CH625359A5 - Process for manufacturing a multilayer element making it possible to obtain overlaid images visible one at a time at a specified temperature - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing a multilayer element making it possible to obtain overlaid images visible one at a time at a specified temperature Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH625359A5 CH625359A5 CH1328077A CH1328077A CH625359A5 CH 625359 A5 CH625359 A5 CH 625359A5 CH 1328077 A CH1328077 A CH 1328077A CH 1328077 A CH1328077 A CH 1328077A CH 625359 A5 CH625359 A5 CH 625359A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystals
- layers
- images
- multilayer element
- substrate
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims 12
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 description 2
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005041 Mylar™ Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005354 coacervation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/132—Thermal activation of liquid crystals exhibiting a thermo-optic effect
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M3/00—Printing processes to produce particular kinds of printed work, e.g. patterns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/26—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used
- B41M5/28—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used using thermochromic compounds or layers containing liquid crystals, microcapsules, bleachable dyes or heat- decomposable compounds, e.g. gas- liberating
- B41M5/281—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used using thermochromic compounds or layers containing liquid crystals, microcapsules, bleachable dyes or heat- decomposable compounds, e.g. gas- liberating using liquid crystals only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
- B44F1/00—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects
- B44F1/08—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects characterised by colour effects
- B44F1/10—Changing, amusing, or secret pictures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
- G01K1/02—Means for indicating or recording specially adapted for thermometers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/12—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in colour, translucency or reflectance
- G01K11/16—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in colour, translucency or reflectance of organic materials
- G01K11/165—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in colour, translucency or reflectance of organic materials of organic liquid crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F23/00—Advertising on or in specific articles, e.g. ashtrays, letter-boxes
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
- Printing Methods (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La presente invenzione riguarda un procedimento di fabbricazione di un elemento multistrato permettente di ottenere immagini sovrapposte e visibili una alla volta ad una determinata temperatura. L'invenzione riguarda anche un elemento multistrato ottenuto mediante tale procedimento, nonché l'utilizzazione di detto elemento multistrato. The present invention relates to a manufacturing process of a multilayer element allowing to obtain superimposed images visible one at a time at a given temperature. The invention also relates to a multilayer element obtained by this method, as well as the use of said multilayer element.
È noto che da tempi remoti si cerca in tutti i modi di realizzare un sistema che permetta di illustrare graficamente una sequenza di immagini permettendo all'osservatore di vederne soltanto una per volta. It is known that since ancient times an attempt has been made in all ways to create a system that allows to graphically illustrate a sequence of images allowing the observer to see only one at a time.
Si sono cosi sperimentati numerosi sistemi per trasferire sulla carta od altro supporto piano quella sequenzialità che soltanto il cinema o la televisione possono dare completamente, ma finora non si è trovato alcun sistema concreto per permettere di sovrapporre più immagini in una stessa area e ottenere la visualizzazione successiva ed in una sequenza predeterminata ed univoca delle immagini stesse. Numerous systems have thus been experimented to transfer onto the paper or other flat support that sequence that only cinema or television can give completely, but so far no concrete system has been found to allow the superimposition of multiple images in the same area and to obtain visualization. subsequent and in a predetermined and unambiguous sequence of the images themselves.
La presente invenzione si propone di risolvere questo problema fornendo un procedimento di fabbricazione mediante il quale è possibile disporre in sovrapposizione un certo numero di immagini che si rendono quindi visibili all'osservatore secondo una sequenza predeterminata. The present invention aims to solve this problem by providing a manufacturing method by which a certain number of images can be superimposed which are then made visible to the observer according to a predetermined sequence.
Per ottenere ciò, il procedimento secondo la presente invenzione sfrutta le proprietà dei cristalli liquidi, che solo in tempi recentissimi hanno cominciato a trovare applicazioni pratiche nei vari campi industriali. Come è oramai ben noto, i cristalli liquidi sono esteri derivati del colesterolo che accanto a proprietà caratteristiche dei liquidi presentano proprietà dei solidi quali l'anisotropia. Nella presente invenzione si sfrutta la loro caratteristica di rifrangere la luce dando luogo alla diversa gamma dei colori a temperature diverse, caratteristiche delle sostanze o delle loro miscele. To achieve this, the process according to the present invention exploits the properties of liquid crystals, which have only recently begun to find practical applications in the various industrial fields. As is well known by now, liquid crystals are esters derived from cholesterol which, alongside properties characteristic of liquids, present properties of solids such as anisotropy. In the present invention, their characteristic of refracting light is exploited, giving rise to the different range of colors at different temperatures, characteristic of the substances or their mixtures.
Il procedimento di fabbricazione di un elemento multistrato permettente di ottenere immagini sovrapposte e visibili una alla volta ad una determinata temperatura, secondo la presente invenzione, consiste nell'applicare su un substrato diversi strati sovrapposti di cristalli liquidi, ciascuno strato presentando la forma di una immagine della sequenza che si desidera visualizzare ed essendo costituito da una miscela di cristalli liquidi che cambia di colore ad ima temperatura diversa da quella alla quale cambiano di colore gli altri strati sovrapposti. The manufacturing process of a multilayer element allowing to obtain superimposed images visible one at a time at a given temperature, according to the present invention, consists in applying several superimposed layers of liquid crystals on a substrate, each layer presenting the shape of an image of the sequence to be viewed and being made up of a mixture of liquid crystals that change color at a different temperature from that at which the other overlapping layers change color.
In questo modo è chiaro che stampando in sovrapposizione un certo numero di immagini che rappresentano una sequenza logica o fasi successive di uno stesso argomento od avvenimento, con il riscaldamento progressivo le immagini si rivelano secondo una sequenza predeterminata dettata dalle temperature di comparsa del colore dei vari strati di cristalli liquidi, e quindi al raffreddamento progressivo si ottiene la scomparsa delle immagini in successione inversa. In this way it is clear that by overlapping printing a certain number of images representing a logical sequence or successive phases of the same topic or event, with progressive heating the images reveal themselves according to a predetermined sequence dictated by the color appearance temperatures of the various layers of liquid crystals, and therefore with progressive cooling the images disappear in reverse sequence.
È chiaro che in questo modo si otterranno effetti molto interessanti che permettono di illustrare, con immagini che compaiono in sequenza, argomenti ed avvenimenti di qualsiasi genere, rivelandosi un prezioso ausilio didattico ed educativo per la gioventù ed anche una fonte inesauribile di divertimento ed attrazione. It is clear that in this way you will get very interesting effects that allow you to illustrate, with images that appear in sequence, topics and events of any kind, proving to be a valuable didactic and educational aid for youth and also an inexhaustible source of fun and attraction.
In generale le immagini, ciascuna formata da uno strato di cristalli liquidi con composizione diversa da quella degli altri strati sovrapposti, avranno una grandezza massima adeguata approssimativamente alla superficie che può essere coperta dall'organo od elemento che fornisce il calore per effettuare la visualizzazione delle immàgini, per esempio il palmo di una mano, che è il sistema più semplice per riscaldare progressivamente i cristalli liquidi, ma anche leggermente approssimativo. In general, the images, each formed by a layer of liquid crystals with a composition different from that of the other superimposed layers, will have a maximum size that is approximately adequate for the surface that can be covered by the organ or element that provides the heat to carry out the visualization of the images. , for example the palm of a hand, which is the simplest system for progressively heating the liquid crystals, but also slightly approximate.
Così il riscaldamento dei cristalli liquidi può essere realizzato con altri sistemi comandati a mano od automatici, per esempio un apparecchietto di riscaldamento elettrico alimentato a corrente continua (pila o batteria) oppure alimentato dalla corrente alternata di rete con una resistenza a bassa tensione sul quale si depositano i fogli, lastre o schede portanti le immagini sovrapposte composte da cristalli liquidi, e questo sistema è particolarmente adatto per fogli, lastre o schede sciolte, mentre per le pagine di un libro, giornale o pubblicazione comunque legata si potrebbe usare una specie di matita o stilo con punta riscaldante, anch'esso alimentato elettrica5 Thus the heating of the liquid crystals can be carried out with other hand-controlled or automatic systems, for example an electric heating device powered by direct current (battery or battery) or powered by alternating mains current with a low voltage resistance on which they deposit the sheets, plates or cards bearing the superimposed images composed of liquid crystals, and this system is particularly suitable for loose sheets, plates or cards, while for the pages of a book, newspaper or publication, however tied, a kind of pencil could be used or stylus with heating tip, also powered by electricity5
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mente con corrente continua oppure alternata, che emette calore e viene fatto passare sopra l'immagine per visualizzarla. mind with direct or alternating current, which emits heat and is passed over the image to view it.
Benché in teoria non vi siano limiti al numero di immagini che si possono stampare sovrapposte, in pratica gli strati di cristalli liquidi dovrebbero essere due, tre o quattro, ed una sovrapposizione di tre strati è quella che si è rivelata la più efficace. Although in theory there are no limits to the number of images that can be printed overlapped, in practice the layers of liquid crystals should be two, three or four, and an overlap of three layers is the one that has proven to be the most effective.
Per lasciare ciascuna immagine visibile per un tempo sufficiente alla sua osservazione, in generale è bene che la temperatura di viraggio di ciascuno strato sia distanziata di 4°C rispetto agli strati adiacenti, per cui, nel caso di tre strati sovrapposti, il primo strato per esempio si evidenzierà a 22°C, il secondo a 26°C, ed il terzo a 30°C. To leave each image visible for a time sufficient for its observation, in general it is good that the toning temperature of each layer is 4 ° C apart from the adjacent layers, so, in the case of three overlapping layers, the first layer for example will be highlighted at 22 ° C, the second at 26 ° C, and the third at 30 ° C.
Quale substrato sul quale applicare i cristalli liquidi potrà essere impiegato qualsiasi materiale in foglio, nastro, lastra o scheda che si presti a tale scopo, ed in particolare carta, cartoncino, cartone, tessuto, pellicole, fogli e lamine plastiche. As a substrate on which to apply the liquid crystals, any sheet, tape, plate or sheet material suitable for this purpose can be used, and in particular paper, cardboard, cardboard, fabric, films, sheets and plastic sheets.
Su tale substrato si applicherà dapprima una vernice nera od anche colorata di fondo, quindi i cristalli liquidi in strati sovrapposti, preferibilmente in serigrafia, e quindi una vernice trasparente protettiva. Per supporti plastici trasparenti come ad esempio Mylar, la vernice nera o colorata verrà applicata come ultima fase al posto della vernice trasparente. On this substrate, a black or even colored primer paint will be applied first, then the liquid crystals in overlapping layers, preferably in screen printing, and then a transparent protective varnish. For transparent plastic substrates such as Mylar, black or colored paint will be applied as a last step in place of transparent paint.
Benché non vi siano limitazioni particolari in merito all'ordine con il quale applicare gli strati di cristalli liquidi, in generale si preferisce applicare gli strati nello stesso ordine della sequenza di apparizione delle immagini, e cioè lo strato che vira alla temperatura più bassa, corrispondente alla prima immagine della sequenza, per primo cioè vicino al substrato e cosi via in sequenza. Although there are no particular limitations regarding the order in which to apply the layers of liquid crystals, in general it is preferred to apply the layers in the same order of the sequence of appearance of the images, namely the layer that turns to the lowest temperature, corresponding to the first image of the sequence, first that is close to the substrate and so on in sequence.
Benché i cristalli liquidi possano anche essere applicati allo stato libero, ove si presentano sotto forma di pasta cerosa, per la maggior parte dei casi si preferisce adoperare i cristalli liquidi microincapsulati. Più precisamente mediante il procedimento di microincapsulazione per coacervazione minutissime goccioline di queste sostanze vengono ricoperte con una membrana. Ciò ne permette oltre alla protezione dagli agenti ester-5 ni ambientali anche l'applicazione su supporti di ogni genere in quanto con la microincapsulazione tali sostanze vengono trasformate da pasta cerosa in microcontenitori dalle pareti solide trasparenti. Una tecnica adatta per l'applicazione di strati sovrapposti di cristalli liquidi viene descritta nei brevetti io U.S.A. n. 3 697 297 e 3 795 529. Although the liquid crystals can also be applied in the free state, where they occur in the form of a waxy paste, for most cases it is preferred to use the microencapsulated liquid crystals. More precisely, by means of the microencapsulation process for coacervation, very small droplets of these substances are covered with a membrane. This allows not only the protection from environmental external agents but also the application on supports of all kinds since with microencapsulation these substances are transformed from waxy paste into microcontainers with transparent solid walls. A technique suitable for applying overlapping layers of liquid crystals is described in U.S. Pat. n. 3 697 297 and 3 795 529.
A titolo puramente indicativo e per niente limitativo della portata del procedimento secondo la presente invenzione, semplicemente per dare un'idea visiva di cosa si può realizzare con il procedimento stesso, si illustrano nei disegni annessi al-15 cuni esempi di immagini sequenziali, che nei disegni annessi sono riprodotte per semplicità e chiarezza staccate tra loro, restando ben inteso che invece tali immagini vanno stampate sovrapposte. By way of illustration and in no way limiting the scope of the process according to the present invention, simply to give a visual idea of what can be achieved with the process itself, some examples of sequential images are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which in the annexed drawings are reproduced for simplicity and clarity detached from each other, it being understood that instead these images must be printed superimposed.
Le figg. 1A-1B-1C mostrano le immagini in sequenza di una mano che indica i primi tre numeri cardinali; ovviamente la mano della fig. 1A indicante il numero uno sarà costituita dai cristalli liquidi che si rivelano a temperatura più bassa e così via in sequenza. Figs. 1A-1B-1C show sequential images of a hand indicating the first three cardinal numbers; obviously the hand of fig. 1A indicating the number one will consist of liquid crystals which reveal themselves at a lower temperature and so on in sequence.
25 Le figg. 2A-2B-2C mostrano le immagini della sequenza uovo-pulcino-gallina che ovviamente appariranno in tale ordine durante la fase di riscaldamento e quindi in ordine inverso nella fase di raffreddamento, ed infine le figg. 3A-3B-3C mostrano le immagini della sequenza uova-larva o bruco-30 farfalla. 25 Figs. 2A-2B-2C show the images of the egg-chick-hen sequence which obviously will appear in this order during the heating phase and therefore in reverse order in the cooling phase, and finally figs. 3A-3B-3C show images of the eggs-larva or caterpillar-30 butterfly sequence.
È evidente che le possibilità di impiego e le sequenze illustrabili sono infinite e si prestano ad una enorme versatilità e varietà di usi pratici, didattici, educativi, scientifici, diverten-tistici, di passatempo, di documentazione e così via. It is evident that the possibilities of use and the illustrable sequences are infinite and lend themselves to an enormous versatility and variety of practical, didactic, educational, scientific, entertainment, pastime, documentation and so on uses.
3 fogli disegni 3 drawings sheets
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT2947176 | 1976-11-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH625359A5 true CH625359A5 (en) | 1981-09-15 |
Family
ID=11227046
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1328077A CH625359A5 (en) | 1976-11-18 | 1977-11-01 | Process for manufacturing a multilayer element making it possible to obtain overlaid images visible one at a time at a specified temperature |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5364499A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH625359A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2751179A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2371304A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0418049A2 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1991-03-20 | Magnapower Group Limited | Cake of soap |
| US7601417B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2009-10-13 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Recorded matter having countermeasure against forging |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61227085A (en) * | 1985-03-29 | 1986-10-09 | Oike Kogyo Kk | Transfer foil varying its color astemperature changes |
| JPS61230972A (en) * | 1985-04-08 | 1986-10-15 | Oike Kogyo Kk | Transfer foil discoloring by current supply |
| GB2318323B (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1999-05-26 | Timothy James Cameron Fraser | Temperature-sensitive product bearing a representation |
| GB9512637D0 (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1995-08-23 | Fraser Timothy J C | Temperature sensitive product |
| US6651551B1 (en) | 2000-07-27 | 2003-11-25 | Appear Gear, Inc. | Printable absorbent surface having permanent image and disappearing image |
| DE10047450A1 (en) * | 2000-09-21 | 2002-04-11 | Orga Kartensysteme Gmbh | Product with a security element |
| DE20219911U1 (en) * | 2002-12-23 | 2003-03-13 | BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH, 81669 München | Temperature display element for a refrigerator |
-
1977
- 1977-11-01 CH CH1328077A patent/CH625359A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-11-16 DE DE19772751179 patent/DE2751179A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1977-11-16 FR FR7735117A patent/FR2371304A1/en active Granted
- 1977-11-18 JP JP13800177A patent/JPS5364499A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0418049A2 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1991-03-20 | Magnapower Group Limited | Cake of soap |
| EP0418049A3 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1991-09-11 | Magnapower Group Limited | Cake of soap |
| US7601417B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2009-10-13 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Recorded matter having countermeasure against forging |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2371304B3 (en) | 1980-07-18 |
| JPS5364499A (en) | 1978-06-08 |
| FR2371304A1 (en) | 1978-06-16 |
| DE2751179A1 (en) | 1978-05-24 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased | ||
| PL | Patent ceased |