、铝、絮凝剂又是可以作为生活污水处理过程有用处理剂。在现有污水处理过程中，一方面生活污水的处理需要额外水处理剂，另一方面在氧化铝厂生产废水的处理过程中，又要对其中的可作为生产污水的处理剂的造成有用成分苛性碱、碳酸碱、铝、絮凝剂等成分进入弃泥而丢弃，造成了综合效益差，废水处理的成本高。And caustic alkali, carbonate alkali, aluminum, and flocculant can be used as effective treatment agents in the domestic sewage treatment process. In the existing sewage treatment process, on the one hand, the treatment of domestic sewage requires additional water treatment agents; on the other hand, in the treatment process of the production wastewater of the alumina plant, it is necessary to produce useful components that can be used as treatment agents for production sewage Caustic alkali, carbonate, aluminum, flocculant and other components enter into the waste mud and discarded, resulting in poor comprehensive benefits and high cost of wastewater treatment.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是针对上述已有技术存在的不足，提供一种能有效提高处理效果、降低处理成本的综合处理氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水的方法。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for comprehensively treating alkaline waste water and domestic sewage in an alumina plant, which can effectively improve the treatment effect and reduce the treatment cost.
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案实现的。The purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions.
综合处理氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水的方法，其特征在于将氧化铝厂碱性废水加入到生活污水中，利用氧化铝厂的碱性废水中的苛性碱、碳酸碱、铝离子、残留絮凝剂对生产污水进行处理作为氧化铝厂生产用水回用。A method for comprehensively treating alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant and domestic sewage, which is characterized in that the alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant is added to domestic sewage, and the caustic alkali, carbonate, aluminum ions, residual The flocculant is used to treat the production sewage and reuse it as the production water of the alumina plant.
本发明的综合处理氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水的方法，其特征在于其处理过程是首利用格栅分对废水进行除杂，然后按碱性废水与生活污水混合均匀后，进行静置凝聚沉淀，将沉淀分离后的混合水排出，进行除油和二次静置沉淀后进入清水池，用于氧化铝厂生产用水回用。The method for comprehensively treating alkaline waste water and domestic sewage in an alumina plant of the present invention is characterized in that the treatment process is to firstly use grids to separate the waste water for impurity removal, and then mix the alkaline waste water and domestic sewage evenly, and then let it stand For coagulation and precipitation, the mixed water after precipitation and separation is discharged, and after degreasing and secondary static precipitation, it enters the clear water pool for reuse of production water in the alumina plant.
本发明的综合处理氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水的方法，其特征在于其处理过程是首先利用格栅分离出大块杂物，然后将碱性废水与生活污水按0.4～3∶1的体积比混合均匀后，泵入预沉池，在常温下搅拌5min～10min后，静置分离沉淀产生的凝聚物，再进行除浮油处理过程得到再生水。The method for comprehensively treating alkaline waste water and domestic sewage of an alumina plant of the present invention is characterized in that the treatment process is to firstly use grids to separate large pieces of debris, and then the alkaline waste water and domestic sewage are mixed at a ratio of 0.4 to 3:1. After the volume ratio is mixed evenly, it is pumped into the pre-sedimentation tank, stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes to 10 minutes, and the condensate produced by precipitation is separated by standing, and then the slick oil treatment process is carried out to obtain regenerated water.
本发明的氧化铝厂碱性废水处理和生活污水净化处理方法中，氧化铝厂碱性废水处理生活污水是同时发生了多种、复杂的物理和化学反应过程，主要包含以下作用机理。In the method for treating alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant and purifying domestic sewage of the present invention, the treatment of domestic sewage by alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant undergoes multiple and complex physical and chemical reaction processes simultaneously, mainly including the following mechanism of action.
(1)中和作用：碱性废水中含有一定量的OH-，它能够中和生活污水中的无机弱酸和有机弱酸，并破坏其胶状存在的平衡状态，促使沉淀析出。(1) Neutralization: Alkaline wastewater contains a certain amount of OH - , which can neutralize weak inorganic acids and weak organic acids in domestic sewage, and destroy the equilibrium state of its colloidal existence, prompting precipitation.
(2)分解作用：强碱能够破环部分有机物，其作用改变有机物的存在状态。(2) Decomposition: strong alkali can destroy some organic matter, and its effect changes the existing state of organic matter.
(3)水解作用：碱性废水和生活污水混合前，水中的各种成分多处于相对平衡状态，混合后，碱性废水的碱度降低，生活污水的碱度升高，其作用促使金属离子发生水解反应，并沉淀析出。(3) Hydrolysis: Before alkaline wastewater and domestic sewage are mixed, the various components in the water are mostly in a relatively balanced state. After mixing, the alkalinity of alkaline wastewater decreases and the alkalinity of domestic sewage increases, which promotes metal ions Hydrolysis occurs and precipitates out.
(4)沉淀作用：碱性废水中含有一定量弱酸根离子，硬度很低，生活污水的硬度较高。混合后，弱酸根和新产生的有机弱酸部分与Ca2+发生沉淀反应，并沉淀析出。(4) Precipitation: Alkaline wastewater contains a certain amount of weak acid radical ions, the hardness is very low, and the hardness of domestic sewage is higher. After mixing, the weak acid radicals and newly generated organic weak acid moieties undergo a precipitation reaction with Ca 2+ and precipitate out.
(5)絮凝作用：碱性废水中含有少量的絮凝剂和悬浮物，混合后，再通过中和、水解、沉淀作用，使水中大量的无机和有机成分能被吸附、凝聚，并沉淀析出，水质得到净化。(5) Flocculation: Alkaline wastewater contains a small amount of flocculants and suspended solids. After mixing, a large amount of inorganic and organic components in the water can be absorbed, coagulated, and precipitated through neutralization, hydrolysis, and precipitation. The water quality is purified.
在针对本发明的方法的试验过程中，考虑了以下影响参数和指标。During the tests for the method of the invention, the following influencing parameters and indicators were considered.
(1)检测氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水的温度、pH、碱度、浊度、氨氮、化学耗氧量(CODCr)、悬浮物(SS)、铝、铁、硅等成分。(1) Detect the temperature, pH, alkalinity, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD Cr ), suspended solids (SS), aluminum, iron, silicon and other components of alkaline wastewater from alumina plants and domestic sewage.
成分减量计算：氧化铝厂碱性废水与生活污水混合后，改变了原水中某成分的浓度，以此来衡量两种水相互作用后对成分含量的影响。Component reduction calculation: After the alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant is mixed with domestic sewage, the concentration of a certain component in the raw water is changed, so as to measure the impact of the interaction of the two waters on the content of the component.
成分减量＝mB1+nB2-B (1)Composition reduction = mB 1 +nB 2 -B (1)
净化率计算：氧化铝厂碱性废水与生活污水混合后，两种水质发生了作用，促使水中某项成分浓度降低，使水质得到净化。Calculation of purification rate: After the alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant is mixed with domestic sewage, the two water qualities have an effect, which reduces the concentration of a certain component in the water and purifies the water quality.
式中：B1、B2--两种水中某项成分浓度，mg/L；In the formula: B 1 , B 2 --concentration of a certain component in the two waters, mg/L;
B--两种水按比例混合后的某项成分浓度，mg/L；B - the concentration of a certain component after the two kinds of water are mixed in proportion, mg/L;
m、n--两种水按比例混合的体积分数。m, n--the volume fraction of two kinds of water mixed in proportion.
(2)试验方法。取一定体积的氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水(配比＝碱性废水体积∶生活污水体积)于1升烧杯中，混匀(搅拌或加热)后，移入1升量筒中进行静置，测量温度，并在不同时间测量上清液的浊度。放置一定时间后，取上清液测量pH、碱度、CODCr、SS、氨氮、铝、铁、硅等成分。(2) Test method. Take a certain volume of alumina plant alkaline wastewater and domestic sewage (proportion = alkaline wastewater volume: domestic sewage volume) in a 1-liter beaker, mix (stir or heat), then move into a 1-liter measuring cylinder and let stand. Measure the temperature, and measure the turbidity of the supernatant at various times. After standing for a certain period of time, take the supernatant to measure pH, alkalinity, COD Cr , SS, ammonia nitrogen, aluminum, iron, silicon and other components.
(3)试验温度对沉降速度的影响。在5℃～35℃，生活污水中悬浮物的沉降速度受水温影响很小；氧化铝厂碱性废水中悬浮物的沉降速度随着水温的升高，沉降速度略有加快；混合后的水温越高，絮凝沉降速度越快，且碱度越大，温度的影响越明显。(3) The effect of test temperature on the sedimentation velocity. At 5°C to 35°C, the sedimentation velocity of suspended solids in domestic sewage is slightly affected by water temperature; the sedimentation velocity of suspended solids in alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant increases slightly with the increase of water temperature; the water temperature after mixing The higher the value, the faster the flocculation and sedimentation speed, and the greater the alkalinity, the more obvious the influence of temperature.
(4)试验搅拌及温度对沉降速度的影响。温度低时，搅拌有明显促沉降作用，温度高时，搅拌作用不明显；搅拌时间选择5min～10min。(4) Test the influence of stirring and temperature on the sedimentation velocity. When the temperature is low, the stirring can obviously promote the sedimentation; when the temperature is high, the stirring effect is not obvious; the stirring time should be 5-10 minutes.
(5)不同混合比例的净化效果。混合比与氧化铝厂碱性废水的pH值和碱度有较大关系，pH值越高、碱度越大的废水处理生活污水的能力越大。通常，当碱性废水pH＜10时，混合比选择3∶1；当pH＝10～11时，混合比选择1∶1；当pH＞11时，生活污水混合比可适当提高，最大不宜超过1∶3。(5) Purification effect of different mixing ratios. The mixing ratio has a great relationship with the pH value and alkalinity of the alkaline wastewater of the alumina plant. The higher the pH value and the higher the alkalinity, the greater the ability of the wastewater to treat domestic sewage. Generally, when the pH of alkaline wastewater is less than 10, the mixing ratio is 3:1; when the pH is 10-11, the mixing ratio is 1:1; when the pH is more than 11, the mixing ratio of domestic sewage can be increased appropriately, and the maximum should not exceed 1:3.
在混合比例0.4～3∶1范围，碱度(Na2O)减量在139～312mg/L，净化率在21％～26％。氨氮减量在2.2mg/L，净化率在10％左右。CODCr减量在16～61mg/L，净化率在30％以上。SS减量在9～33mg/L，净化率在12～62％。如果选择最佳操作条件，各种成分净化率会进一步提高。In the mixing ratio range of 0.4-3:1, the loss of alkalinity (Na 2 O) is 139-312mg/L, and the purification rate is 21%-26%. The reduction of ammonia nitrogen is 2.2mg/L, and the purification rate is about 10%. The reduction of COD Cr is 16-61mg/L, and the purification rate is above 30%. The SS reduction was 9-33 mg/L, and the purification rate was 12-62%. If the optimal operating conditions are selected, the purification rate of various components will be further improved.
(6)生活污水中Al2O3、SiO2的含量都在25mg/L以下，Fe2O3含量在2mg/L以下；碱性废水中Al2O3含量波动范围较大，一般随碱度的升高而增高，SiO2含量在5mg/L以下，Fe2O3含量在0.2mg/L以下。两种水按不同比例混合后，Fe2O3含量无变化，Al2O3、SiO2的含量都有明显降低，说明水中Al2O3有促进沉淀物絮凝沉降作用。(6) The contents of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 in domestic sewage are all below 25mg/L, and the content of Fe 2 O 3 is below 2mg/L; the content of Al 2 O 3 in alkaline wastewater fluctuates widely, generally with alkali The content of SiO 2 is below 5mg/L, and the content of Fe 2 O 3 is below 0.2mg/L. After the two kinds of water were mixed in different proportions, the content of Fe 2 O 3 remained unchanged, and the contents of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 were significantly reduced, indicating that Al 2 O 3 in water could promote the flocculation and sedimentation of sediment.
本发明的方法，将氧化铝厂碱性废水和处理生活污水，根据碱性废水pH值，按碱性废水∶生活污水0.4～3∶1比例混合，在常温下搅拌，水中成分互相作用沉淀物加速沉降，静置，除去浮油，进一步二次沉淀，分离，制取满足氧化铝生产回用要求的再生水。可以用一套水处理设施，把氧化铝厂碱性废水和生活污水混合处理，不用额外加入水处理剂，使两种水质中的成分充分作用，使水质得到净化，经过分离处理，使水质满足氧化铝厂回用水的要求，以达到“以废治废”、减少水处理设施投资、减少日常水处理运行成本、降低生产用水成本、节约新水源的目的。In the method of the present invention, alkaline wastewater from an alumina factory and domestic sewage are mixed according to the pH value of alkaline wastewater, according to the pH value of alkaline wastewater: domestic sewage 0.4 to 3: 1, stirred at normal temperature, and the components in the water interact and precipitate Accelerated settling, standing still, removing slick oil, further secondary precipitation, separation, and producing recycled water that meets the requirements of alumina production and reuse. A set of water treatment facilities can be used to mix and treat the alkaline wastewater of the alumina plant and the domestic sewage, without adding additional water treatment agents, so that the components in the two water qualities can fully function, and the water quality can be purified. After separation and treatment, the water quality can meet the requirements. Reuse water requirements of alumina plants to achieve the purpose of "treating waste with waste", reducing investment in water treatment facilities, reducing daily water treatment operating costs, reducing production water costs, and saving new water sources.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为本发明方法的工艺流程图。Fig. 1 is the process flow chart of the method of the present invention.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
首先利用格栅分离出大块杂物，然后根据氧化铝厂碱性废水pH值，按碱性废水处理生活污水0.4～3∶1比例混合，混合均匀后用泵提升至预沉池，在常温下搅拌5min～10min，使两种水质中成分充分作用，水中的沉淀物被凝聚成大块沉在池底，静置，混合水从预沉池中排出，用泵送至除油池去除水中浮油物，除油池出水用泵送至二次沉淀池，再经过静置，将清水从沉淀池中泵送入清水池，即得满足回用要求的再生水。First use the grid to separate the large pieces of debris, and then according to the pH value of the alkaline wastewater of the alumina plant, mix it according to the ratio of 0.4 to 3:1 for the alkaline wastewater treatment of domestic sewage. After mixing evenly, use the pump to lift it to the pre-settling tank. Stir for 5 minutes to 10 minutes, so that the components in the two water qualities can fully act, the sediment in the water is condensed into large pieces and sinks to the bottom of the pool, and after standing still, the mixed water is discharged from the pre-sedimentation tank, and pumped to the degreasing tank to remove the water The floating oil is pumped from the degreasing tank to the secondary sedimentation tank, and then after standing still, the clear water is pumped from the sedimentation tank into the clean water tank to obtain recycled water that meets the reuse requirements.
实施例1Example 1
当氧化铝厂碱性废水pH值为10.2时，碱性废水与生活污水按2∶1的体积比混合，预沉池入口各因子浓度为：pH10.1、总碱度740mg/L、悬浮物777mg/L、CODCR180mg/L，混合均匀后用泵提升至预沉池，在常温下搅拌5min，使两种水质中成分充分作用，水中的沉淀物被凝聚成大块沉在池底，静置1.5h，混合水从预沉池中排出，用泵送至除油池去除水中浮油物，除油池出水用泵送至二次沉淀池，再经过静置1.5h，将清水从沉淀池中泵送入清水池，即得满足回用要求的再生水。清水池各因子浓度为：pH10.1、总碱度410mg/L、悬浮物84mg/L、CODCR57mg/L，满足回用水要求。When the pH value of alkaline wastewater from an alumina plant is 10.2, the alkaline wastewater and domestic sewage are mixed at a volume ratio of 2:1, and the concentration of each factor at the entrance of the pre-sedimentation tank is: pH 10.1, total alkalinity 740mg/L, suspended solids 777mg/L, COD CR 180mg/L, after mixing evenly, lift it to the pre-sedimentation tank with a pump, stir at room temperature for 5 minutes, so that the components in the two water qualities can fully function, and the sediment in the water is condensed into large pieces and sinks at the bottom of the tank. After standing still for 1.5 hours, the mixed water is discharged from the pre-sedimentation tank, and pumped to the degreasing tank to remove the floating oil in the water. The sedimentation tank is pumped into the clear water tank to obtain recycled water that meets the requirements for reuse. The concentration of each factor in the clear water pool is: pH10.1, total alkalinity 410mg/L, suspended solids 84mg/L, COD CR 57mg/L, meeting the requirements for reused water.
实施例2Example 2
当碱性废水pH值为11.5时，碱性废水处理生活污水按1∶2混合，预沉池入口各因子浓度为：pH11.4、总碱度730mg/L、悬浮物996mg/L、CODCR354mg/L，混合均匀后用泵提升至预沉池，在常温下搅拌10min，使两种水质中成分充分作用，水中的沉淀物被凝聚成大块沉在池底，静置1.6h，混合水从预沉池中排出，用泵送至除油池去除水中浮油物，除油池出水用泵送至二次沉淀池，再经过静置1.5h，将清水从沉淀池中泵送入清水池，即得满足回用要求的再生水。清水池各因子浓度为：pH9.8、总碱度560mg/L、悬浮物68mg/L、CODCR103mg/L，满足回用水要求。When the pH value of alkaline wastewater is 11.5, the alkaline wastewater treatment domestic sewage is mixed at 1:2, and the concentration of each factor at the entrance of the pre-sedimentation tank is: pH11.4, total alkalinity 730mg/L, suspended solids 996mg/L, COD CR 354mg/L, after mixing evenly, use a pump to lift it to the pre-sedimentation tank, stir at room temperature for 10 minutes, so that the components in the two water qualities can fully function, the sediment in the water is condensed into large pieces and sinks at the bottom of the tank, let stand for 1.6 hours, mix The water is discharged from the pre-sedimentation tank, pumped to the degreasing tank to remove the floating oil in the water, and the effluent of the degreasing tank is pumped to the secondary sedimentation tank, and after standing for 1.5 hours, the clear water is pumped from the sedimentation tank into The clear water pool is the regenerated water that meets the requirements for reuse. The concentration of each factor in the clear water pool is: pH9.8, total alkalinity 560mg/L, suspended solids 68mg/L, COD CR 103mg/L, meeting the requirements for reused water.
实施例3Example 3
当碱性废水pH值为12时，碱性废水处理生活污水按1∶3混合，预沉池入口各因子浓度为：pH11.7、总碱度938mg/L、悬浮物547mg/L、CODCR242mg/L，其它条件同例1，处理后清水池各因子浓度为：pH9.1、总碱度290mg/L、悬浮物48mg/L、CODCR116mg/L，满足回用水要求。When the pH value of the alkaline wastewater is 12, the alkaline wastewater treatment domestic sewage is mixed at 1:3, and the concentration of each factor at the entrance of the pre-sedimentation tank is: pH11.7, total alkalinity 938mg/L, suspended solids 547mg/L, COD CR 242mg/L, and other conditions are the same as Example 1. After treatment, the concentrations of various factors in the clear water tank are: pH9.1, total alkalinity 290mg/L, suspended solids 48mg/L, COD CR 116mg/L, meeting the requirements for reused water.
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