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CN100377994C - 制备含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的方法 - Google Patents

制备含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的方法 Download PDF

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CN100377994C
CN100377994C CNB008116539A CN00811653A CN100377994C CN 100377994 C CN100377994 C CN 100377994C CN B008116539 A CNB008116539 A CN B008116539A CN 00811653 A CN00811653 A CN 00811653A CN 100377994 C CN100377994 C CN 100377994C
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D·斯塔米尔斯
W·乔恩斯
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Abstract

本发明公开了用于合成含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的经济的和环境友好的方法。它涉及含有金属镁源的浆液与三价金属源(水)热反应,直接制得含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土,镁源为氧化物、氢氧化物或碳酸盐。没有必要洗涤或过滤产物。可将它直接喷雾干燥制成微球或可挤出制成各种成型体。产物可在催化剂、吸附剂、药物、化妆品、洗涤剂和其他含有阴离子型粘土的商品的制造中与其他组分结合。

Description

制备含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的方法
发明背景
本发明涉及含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的制备。阴离子型粘土具有由特定的金属氢氧化物的组合物组成的正电荷层构成的晶体结构,所述的层之间含有阴离子和水分子。水滑石是天然出现的阴离子型粘土的一个例子,其中碳酸根为存在的主要阴离子。羟镁铝石为这样一种阴离子型粘土,其中OH-为存在的主要阴离子。
在类水滑石的阴离子型粘土中,类水镁石的主层由有夹层交替的八面体构成,在夹层中分布着水分子和各种阴离子,特别是碳酸根离子。夹层含有各种阴离子,例如NO3 -、OH-、Cl-、Br-、I-、SO4 2-、SiO3 2-、CrO4 2-、BO3 2-、MnO4 -、HGaO3 2-、HVO4 2-、ClO4 2-、BO3 2-;成柱阴离子,V10O28 6-和Mo7O24 6-;单羧酸根,例如醋酸根;二羧酸根,例如草酸根;烷基磺酸根,例如月桂基磺酸根。
应当注意,使用各种术语来描述这种在本专利中称为阴离子型粘土的材料。类水滑石和层状的双氢氧化物被熟悉本专业的技术人员交替使用。在本专利申请说明书中,我们把包含术语类水滑石和层状的双氢氧化物材料的各种材料称为阴离子型粘土。
最常描述的阴离子型粘土为Mg-Al阴离子型粘土。在现有技术中,通常强调这类阴离子型粘土,而过去仅仅是提到过含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土,虽然它们的制备化学及其性质可能十分不同和不可预见。Mg-Al阴离子型粘土在吸附剂和催化剂领域中有许多应用,但含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土在这些领域只有一些特殊应用。
阴离子型粘土的制备在许多现有技术的出版物中公开。已发表了两篇有关阴离子型粘土的主要评述,其中F.Cavani等在“水滑石型阴离子型粘土:制备、性质和应用”,今日催化,11(1991),Elsevier SciencePublishers.B.V.Amsterdam;J.P.Besse等在“阴离子型粘土;在成柱化学中的发展趋势、它的合成和微孔固体”(1992),2,108,编辑:M.I.Occelli,H.E.Robson,Van Nostrand Reinhold,N.Y.中汇集了可用于阴离子型粘土合成的合成方法。在这些评述中,基本上描述了两类阴离子型粘土的制备。最传统的方法为可溶性二价金属盐和可溶性三价金属盐的共沉积(在Besse的评述中,这一方法称为盐-碱法),任选随后进行水热处理或老化,以便使晶粒增大。第二种方法为盐-氧化物法,其中二价金属氧化物在常压下与可溶性三价金属盐反应,随后在常压下老化。这一方法仅用于ZnO和CuO与可溶性三价金属盐组合。
有关阴离子型粘土工作,可提到以下论文:
Helv.Chim.Acla,25,106-137和555-569(1942)
J.Am.Ceram.Soc,42,第3期,121(1959)
化学通讯(日本),843(1973)
整土和粘土矿,23,369(1975)
粘土和粘土矿,28,50(1980)
粘土和粘土矿,34,507(1996)
材料化学和物理学,14,569(1986)
此外,还有大量有关阴离子型粘土应用及其制备方法的专利文献。
欧洲专利申请说明书0536879公开了一种将与pH值相关的阴离子引入粘土的方法。所述粘土通过Al(NO3)3和Mg(NO3)2的溶液加到含有硼酸根阴离子的碱性溶液中来制备。然后将产物过滤、用水反复洗涤和干燥过夜。此外,也使用Zn/Mg的混合物。
在Miyata等题为“复合金属氢氧化物”的US 3796792中,制备了将包括Sc、La、Th、In等在内的各种阳离子加入其中的一系列材料。在给出的实施例中,制备了二价阳离子和三价阳离子的溶液,然后与碱混合使之共沉积。将生成的产物过滤,用水洗涤,并在80℃下干燥。实施例1涉及Mg和Sb,而实施例3涉及Mg和Bi。还给出了其他实施例,在每种情况下,在阴离子型粘土在高pH值下沉积以前都用可溶性盐制成溶液。
在Miyata题为“复合金属氢氧化物”的US 3879523也描述了大量制备实施例。但是,基础化学也基于可溶性盐的共沉积,随后洗涤和干燥。强调洗涤是这样的制备的一个必要部分是重要的,因为为创造金属离子共沉积所需的碱性环境需要碱性溶液,它由NaOH/Na2CO3溶液提供。例如,残留的钠对产品作为催化剂或氧化物载体的随后的性能可能有严重的影响。
在US 3879525(Miyata)中,也公开了十分类似的步骤。
在US 4351814(Miyata)中,公开了一种制备纤维状水滑石的方法。这样的材料在结构上与通常的板状形态不同。其合成也涉及可溶性盐。例如,制备MgCl2和CaCl2混合物的水溶液,并宜进行老化,从中沉积针状Mg2(OH)3Cl·4H2O产物。单独的铝酸钠溶液然后与Mg2(OH)3Cl·4H2O固体在高压釜中反应,再次过滤产物,用水洗涤和干燥。
在US 4458026(Reichle)中,经热处理的阴离子型粘土作为醇醛缩合反应的催化剂,其中再次使用镁和铝的硝酸盐溶液。将这样的溶液加到NaOH和Na2CO3的第二种溶液中。沉积以后,将浆液过滤,用蒸馏水洗涤两次,然后在125℃下干燥。
在US 4656156(Misra)中,公开了基于活性氧化铝和水滑石混合的新型吸附剂。水滑石通过活性MgO(镁化合物例如碳酸镁或氢氧化镁经活化制备)与含铝酸根、碳酸根和羟基离子的水溶液反应来制备。作为一个例子,溶液由NaOH、Na2CO3和Al2O3制成。具体地说,合成涉及工业拜耳液作为铝源。生成的产物在105℃下干燥以前进行洗涤和过滤。
在US 4904457(Misra)中,公开了一种通过活性氧化镁与含铝酸根、碳酸根和羟基离子的水溶液反应高产率制备水滑石的方法。
在US 4656156中重复了这一方法。
在US 5507980(Kelkar等)中,公开了一种制备含有合成类水滑石粘合剂的新型催化剂、催化剂载体和吸附剂的方法。典型的片状水滑石的合成涉及加有醋酸的拟勃姆石反应,以便使拟勃姆石胶溶。然后将它与氧化镁混合。更重要的是,该专利摘要清楚地表明,该发明使用有机单羧酸,例如甲酸、丙酸和异丁酸。在这一专利中,提出制备水滑石的各种传统方法。
在US 6539861中,公开了一种基于水滑石的合成气生产用的催化剂。该制备方法也基于可溶性盐与碱混合的共沉积,例如通过RhCl3、Mg(NO3)2和Al(NO3)3的溶液加到Na2CO3和NaOH中。
在US 5399537(Bhattacharyya)中,还用可溶性镁盐和铝盐的共沉积制备基于水滑石的含镍催化剂。
在US 5591418(Bhattacharyya)中,通过阴离子型粘土的焙烧制备用于从气体混合物中除去硫氧化物或氮氧化物的催化剂,所述的阴离子型粘土通过Mg(NO3)2、Al(NO3)3和Ce(NO3)3的溶液的共沉积来制备。产物还经过滤,并用去离子水反复洗涤。
在US 5114898/WO 9110505中,Pinnavaia等公开了用于从气体中脱除硫氧化物的层状双氢氧化物吸附剂,所述的层状双氢氧化物通过硝酸铝或氯化铝和硝酸镁或氯化镁的溶液与NaOH和Na2CO3的溶液反应来制备。在US 5079203/WO 9118670中,公开了多氧代阴离子插入的层状双氢氧化物,原始粘土用共沉积技术制备。
在US 5578286(Alcoa)中,公开了一种制备羟镁铝石的方法。所述的羟镁铝石可与二元羧酸根或多元羧酸根阴离子接触,生成类水滑石材料。
在US 4946581和US 4952382(van Broekhoven)中,可溶性盐例如Mg(NO3)2和Al(NO3)3的共沉积(加入或不加稀土金属盐)用来制备用作催化剂组分和添加剂的阴离子型粘土。公开了各种阴离子、二价阳离子和三价阳离子。
正如上述现有技术描述中所述,阴离子型粘土有许多应用。这些应用包括但不限于:催化剂、吸附剂、钻井泥浆、催化剂载体和载体、增量剂以及在医药领域的应用。特别是van Broekhoven公开了它们在脱除SOx化学中的应用。
由于这些材料各种大规模商业应用,所以需要使用廉价的替代原料的各种新方法来提供更加费用低廉和环境上可接爱的制备阴离子型粘土的方法。特别是,从上述现有技术可以得出,制备方法可用以下方法改进:更廉价的反应物源的使用,更易于处理反应物的方法,以致不需要洗涤或过滤,消除与这些细颗粒材料有关的过滤问题,不使用碱金属(碱金属对某些催化应用是特别有害的)。此外,在用现有技术的方法制备的阴离子型粘土的干燥或焙烧中,遇到氮氧化物、卤素、硫氧化物等气体排放;它们可造成环境污染问题。
发明概述
我们的发明包括用相对廉价的原料以简单的方法生产含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的方法,所述的方法涉及混合物(在搅拌下或不搅拌)在水中任选在水热条件下反应。这样的方法可在标准的实验室/工业设备中进行。更具体地说,不需洗涤或过滤,在反应产物中很宽比例的Mg(II)/M(III)是可能的。
本发明涉及在含水悬浮液中三价金属源和镁源的使用,它们任选在水热条件下反应,反应混合物直接生成含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土。粉末X射线衍射图(PXRD)表明,该产物与其他标准方法制得的阴离子型粘土相当。产物的物理和化学性质也与其他传统方法制得的那些阴离子型粘土相当。本发明的整个方法很灵活,能以经济地和环境友好地方法制备涉及碳酸根、氢氧根和其他阴离子的各种阴离子型粘土组合物和类阴离子型材料。该法可按一步法或以间歇方式或连续方式进行。
发明详述
本发明涉及含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的制备。特别是,本发明公开了这样一种制备阴离子型粘土的方法,其中由原料浆液制备含有三价金属源和Mg源的含水悬浮液,并进行热反应或水热反应,生成含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土,镁源和三价金属源是所述原料,镁源为氧化物、氢氧化物、羟基碳酸盐或碳酸盐,三价金属源是氧化物,氢氧化物,羟基碳酸盐或碳酸盐。已发现,含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土直接由本发明的方法制得。它与共沉积法不同,在后一方法中,首先使可溶性盐沉积、过滤、洗涤除去不希望的离子,然后或水热老化或非水热老化。使用本发明的方法,可避免在产物中有不希望的离子存在,正如下面说明的。镁源为氧化物、氢氧化物、羟基碳酸盐或碳酸盐。由这些化合物出发,最终在阴离子型粘土中除氢氧根和碳酸根外没有其他离子,它们为阴离子型粘土的标准成分。事实上,已发现当使用两价金属源和三价金属源的氢氧化物、氧化物、羟基碳酸盐或碳酸盐时,发生反应,在这些情况下不必洗涤和过滤。
因为本专利公开的方法不需产物洗涤或过滤,因此没有过滤废物或气体排放(例如由酸分解产生的),使这一方法特别环境友好和更适应对商业操作日益增长的各种环境限制。产物可直接喷雾干燥生成微球,或可挤出、成球或造粒成各种成型物。
本方法制备的阴离子型粘土显示出通常与以前公开的常规方法制备的阴离子型粘土有关的众所周知的性质和特性(例如化学分析、粉末X射线衍射图、FTIR、热分解特性、表面积、孔体积和孔径分布)。
本发明的阴离子型粘土具有与以下通式对应的层状结构
[Mg(II)m 2+M(III)n 3+(OH)2m+2n]Xn/z z-bH2O
式中,m和n有这样一数值,以致m/n=1-10、优选1-6、b的数值为0-10、优选2-6、常为约4。X可为CO3 2-、OH-或任何一种通常在阴离子型粘土的夹层中存在的其他阴离子。更优选的是m/n的数值为2-4、更优选接近3。
三价金属源
适合的三价金属源为含有Mn3+、Fe3+、Co3+、Ni3+、Cr3+、Ga3+、B3+、三价稀土金属阳离子(例如La3+和Ce3+)的氧化物、氢氧化物、羟基碳酸盐或碳酸盐,或所述化合物的混合物。优选使用这些金属的氧化物、氢氧化物和碳酸盐。
二价金属源
该镁源为MgO、Mg(OH)2、碳酸镁、羟基碳酸镁。除了镁源外,也可加入其他二价金属源,例如含Mg2+、Ca2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Ni2+、Fe2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、Cu2+的化合物及所述化合物的混合物。优选使用这些金属的氧化物、氢氧化物和碳酸盐,但也可使用硝酸盐、氯化物、硫酸盐和磷酸盐。
条件
正如上述,反应在热条件或水热条件下进行。在本描述的内容中,水热条件指在水存在下在100℃以上的温度下和在升压下。热条件指在常温至100℃的温度下。优选的是反应在水中在高压釜中在100℃以上,也就是在自生压力下进行。如果希望主要含氢氧根阴离子的阴离子型粘土,可用氮气或惰性气体吹扫悬浮液,但通常这是不必要的。例如,反应可在CO2存在下进行。所述的CO2可为通常在空气中存在的CO2或者例如通常二价金属或三价金属碳酸盐源将CO2加到反应中。
所述的含水悬浮液可通过将原料浆液合并或将二价金属源加到三价金属源中(反过来也一样)来制得。不需要洗涤或过滤产物,因为在产物中没有常常在使用其他制备方法中遇到的不希望的离子(例如钠、铵、氯根、硫酸根)。如果需要,可将预先形成的阴离子型粘土加到反应混合物中。所述的预形成的粘土可为从反应混合物中循环的阴离子型粘土或单独用本发明的方法或任何一种其他方法制备的。
为了简便,这一方法可通过第一种含三价金属源的浆液和含镁源的第二种浆液混合,然后将混合的浆液通过可在水热条件下操作的反应器以连续的方式进行。所述的第一种和/或第二种浆液可在混合以前进行处理。所述的预处理可包括酸处理、碱处理、热处理和/或水热处理,所有处理任选在晶种存在下或其组合下进行。
如上所述,如果希望,例如为了控制pH值,酸和碱可在反应以前或反应过程中加到悬浮液中或在反应物并到悬浮液中以前加到单个反应物中。选择的酸和碱为甲酸、乙酸、硝酸和氢氧化铵,因为这类酸和碱不会在反应混合物中引入不希望的离子。
最优选的二价金属源和三价金属源的组合是Ga-Mg,因为这些组合得到在催化剂领域中有特殊应用的含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土。
如果希望,用本发明方法制备的阴离子型粘土可进行离子交换。离子交换时,夹层中平衡电荷的阴离子被其他阴离子取代。所述的其他阴离子为通常在阴离子型粘土中存在的阴离子,其中包括成柱阴离子,例如V10O28 6-和Mo7O24 6-。所述的离子交换可在干燥以前或阴离子型粘土在浆液中形成以后进行。
本发明的方法在制备有宽范围M(II)∶M(III)比的产物中有很大的灵活性。M(II)∶M(III)比可在0.1-10范围内变化、优选1-6、更优选2-4、特别优选接近3。
为了某些应用,希望有金属或非金属添加剂存在,例如稀土金属、Si、P、B、第VI族金属、第VIII族金属、碱土金属(例如Ca和Ba)和/或过渡金属(例如Mn、Fe、Ti、Zr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mo、Sn)。所述的金属可很容易沉积在阴离子型粘土上。它们也可在阴离子型粘土制备过程中加到二价金属源或三价金属源中或加到悬浮液中。
用以下实施例来说明本发明,所述的实施例不以任何方式限制本发明。
实施例
实施例1
制得Mg/Ga比为2.3的氧化镓和MgO的浆液。用NH3OH将浆液的pH值调节到10.2。浆液在90℃下热处理18小时。将产物在110℃下干燥。X射线衍射证实Mg-Ga阴离子型粘土生成。
实施例2
制得Mg/Ga比为2.3的氧化镓和MgO的浆液。用NH3OH将浆液的pH值调节到10.2。浆液在120℃下热处理18小时。将产物在110℃下干燥。X射线衍射证实Mg-Ga阴离子型粘土生成。
实施例3
制得Mg/Ga比为2.3的氧化镓和MgO的浆液。用NH3OH将浆液的pH值调节到10.2。浆液在198℃下水热处理1小时。将产物在110℃下干燥。X射线衍射证实Mg-Ga阴离子型粘土生成。

Claims (10)

1.一种制备含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的方法,其中由原料浆液制得含有三价金属源和镁源的含水悬浮液并在热或水热条件下进行反应,制得含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土,镁源和三价金属源是所述原料,镁源为氧化物、氢氧化物、羟基碳酸盐或碳酸盐,三价金属源为氧化物,氢氧化物,羟基碳酸盐或碳酸盐。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中三价金属源为含Mn3+、C03+、Ni3+、Cr3+、Fe3+、Ga3+、B3+、三价稀土金属的化合物或所述化合物的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1中的方法,其中除了镁源外还加入含Ca2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、C02+、Ni2+、Fe2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、Cu2+的化合物及所述化合物的混合物的另外的二价金属源。
4.根据权利要求1中的方法,其中二价金属源和三价金属源为氧化物、氢氧化物或碳酸盐。
5.根据权利要求1中的方法,其中在所述悬浮液中存在酸或碱。
6.根据权利要求1中的方法,其中所述的方法以连续方式进行。
7.根据权利要求1中的方法,其中在所述悬浮液中存在添加剂。
8.根据权利要求1中的方法,其中对含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土进行离子交换处理。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土用成柱的阴离子离子交换。
10.根据权利要求1中的方法,其中在含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土上沉积添加剂。
CNB008116539A 1999-08-11 2000-08-11 制备含镁的非铝阴离子型粘土的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN100377994C (zh)

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