CN100386221C - Construction method of electric vehicle flywheel battery auxiliary power supply system - Google Patents
Construction method of electric vehicle flywheel battery auxiliary power supply system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明属于电动汽车驱动控制技术领域，涉及一种以飞轮电池作为辅助电源且具有能量再生制动功能和短时功率提升功能的电动车驱动系统的构建方法，该系统可应用于电动汽车领域，也可进一步扩展应用至电动摩托车、电动三轮车、电动自行车等电动车辆。The invention belongs to the technical field of electric vehicle drive control, and relates to a method for constructing an electric vehicle drive system that uses a flywheel battery as an auxiliary power supply and has an energy regenerative braking function and a short-term power boost function. The system can be applied to the field of electric vehicles. It can also be further extended and applied to electric vehicles such as electric motorcycles, electric tricycles, and electric bicycles.
背景技术 Background technique
制约电动车能够广泛应用的一个重要因素是其续驶里程短，而再生制动是节约能源、提高电动汽车续驶里程的关键，具有显著的经济价值和社会效益，目前在国内外的很多试验车上已经实现。现有电动车上的再生制动都是在车辆制动时，使电机工作于发电机状态，将动能或重力势能转化为电能回馈并储存在蓄电池中。An important factor that restricts the wide application of electric vehicles is their short mileage, and regenerative braking is the key to saving energy and increasing the mileage of electric vehicles. It has significant economic value and social benefits. At present, many experiments at home and abroad It has been implemented in the car. The regenerative braking on the existing electric vehicle is to make the motor work in the generator state when the vehicle brakes, convert kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy into electric energy feedback and store it in the battery.
这种方案的主要缺点是车辆频繁制动时会使蓄电池频繁地充电、放电，会对电池造成一定的损失，影响电池的寿命。另外，电池作为电动车的唯一电源，在车辆加速或者爬坡的时候，蓄电池将会出现大电流放电，对电池的寿命也是不利的。The main disadvantage of this solution is that frequent braking of the vehicle will cause the battery to be charged and discharged frequently, which will cause certain losses to the battery and affect the life of the battery. In addition, the battery is the only power source of the electric vehicle. When the vehicle accelerates or climbs a hill, the battery will be discharged with a large current, which is also detrimental to the life of the battery.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
针对上述现有技术存在的缺陷和不足，本发明的目的在于，提供一种电动车飞轮电池辅助电源系统的构建方法，本发明的方法在电动车蓄电池主电源的基础上增加一个辅助电源，即飞轮电池单元及DC/DC调压器。主电源提供电动车运行所需大部分能源，电动车再生制动回馈能量通过调压器存储于飞轮电池单元中，在车辆加速和爬坡时，调压器将飞轮电池单元中储存的能量释放出来，和主电源并联向电机供电。In view of the defects and deficiencies in the prior art above, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for constructing an auxiliary power supply system for an electric vehicle flywheel battery. The method of the present invention adds an auxiliary power supply on the basis of the main power supply of the electric vehicle battery, namely Flywheel battery unit and DC/DC voltage regulator. The main power supply provides most of the energy required for the operation of the electric vehicle. The regenerative braking feedback energy of the electric vehicle is stored in the flywheel battery unit through the voltage regulator. When the vehicle accelerates and climbs a slope, the voltage regulator releases the energy stored in the flywheel battery unit. Comes out and supplies power to the motor in parallel with the main power supply.
飞轮(Fiy-wheel)作为一种新兴的储能元件(又称飞轮电池)，由于其高效、节能、使用寿命长以及无环境污染等优点，开始引起人们的重视。而且随着新型材料技术、精密机械加工技术和电力电子技术的飞跃发展，飞轮储能技术越来越显示出它巨大的优越性。与其它储能技术相比，飞轮作为电池储能具有高比能量、高比功率、高效率、无污染、适用范围广、无噪声、长寿命、维护简单、可实现连续工作、可进行模块化设计制造等优点，非常适合应用于瞬时大功率、充放电频繁的场合。在21世纪，这种储能技术势必会给能量储存带来一场革命，展示出绿色储能技术的发展前景。As a new energy storage element (also known as flywheel battery), flywheel (Fiy-wheel) has attracted people's attention due to its advantages of high efficiency, energy saving, long service life and no environmental pollution. And with the rapid development of new material technology, precision machining technology and power electronics technology, flywheel energy storage technology has increasingly shown its great superiority. Compared with other energy storage technologies, the flywheel as a battery energy storage has high specific energy, high specific power, high efficiency, no pollution, wide application range, no noise, long life, simple maintenance, continuous work, and modularization The advantages of design and manufacture are very suitable for applications with instantaneous high power and frequent charging and discharging. In the 21st century, this energy storage technology is bound to bring a revolution to energy storage, showing the development prospects of green energy storage technology.
为了实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案是：一种电动车飞轮电池辅助电源系统的构建方法，其特征在于，按以下方法构建：In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a method for constructing an electric vehicle flywheel battery auxiliary power supply system, which is characterized in that it is constructed according to the following method:
1)首先在电动车上设置一个飞轮电池单元，用于吸收电动车再生制动回馈能量，以及车辆加速或爬坡时协助主电源向电机供电；1) First, install a flywheel battery unit on the electric vehicle to absorb the regenerative braking feedback energy of the electric vehicle, and assist the main power supply to supply power to the motor when the vehicle accelerates or climbs a slope;
2)设置直流变换DC/DC调压器，分别与飞轮电池单元和原电动车的主电源与电机驱动控制器相连接；2) Set up a DC conversion DC/DC voltage regulator, which is respectively connected with the flywheel battery unit and the main power supply of the original electric vehicle and the motor drive controller;
3)在原电动车控制系统的电路基础上，增设飞轮电池单元电压和电流传感器，还需增设用于控制调压器的PWM控制信号，使微处理器能同时控制主电源和飞轮电池的充放电；3) On the basis of the circuit of the original electric vehicle control system, add the voltage and current sensors of the flywheel battery unit, and also add the PWM control signal for controlling the voltage regulator, so that the microprocessor can control the main power supply and the charge and discharge of the flywheel battery at the same time ;
上述调压器包括有控制电路板、直流变换DC/DC变换器；控制电路板通过接口电路与主电源电压传感器、主电源电流传感器；电机电压传感器、电机电流传感器；飞轮电池单元电压传感器、飞轮电池单元电流传感器、飞轮电池单元转速传感器、飞轮电池电力电子变换单元工作状态及PWM调制信号；油门踏板驱动电位器和刹车踏板制动电位器相连接；The above-mentioned voltage regulator includes a control circuit board, a direct current conversion DC/DC converter; the control circuit board communicates with the main power supply voltage sensor and the main power supply current sensor through the interface circuit; the motor voltage sensor and the motor current sensor; the flywheel battery unit voltage sensor, the flywheel Battery unit current sensor, flywheel battery unit speed sensor, flywheel battery power electronic conversion unit working status and PWM modulation signal; accelerator pedal driving potentiometer and brake pedal braking potentiometer are connected;
控制电路板上设置有微处理器，微处理器可采用单片机、DSP等器件，微处理器通过滤波电路采集电压、电流信号、加速踏板和制动踏板信号；微处理器输出的PWM信号经过光电隔离器件及驱动电路控制直流变换DC/DC变换器每个功率器件的动作。There is a microprocessor on the control circuit board, and the microprocessor can use single-chip microcomputer, DSP and other devices. The microprocessor collects voltage, current signals, acceleration pedal and brake pedal signals through the filter circuit; the PWM signal output by the microprocessor passes through the The isolation device and the drive circuit control the action of each power device of the DC/DC converter.
飞轮电池一般由飞轮、轴、悬浮轴承、电机、真空容器和电力电子装置组成。真空容器将除电力电子装置以外的所有机械部件密封起来，这样飞轮和电机转子旋转时几乎没有风损。当外设通过电力电子装置给电机供电时，电机给飞轮加速，储存能量；当飞轮给电机施加转矩时，电机又通过电力电子装置给外设供电。当飞轮空闲运转时，整个装置以最小损耗运行。飞轮是飞轮储能装置中的核心部件，它一般是由特殊合成材料组成。飞轮储能装置中内置一个既是电动机也充当发电机的电机。在充电时，它作为电动机给飞轮加速；当放电时，它又作为发电机给外设供电，常用的电机有永磁无刷电机、三相无刷直流电机、磁阻电机和感应电机。电力电子装置在真空容器外，它包括主电路和控制电路。主电路通常是由金属-氧化物-半导体型场效应晶体管MOSFET或绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGBT功率开关器件组成的双向逆变器，通过它来实现能量的输入和输出。控制电路不仅控制逆变器的输入输出，而且对整个装置起保护和控制作用。Flywheel batteries generally consist of flywheels, shafts, suspension bearings, motors, vacuum containers and power electronics. The vacuum vessel seals off all mechanical parts except the power electronics so that the flywheel and motor rotor spin with little wind loss. When the peripheral device supplies power to the motor through the power electronic device, the motor accelerates the flywheel and stores energy; when the flywheel applies torque to the motor, the motor supplies power to the peripheral device through the power electronic device. When the flywheel is idling, the entire unit operates with minimal losses. The flywheel is the core component of the flywheel energy storage device, and it is generally composed of special synthetic materials. Built into the flywheel energy storage device is an electric motor that acts as both an electric motor and a generator. When charging, it acts as a motor to accelerate the flywheel; when discharging, it acts as a generator to supply power to peripherals. Commonly used motors include permanent magnet brushless motors, three-phase brushless DC motors, reluctance motors and induction motors. The power electronic device is outside the vacuum container, which includes the main circuit and the control circuit. The main circuit is usually a bidirectional inverter composed of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET or an insulated gate bipolar transistor IGBT power switching device, through which energy input and output are realized. The control circuit not only controls the input and output of the inverter, but also protects and controls the entire device.
采用本发明的方法构建的电动车飞轮电池辅助电源系统，具有以下明显优点：The electric vehicle flywheel battery auxiliary power supply system constructed by the method of the present invention has the following obvious advantages:
1)由飞轮电池存储电动车再生制动回馈能量，避免了频繁充电、放电对电动车主电源的不利影响，由于飞轮电池使用寿命远远大于蓄电池，因此电动车电源系统的寿命得到提高；1) The regenerative braking feedback energy of the electric vehicle is stored by the flywheel battery, which avoids the adverse effects of frequent charging and discharging on the main power supply of the electric vehicle. Since the service life of the flywheel battery is much longer than that of the battery, the life of the electric vehicle power supply system is improved;
2)在车辆加速和爬坡时，飞轮电池协助主电源向电机提供一部分能量，使主电源的放电电流值不至于太大，从而使主电源的寿命得到提高；2) When the vehicle accelerates and climbs a slope, the flywheel battery assists the main power supply to provide part of the energy to the motor, so that the discharge current value of the main power supply will not be too large, thereby improving the life of the main power supply;
3)由于飞轮电池功率密度大的特点，车辆加速时可以以很大的放电电流协助主电源供电，因此电动车的加速性能有所改善。3) Due to the high power density of the flywheel battery, it can assist the main power supply with a large discharge current when the vehicle accelerates, so the acceleration performance of the electric vehicle is improved.
4)本系统不需对原电动车控制系统在原理和结构上进行大的改动，只需把原控制系统所用的部分传感器输出信号接入控制电路板中，可以很方便地实施技术改造。4) This system does not need to make major changes to the principle and structure of the original electric vehicle control system. It only needs to connect part of the sensor output signals used in the original control system to the control circuit board, which can easily implement technical transformation.
5)本系统使用广泛，可以用于电动汽车、电动摩托车、电动自行车、电动三轮车等电动车辆。5) This system is widely used and can be used for electric vehicles such as electric cars, electric motorcycles, electric bicycles, and electric tricycles.
附图说明： Description of drawings:
图1是本发明系统结构图；Fig. 1 is a system structure diagram of the present invention;
图2是本发明控制电路框图；Fig. 2 is a control circuit block diagram of the present invention;
图3是实施例中DC/DC变换器调压器电路原理示意图；Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the circuit principle of the DC/DC converter voltage regulator in the embodiment;
图4是实施例中电动车驱动时电流方向示意图；Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the current direction when the electric vehicle is driven in the embodiment;
图5是实施例中电动车制动时电流方向示意图。Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the current direction when the electric vehicle brakes in the embodiment.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
以下结合附图和发明人给出的实例，对本发明作进一步的详细描述。The present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the examples given by the inventor.
参见图1～5，依照本发明的技术方案，本实施例的技术路线是：在原电动车驱动控制系统基础上，增设一个飞轮电池辅助电源系统，该辅助电源系统由飞轮电池和DC/DC调压器组成。Referring to Figures 1-5, according to the technical solution of the present invention, the technical route of this embodiment is: on the basis of the original electric vehicle drive control system, add a flywheel battery auxiliary power system, the auxiliary power system is composed of flywheel battery and DC/DC regulator Compressor composition.
DC/DC调压器包括有控制电路板以及直流变换DC/DC变换器；DC/DC变换器部分可采用多种已广泛使用的电路，例如boost、buck、cuk变换器及其组合而成的各种变换器；控制电路板通过接口电路与主电源电压传感器、主电源电流传感器；电机电压传感器、电机电流传感器；飞轮电池单元电压传感器、飞轮电池单元电流传感器、飞轮电池单元转速传感器、飞轮电池电力电子变换单元工作状态及PWM调制信号；油门踏板驱动电位器和刹车踏板制动电位器相连接；本实施例的直流变换DC/DC变换器部分采用由boost和buck电路组成的双向、升降压电路，如图4所示。The DC/DC voltage regulator includes a control circuit board and a DC/DC converter; the DC/DC converter part can use a variety of circuits that have been widely used, such as boost, buck, cuk converters and their combinations. Various converters; control circuit board and main power supply voltage sensor, main power current sensor through interface circuit; motor voltage sensor, motor current sensor; flywheel battery unit voltage sensor, flywheel battery unit current sensor, flywheel battery unit speed sensor, flywheel battery The working state of the power electronic conversion unit and the PWM modulation signal; the accelerator pedal driving potentiometer and the brake pedal braking potentiometer are connected; the DC conversion DC/DC converter part of this embodiment adopts a bidirectional, lifting and lowering circuit composed of boost and buck circuits. pressure circuit, as shown in Figure 4.
控制电路板上设置有微处理器，微处理器采用DSP，通过采样电路采集电压、电流信号、加速踏板和制动踏板信号；DSP输出的PWM信号经过光电隔离器件及驱动电路控制DC/DC变换器每个功率器件的动作；光电隔离电路由光耦实现；控制器所需各种电平由主电源经过普通DC/DC开关电源来提供。There is a microprocessor on the control circuit board, and the microprocessor uses DSP to collect voltage, current signals, accelerator pedal and brake pedal signals through the sampling circuit; the PWM signal output by the DSP controls the DC/DC conversion through the photoelectric isolation device and the driving circuit The action of each power device of the controller; the photoelectric isolation circuit is realized by the optocoupler; the various levels required by the controller are provided by the main power supply through the ordinary DC/DC switching power supply.
功率器件T1、T2、T3、T4组成双向、升降压变换器电路，其中T1、T2与飞轮电池单元相连，T3、T4分别与主电源的正、负极相连。四个功率器件在每一时刻仅有一只处于PWM工作状态，其中，T1工作时形成驱动降压变换器，T4工作时形成驱动升压变换器，T2工作时形成制动升压变换器，T3工作时形成制动降压变换器。调压器控制电路板微处理器根据采集到的飞轮电池单元的飞轮转速及飞轮处于输出工作状态时的电压、主电源电压以及车辆驾驶模式来控制DC/DC变换器处于上述四种工作状态之一，同时控制飞轮电池单元的工作状态以实现车辆再生制动能量向飞轮电池单元的储存，或者使飞轮电池单元协助主电源向电机供电。Power devices T1, T2, T3, T4 form a bidirectional buck-boost converter circuit, in which T1, T2 are connected to the flywheel battery unit, and T3, T4 are respectively connected to the positive and negative poles of the main power supply. Only one of the four power devices is in the PWM working state at each moment. Among them, when T1 works, it forms a driving buck converter, when T4 works, it forms a driving boost converter, when T2 works, it forms a braking boost converter, and T3 works When working, it forms a braking step-down converter. The microprocessor of the voltage regulator control circuit board controls the DC/DC converter to be in one of the above four working states according to the collected flywheel speed of the flywheel battery unit and the voltage when the flywheel is in the output working state, the main power supply voltage and the vehicle driving mode. First, control the working state of the flywheel battery unit at the same time to realize the storage of vehicle regenerative braking energy to the flywheel battery unit, or make the flywheel battery unit assist the main power supply to supply power to the motor.
飞轮电池一般由飞轮、轴、悬浮轴承、电机、真空容器和电力电子装置组成。真空容器将除电力电子装置以外的所有机械部件密封起来，这样飞轮和电机转子旋转时几乎没有风损。当外设通过电力电子装置给电机供电时，电机给飞轮加速，储存能量；当飞轮给电机施加转矩时，电机又通过电力电子装置给外设供电。当飞轮空闲运转时，整个装置以最小损耗运行。飞轮是飞轮储能装置中的核心部件，它一般是由特殊合成材料组成。飞轮储能装置中内置一个既是电动机也充当发电机的电机。在充电时，它作为电动机给飞轮加速；当放电时，它又作为发电机给外设供电，现在常用的电机有永磁无刷电机、三相无刷直流电机、磁阻电机和感应电机。电力电子装置在真空容器外，它包括主电路和控制电路。主电路通常是由金属-氧化物-半导体型场效应晶体管MOSFET或绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGBT功率开关器件组成的双向逆变器，通过它来实现能量的输入和输出。控制电路不仅控制逆变器的输入输出，而且对整个装置起保护和控制作用。Flywheel batteries generally consist of flywheels, shafts, suspension bearings, motors, vacuum containers and power electronics. The vacuum vessel seals off all mechanical parts except the power electronics so that the flywheel and motor rotor spin with little wind loss. When the peripheral device supplies power to the motor through the power electronic device, the motor accelerates the flywheel and stores energy; when the flywheel applies torque to the motor, the motor supplies power to the peripheral device through the power electronic device. When the flywheel is idling, the entire unit operates with minimal losses. The flywheel is the core component of the flywheel energy storage device, and it is generally composed of special synthetic materials. Built into the flywheel energy storage device is an electric motor that acts as both an electric motor and a generator. When charging, it acts as a motor to accelerate the flywheel; when discharging, it acts as a generator to supply power to peripherals. Now commonly used motors include permanent magnet brushless motors, three-phase brushless DC motors, reluctance motors and induction motors. The power electronic device is outside the vacuum container, which includes the main circuit and the control circuit. The main circuit is usually a bidirectional inverter composed of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET or an insulated gate bipolar transistor IGBT power switching device, through which energy input and output are realized. The control circuit not only controls the input and output of the inverter, but also protects and controls the entire device.
电动车电机为永磁有刷直流电机，20KW，额定电压120V；主电源由10节200AH铅酸蓄电池串联组成；功率器件采用IGBT及其相应的驱动电路；所用微处理器采用TI公司TMS320LF2407DSP；电压传感器采用电流型200V电压传感器：电流传感器采用电流型200A电流传感器。PWM调制频率为20KHz；信号采集和控制周期取1ms；采用PI控制算法。The electric vehicle motor is a permanent magnet brushed DC motor, 20KW, rated voltage 120V; the main power supply is composed of 10 200AH lead-acid batteries in series; the power device uses IGBT and its corresponding drive circuit; the microprocessor used is TMS320LF2407DSP from TI Company; The sensor adopts a current type 200V voltage sensor: the current sensor adopts a current type 200A current sensor. The PWM modulation frequency is 20KHz; the signal acquisition and control period is 1ms; the PI control algorithm is adopted.
具体工作原理：Specific working principle:
电动车加速或爬坡，且飞轮电池单元输出电压高于120v时，T2、T3、T4关断，T1工作于PWM斩波调制，实现DC/DC变换器的驱动降压变换，飞轮电池单元协助主电源向电机供电。When the electric vehicle accelerates or climbs, and the output voltage of the flywheel battery unit is higher than 120v, T2, T3, and T4 are turned off, and T1 works in PWM chopping modulation to realize the driving step-down conversion of the DC/DC converter, and the flywheel battery unit assists Mains power supplies power to the motor.
电动车加速或爬坡，且飞轮电池单元输出电压低于120v时，T1导通，T2、T3关断，T4工作于PWM斩波调制，实现DC/DC变换器的驱动升压变换，飞轮电池单元协助主电源向电机供电。When the electric vehicle accelerates or climbs, and the output voltage of the flywheel battery unit is lower than 120v, T1 is turned on, T2 and T3 are turned off, and T4 works in PWM chopping modulation to realize the drive boost conversion of the DC/DC converter. The flywheel battery The unit assists the mains power supply to the motor.
电动车再生制动时，且飞轮电池单元输出电压低于120v时，T1、T2、T4关断，T3工作于PWM斩波调制，实现DC/DC变换器的制动降压变换，电动车再生制动回馈能量通过DC/DC变换器存储于飞轮电池单元中。When the electric vehicle is regeneratively braking, and the output voltage of the flywheel battery unit is lower than 120v, T1, T2, and T4 are turned off, and T3 works in PWM chopping modulation to realize the braking step-down conversion of the DC/DC converter, and the regeneration of the electric vehicle The braking regenerative energy is stored in the flywheel battery unit through the DC/DC converter.
电动车再生制动时，且飞轮电池单元输出电压高于120v时，T3导通，T1、T4关断，T2工作于PWM斩波调制，实现直流变换DC/DC变换器的制动升压变换，电动车再生制动回馈能量通过DC/DC变换器存储于飞轮电池单元中。When the electric vehicle is regeneratively braking, and the output voltage of the flywheel battery unit is higher than 120v, T3 is turned on, T1 and T4 are turned off, and T2 works in PWM chopping modulation to realize the braking boost conversion of the DC/DC converter , The electric vehicle regenerative braking feedback energy is stored in the flywheel battery unit through the DC/DC converter.
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