CH621718A5 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- CH621718A5 CH621718A5 CH901876A CH901876A CH621718A5 CH 621718 A5 CH621718 A5 CH 621718A5 CH 901876 A CH901876 A CH 901876A CH 901876 A CH901876 A CH 901876A CH 621718 A5 CH621718 A5 CH 621718A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- dispersions
- pbw
- polymer
- dispersion
- acid
- Prior art date
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- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 64
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 28
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 24
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 18
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 11
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- -1 B. white spirit Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000012874 anionic emulsifier Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical class OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012875 nonionic emulsifier Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 5
- GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=C GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical group C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(N)=O FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 3
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- GDYLEKBBZLFUSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylsulfonyl-1,3-dihydropyrazole Chemical compound C=CS(=O)(=O)N1CC=CN1 GDYLEKBBZLFUSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylmethacrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000019395 ammonium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- SFNALCNOMXIBKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol monododecyl ether Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCO SFNALCNOMXIBKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M (2r)-2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCC[C@@H](CC)C([O-])=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVONRAPFKPVNKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOCCOC(C)=O SVONRAPFKPVNKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C=C CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZOYHFBNQHPJRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-methyloctanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCC(O)=O XZOYHFBNQHPJRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxylamine Chemical compound ON AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000396922 Pontia daplidice Species 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102100037205 Sal-like protein 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710192308 Sal-like protein 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005228 aryl sulfonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FXBZWPXBAZFWIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;ethenyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C FXBZWPXBAZFWIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011455 calcium-silicate brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011509 cement plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- JBSLOWBPDRZSMB-FPLPWBNLSA-N dibutyl (z)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)\C=C/C(=O)OCCCC JBSLOWBPDRZSMB-FPLPWBNLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WNMORWGTPVWAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl 2-methylpropanoate Chemical compound CC(C)C(=O)OC=C WNMORWGTPVWAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QDKVISHXLLZBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl 7-methyloctanoate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCC(=O)OC=C QDKVISHXLLZBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC=C UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- LNMQRPPRQDGUDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCOC(=O)C=C LNMQRPPRQDGUDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011508 lime plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002976 peresters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019394 potassium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015424 sodium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005287 vanadyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003232 water-soluble binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/002—Priming paints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/06—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to wood
- B05D7/08—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to wood using synthetic lacquers or varnishes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
- B28B11/04—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for coating or applying engobing layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
- B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
- B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B32B21/04—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board comprising wood as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B21/00—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board
- B32B21/04—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board comprising wood as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B21/08—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board comprising wood as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/46—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with organic materials
- C04B41/48—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B41/483—Polyacrylates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
- C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/62—Coating or impregnation with organic materials
- C04B41/63—Macromolecular compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/02—Emulsion paints including aerosols
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00482—Coating or impregnation materials
- C04B2111/00491—Primers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249994—Composite having a component wherein a constituent is liquid or is contained within preformed walls [e.g., impregnant-filled, previously void containing component, etc.]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Aftertreatments Of Artificial And Natural Stones (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Devices For Post-Treatments, Processing, Supply, Discharge, And Other Processes (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2531895A DE2531895C2 (de) | 1975-07-17 | 1975-07-17 | Verwendung von wäßrigen Kunststoffdispersionen zum Imprägnieren und Grundieren von saugfähigen Substraten |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH621718A5 true CH621718A5 (fr) | 1981-02-27 |
Family
ID=5951722
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH901876A CH621718A5 (fr) | 1975-07-17 | 1976-07-14 |
Country Status (24)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4089999A (fr) |
| JP (1) | JPS5212245A (fr) |
| AR (1) | AR226671A1 (fr) |
| AT (1) | AT353918B (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU504281B2 (fr) |
| BE (1) | BE844285A (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR7604643A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA1053995A (fr) |
| CH (1) | CH621718A5 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE2531895C2 (fr) |
| DK (1) | DK150369C (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES9400003A1 (fr) |
| FI (1) | FI64623C (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2318212A1 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB1543644A (fr) |
| IE (1) | IE43277B1 (fr) |
| IT (1) | IT1062530B (fr) |
| LU (1) | LU75392A1 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX147578A (fr) |
| NL (1) | NL185355C (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO153105C (fr) |
| PT (1) | PT65379B (fr) |
| SE (1) | SE7608182L (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA764133B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (37)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4193902A (en) * | 1975-12-13 | 1980-03-18 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Finely particulate plastics dispersions prepared by metering a mixture containing four monomers into an aqueous liquor containing an anionic emulsifier |
| US4359537A (en) * | 1978-09-19 | 1982-11-16 | Rohm And Haas Company | Emulsion copolymer anion exchange resins |
| US4191812A (en) * | 1978-09-19 | 1980-03-04 | Rohm And Haas Company | Ion exchange process involving emulsion ion exchange resins |
| US4215179A (en) * | 1979-03-30 | 1980-07-29 | Rohm And Haas Company | Coating concrete with latex polymers |
| DE3344354A1 (de) | 1983-12-08 | 1985-06-13 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Verfahren zur herstellung von waessrigen polyacrylat-copolymer-dispersionen und ihre verwendung bei der zurichtung von leder |
| JPH0662893B2 (ja) * | 1984-08-27 | 1994-08-17 | 大日本インキ化学工業株式会社 | 堆積石炭の流出防止用組成物 |
| DE3502944A1 (de) * | 1985-01-30 | 1986-07-31 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Waessrige grundierung fuer holzanstriche |
| US4748051A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1988-05-31 | Polysar Financial Services S.A. | Reducing exposure to hazardous particles |
| JP2657216B2 (ja) * | 1986-12-06 | 1997-09-24 | ライオン株式会社 | 塗料組成物 |
| JPS6325282A (ja) * | 1986-12-17 | 1988-02-02 | 株式会社大林組 | コンクリ−トの表層処理法 |
| DE3711680A1 (de) * | 1987-04-07 | 1988-10-27 | Hoechst Ag | Waessrige biozide kationische kunststoffdispersionen und deren verwendung als fungizide, bakterizide und algizide ausruestungsmittel |
| DE3711681A1 (de) * | 1987-04-07 | 1988-10-27 | Hoechst Ag | Verwendung von waessrigen kationischen kunststoffdispersionen zum impraegnieren und grundieren von saugfaehigen substraten |
| JPS6444876A (en) * | 1987-08-13 | 1989-02-17 | Omron Tateisi Electronics Co | Ultrasonic switch |
| JPS6465082A (en) * | 1987-09-03 | 1989-03-10 | Kubota Ltd | Method for decorating cement product |
| JPH02187682A (ja) * | 1989-01-17 | 1990-07-23 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 超音波検出装置 |
| US5130131A (en) * | 1989-08-18 | 1992-07-14 | University Of Florida | Methods for the control of fungi and bacteria |
| NO171308C (no) * | 1989-08-21 | 1993-02-24 | Borregaard Ind | Anvendelse av kopolymerer som tilsetningsmiddel for sementmoertelblandinger, sementmoertelblanding samt kopolymer-dispersjon |
| DE4438563A1 (de) * | 1994-10-28 | 1996-05-02 | Hoechst Ag | Wäßrige Dispersionen für Grundierungen |
| GB2327087A (en) * | 1995-01-18 | 1999-01-13 | Gore & Ass | Dispersion of PTFE particles |
| JP3644730B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-29 | 2005-05-11 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 自動二輪車フレームの後部支持部構造 |
| JPH1046052A (ja) * | 1996-07-31 | 1998-02-17 | Mitsubishi Chem Basf Co Ltd | 無機多孔質基材用水性下塗剤 |
| JPH1046051A (ja) * | 1996-07-31 | 1998-02-17 | Mitsubishi Chem Basf Co Ltd | 無機多孔質基材用水性下塗剤 |
| JPH1046053A (ja) * | 1996-08-01 | 1998-02-17 | Mitsubishi Chem Basf Co Ltd | 無機多孔質基材用水性下塗剤 |
| US5997952A (en) * | 1997-05-23 | 1999-12-07 | The Dow Chemical Company | Fast-setting latex coating and formulations |
| ES2329044T3 (es) | 2003-06-17 | 2009-11-20 | Phibrowood Llc | Conservante para madera particulado y procedimiento para su produccion. |
| US7316738B2 (en) * | 2004-10-08 | 2008-01-08 | Phibro-Tech, Inc. | Milled submicron chlorothalonil with narrow particle size distribution, and uses thereof |
| US20050252408A1 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2005-11-17 | Richardson H W | Particulate wood preservative and method for producing same |
| US20060075923A1 (en) * | 2004-10-12 | 2006-04-13 | Richardson H W | Method of manufacture and treatment of wood with injectable particulate iron oxide |
| US20060062926A1 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2006-03-23 | Richardson H W | Use of sub-micron copper salt particles in wood preservation |
| US20050255251A1 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2005-11-17 | Hodge Robert L | Composition, method of making, and treatment of wood with an injectable wood preservative slurry having biocidal particles |
| US7426948B2 (en) * | 2004-10-08 | 2008-09-23 | Phibrowood, Llc | Milled submicron organic biocides with narrow particle size distribution, and uses thereof |
| US20060112850A1 (en) | 2004-10-14 | 2006-06-01 | Jun Zhang | Micronized wood preservative formulations in organic carriers |
| US20070259016A1 (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2007-11-08 | Hodge Robert L | Method of treating crops with submicron chlorothalonil |
| JP5775800B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-30 | 2015-09-09 | 大宝化学工業株式会社 | １液常温架橋型水性被覆組成物 |
| JP6227382B2 (ja) * | 2013-11-12 | 2017-11-08 | 学校法人金沢工業大学 | コンクリートにおける塩分浸透量の推定方法 |
| JP6819459B2 (ja) * | 2017-05-25 | 2021-01-27 | 日油株式会社 | 粉末固着積層法による立体造形物用補強剤 |
| US10753100B2 (en) | 2017-08-11 | 2020-08-25 | Ecointeriors Corp. | Flooring panel equipped with quick-release adhesive sheet |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL287283A (fr) * | 1961-03-27 | |||
| US3265124A (en) * | 1964-07-10 | 1966-08-09 | Falls Ind Inc | Coated graphite products |
| US3432339A (en) * | 1965-03-03 | 1969-03-11 | Nat Distillers Chem Corp | Process for coating substrates with polymers |
| NL131847C (fr) * | 1965-04-08 | |||
| US3847857A (en) * | 1967-11-02 | 1974-11-12 | Rohm & Haas | Stain resistant coating composition |
-
1975
- 1975-07-17 DE DE2531895A patent/DE2531895C2/de not_active Expired
-
1976
- 1976-07-09 ES ES449711A patent/ES9400003A1/es not_active Expired
- 1976-07-12 NL NL7607699A patent/NL185355C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-13 ZA ZA764133A patent/ZA764133B/xx unknown
- 1976-07-14 CH CH901876A patent/CH621718A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-15 AT AT519976A patent/AT353918B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-15 US US05/705,447 patent/US4089999A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1976-07-15 AU AU15933/76A patent/AU504281B2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-15 LU LU75392A patent/LU75392A1/xx unknown
- 1976-07-15 FI FI762054A patent/FI64623C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-15 AR AR26395676A patent/AR226671A1/es active
- 1976-07-15 IT IT2536276A patent/IT1062530B/it active
- 1976-07-16 BR BR7604643A patent/BR7604643A/pt unknown
- 1976-07-16 MX MX165557A patent/MX147578A/es unknown
- 1976-07-16 SE SE7608182A patent/SE7608182L/ not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-07-16 IE IE1575/76A patent/IE43277B1/en unknown
- 1976-07-16 DK DK323576A patent/DK150369C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-16 CA CA257,183A patent/CA1053995A/fr not_active Expired
- 1976-07-16 JP JP8407076A patent/JPS5212245A/ja active Granted
- 1976-07-16 NO NO762494A patent/NO153105C/no unknown
- 1976-07-16 PT PT6537976A patent/PT65379B/fr unknown
- 1976-07-19 FR FR7621929A patent/FR2318212A1/fr active Granted
- 1976-07-19 GB GB2996776A patent/GB1543644A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-19 BE BE169035A patent/BE844285A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased |