CA2615059A1 - Predicting performance of telephone lines for data services - Google Patents

Abstract

A method characterizes a customer line for data transmission. The method includes measuring electrical properties of the customer line from a central location, identifying a line model from the measurements, and identifying a modem model for a modem selected for use with the customer line. The modem model gives performance data for the selected modem. The method also predicts performance data for the customer line when operated with the selected modem by combining the line and modem models.

Description

PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF
TELEPHONE LINES FOR DATA SERVICES

This is a divisional of Application Serial No. 2,371,230, filed April 20, 2000.

Background of the Invention This application relates generally to communications networks, and more particularly, to predicting the performance of telephone lines when transmitting data.

Public switched telephone networks, i.e., plain old telephone systems (POTS), were originally designed for voice communications having a limited frequency range.

Today, the same POTS lines often carry data transmissions.
Since data transmissions generally have different frequency properties, a POTS line that works well for transmitting voice may work poorly for transmitting data. Since POTS
lines may not work well for data transmissions, both telephone operating companies (TELCO's) and customers want tests for predicting which lines can transmit data.

In the past, telephone operating companies (TELCO's) performed pre-qualification and pre-disqualification tests on POTS lines prior to connecting data transmitters to them. These tests identified some situations where the line can or cannot support data transmissions without remedial actions. But, the pre-qualification and pre-disqualification tests both produced a significant number of mispredictions, i.e., false positives and false negatives.

More critically, current pre-qualification tests for POTS lines are frequently not automated and consequently labor intensive. Often, they demand skilled interpretations of high frequency parameters of a line to determine its data transmission capabilities at high speeds. The tests do not make full use of automated testing systems, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent 5,699,402. At a network scale, such tests would be very expensive to implement.
Furthermore, as data transmission demands increase, simple pre-qualification or pre-disqualification is no longer sufficient. Now, customers also want information enabling them to choose between competing options for transmitting data. Instead of simple qualification or disqualification, the customer frequently wants to know which transmission medium and/or devices will work better. Simple pre-qualification does not provide customers with a way to compare the different viable options for transmitting data.

The present invention is directed to overcoming or, at least, reducing the affects of one or more of the problems set forth above.

Summary of the Invention In a first aspect, the invention provides a method of determining the attenuation of a customer's telephony line, comprising: connecting a test unit to the customer's telephony line through a switch connecting a plurality of customer telephony lines to a telephone network; performing a plurality of one-ended measurements through the switch of frequency dependent admittances of the customer's telephony line, the measurements being performed at a plurality of frequencies in a lower frequency range; processing the measurements by a set of logical decision trees derived by data mining; and adjusting values of a frequency-dependent .
attenuation for an average telephony line to predict an attenuation of the customer's telephony line in a higher frequency range, the act of adjusting being responsive to results from the logical decision trees.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a method of determining performance of a customer telephone line, the line having both a tip wire and a ring wire, comprising: driving one of the two wires with a first alternating voltage at one end and the other of the two wires with a second voltage at the same end and measuring voltages between each wire and ground while driving the two wires; driving the other of the two wires with a third alternating voltage at the same end and the one of the two wires with a fourth voltage at the same end and measuring voltages between each wire and ground while driving the two wires; driving both the tip and the ring wires with a fifth alternating voltage from the same end and measuring voltages at the tip and ring wires while driving both wires; and determining admittance Ytg at a plurality of frequencies from the measured voltages.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a method of detecting a bridged tap in a customer line, comprising:
making one-ended electrical measurements over a range of frequencies on the customer line; determining one or more admittances as a function of frequency of the customer line from the measurements; and detecting that the customer line has a bridged tap in response to finding a ratio of the imaginary part to the real part of a derivative of admittance as a function of frequency exceeds a threshold.

Brief Description of the Drawings Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description taken together with the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a system to speed qualify customer telephone lines for data transmission;

FIG. 2 illustrates a test apparatus for performing one-ended admittance measurements on twisted-pair telephone lines;

FIG. 3 graphically represents the frequency dependent attenuation both for an average twisted wire pair located in a standard telephony cable and for a particular customer line;

FIGs. 4A-4D are flow charts illustrating a method of finding the attenuation of a line from the attenuation for an average line of FIG. 3 and one-ended measurements;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for speed qualifying a customer line for data transmission;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method for predicting the data rate of a line in the method of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method for predicting the data rate from line and modem models;

FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the method of FIG. 6 for a modem model in which the data rate depends on the line=s normalized noise level and average normalized line length;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method of finding a line model from one-ended measurements;

FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating the use of data mining to derive rules relating the line attenuation to one-ended measurements; and FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method of marketing telephone lines for data transmission.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments SPEED QUALIFICATION SYSTEM

FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of a POTS telephone network 10 for speed qualifying customer telephone lines 12-14, 19, 21. The network 10 includes the customer lines 12-14 that connect customer units 16-18, i.e., modems and/or telephones, to a switch 15 located in a TELCO central office 20. Each line 12-14 is a standard twisted two-wire copper line adapted for telephone voice communications. The two wires are generally referred to as the ring AR- and tip AT- wires. The switch 15 may be a POTS switch or any other device for connecting the lines 12-14 to a telephone network, e.g., a digital subscriber loop access' multiplexer (DSLAM) (not shown). A very large portion of the length of each customer line 12-14 is housed in a standard telephone cable 23 that carries a number of the customer lines 12-14 i.e., more than a dozen. The telephone cable 23 is an environment, which changes the electrical and transmission properties of the individual customer lines 12-14. The standard cable 23 also houses customer lines 19, 21, i.e., standard twisted pair telephony wires, that are not connected either to the switch 15 or to the customer units 16-18.
These lines 19, 21 have been fabricated into the cable in anticipation of increased customer demand at future times.
Some of the unconnected lines 19, 21 go to customer residences already having a connected POTS llne, e.g., the line 19 goes to the customer connected to the line 14.
The other unconnected lines- 21 are not routed to a particular customer=s residence. But, all the lines 12-14, 19, 21, i.e., connected or unconnected, have a very large portion of their length confined to the telephony cable 23, which similarly influences the transmission properties of each line 12-14, 19, 21 therein.
A measurement unit 22 couples to the switch 15 in the central office 20 via a test bus 25. The measurement unit 22 controls one-ended electrical measurements from the central office 20, which are used to obtain admittances and noise levels for the lines 12-14 being measured. To perform a measurement, the measurement unit 22 signals the switch 15 to disconnect a selected line 12-14 from the telephone network and to connect the selected line 12-14 to measurement apparatus (not shown) within the switch 15. Then, the measurement unit 22 signals the apparatus to perform selected measurements. The measurement unit 22 signals the switch 15 to reconnect the line 12-14 to the network after measurements are completed. The bus 25 returns results from the measurements to the measurement unit 22. Such measurements are described in more detail in U.S.
Application Serial No. 60/106,845.

The measurement unit 22 is controlled by the computer 26, which selects the type of measurements to be performed and the lines 12-14 upon which the measurements will be performed. The computer 24 sends control signals to the measurement unit 22 through the line 26 and receives data the measurement results from the measurement unit 22 via the same line 26. An executable software program, encoded on storage medium 28, coordinates the tests by the measuring unit 22 and the processing of test data to predict data rates.
The measurement unit 22 and computer 24 speed qualify and/or disqualify the customer lines 12-14 and associated modems for selected data transmission speeds.
To speed qualify, the computer 28 must determine, with a high degree of certainty, that the qualified line and associated modems will support data transmissions at a specified data rate without remedial measures. To speed disqualify, the computer 28 must determine, with a high degree of certainty, that the disqualified line and associated modems will not support data transmissions at the specified data rate without remedial measures.
Various embodiments make speed qualification determinations either before the line is in service or while the line is in service. Before a line is transmitting data, the determinations are speed pre-qualifications or pre-disqualifications. After a line is transmitting data, determinations are referred to as speed path testing.

_ 64723-492D

ONE-ENDED MEASUREMENTS ONCUSTOMER LINE

FIG. 2 illustrates an apparatus 27 for performing one type of one-ended electrical measurement used for speed qualifying and/or speed disqualifying of the lines 12-14 of FIG. 1. The apparatus 27 measures the admittances of the tip and ring wires T, R of the selected customer line under measurement. The tip and ring wires T, R of the line 12-14 being measured couple to driving voltage sources V1 and V2, respectively, through known conductances Gt and Gr. The tip T and ring R wires also connect to voltmeters Vt and Vr for reading the voltage between the tip wire T and ground and between the ring wire R and ground, respectively.- The readings from the voltmeters Vt and Vr enable the computer 24 to determine effective admittances Ytg, Ytr, Yrg between the tip wire T, ring wire R, and ground for the customer line 12-14 being measured.
To determine the admittances Ytg, Ytr, Yrg, the switch 15 connects the voltage sources V1 and V2 and the voltmeters VT and VR to the tip and ring wires T, R as shown in FIG. 2. After connecting the apparatus 27, the measurements needed to determine the admittances Ytg, Ytr, Yrg entail three steps. First, the measurement unit 22 grounds the point 29 and applies voltage V2 while measuring the voltages across the voltmeters Vr and Vt. Next, the measurement unit 22 grounds the point 30 and applies voltage Vi while measuring the volfages across the voltmeters Vr and Vt. Finally, the unit 22 applies both voltages V1 and V2 and measures voltages across the voltmeters Vr and Vt. From these three measurements, the computer 24 determines the admittances Ytg, Ytr, Yrg at various frequencies.

During measurements for the admittances Yt., Ytr, Yrg, the apparatus 27 may apply complex driving voltages Vl and V2 that superimpose several frequencies. For example, the driving voltages Vl, V2 may take the form: V(N) = AEi=1_ 45 cos (211_f;,NT "FPMj) . The frequencies fi, sampling cycle values N (at 152.6 Hz), and phases PMi are shown in Appendix 1. The computer 24 Fourier transforms both the driving and measured voltages Vl, V2, Vt, V= to separate frequency components. From the Fourier transform, the computer 24 finds the real and imaginary parts of the admittances Ytg, Yt=, Yrg by well-known circuit-analysis techniques.
From the admittances Yty, Ytr, Yrg, several derived properties of the lines 12-14 may be determined. First, a line length can be derived from the capacitances Ctg and Crq of the tip wire T to ground and of the ring wire R to ground. For standard bundled telephony cables with twisted tip and ring wire T, R pairs, both capacitances are about 17.47x10-9 Farads per 1,000 feet regardless of the gauge. Thus, the one-ended measurement of capacitances gives a measure of the apparent length of the measured line 12-14. Second, the existence of a bridged tap in one of the lines 12-14 can be derived from the existence of an above-threshold peak in the ratio:

IM (MzYtg(f) RE (M2Yts(f) ) Mf 2 ~ Mf2 The presence of a bridged tap substantially effects the capacative measurement of the length of the line. Third, the admittances Ytg, Yt=, Yrg can also be used to predict the gauge mix of the measured lines 12-14. The gauge mix of a line is the ratio of the sum of lengths of the line, which are fat wire, over the full length of the line.
Typically, fat wire is 22 and 24 gauge wire, and thin wire -_ 9 is 26 gauge wire. The customer lines 12-14, 19, 21 of FIG. 1 may have segments of fat wire and segments of thin wire. Fourth, a frequency dependent attenuation up to high frequencies can be derived.
A two step procedure is used to derive the high frequency attenuation of the measured lines 12-14. First, the attenuation of the lines is approximated by the frequency (f) dependent average attenuation, AT(f). AT(f) is the attenuation of an Aaverage- mixed gauge twisted copper line in a standard telephony cable. The average attenuation AT(f) is known to approximately be:

AT(xMHz) = A(xMHz)Ctg with (A(.1MHz) ,A(.3MHz) ,A(.4MHz),A(.5MHz) ) =(.173,.24,.263,.288)DB/10-9F
(A(.1MHz),A(.3MHz),A(.4MHz),A(.5MHz) ) =(.173,.24,.2 63,.288)DB/10-9F
A solid curve 32, shown in FIG. 3, graphically illustrates the equation for AT(f) as a function of frequency.
Second, for each customer line, the frequency dependent values of the AT(f) are adjusted using a method found through data mining. The second step produces the attenuation, ATT(f), for each customer line. ATT(f) is generally an improved value of the line=s attenuation compared to the AT(f) for an average line.
A solid curve 32, shown in FIG. 3, graphically illustrates the equation for AT(f) as a function of frequency.
Second, for each customer line, the frequency dependent values of the AT(f) are adjusted using a method found through data mining. The second step produces the attenuation, ATT(f), for each customer line. ATT(f) is generally an improved value of the line=s attenuation compared to the AT(f) for an average line.

= Data mining produces a set of logical decision trees, which are used to find ATT(f). For each customer line, the computer 24 of FIG. 1 works through the set of logical decision trees. Each decision tree determines whether or not ATT(f), at one frequency, is shifted from the value of AT(f) at that frequency. At frequencies between those associated with logical decision trees, the computer 24 finds the value of ATT(f) by performing a smooth interpolation. The dashed line 34 of Fig. 3 shows the ATT(f) of one customer line, which was found by the logical decision tree analysis (M = 106, K = 103, and DB =
decibels). Data mining produces a set of logical decision trees, which are used to find ATT(f). For each customer line, the computer 24 of FIG. 1 works through the set of logical decision trees. Each decision tree determines whether or not ATT(f), at one frequency, is shifted from the value of AT(f) at that frequency. At frequencies between those associated with logical decision trees, the computer 24 finds the value of ATT(f) by performing a smooth interpolation. The dashed line 34 of Fig. 3 shows the ATT(f) of one customer line, which was found by the logical decision tree analysis (M = 106, K = 103, and DB =
decibels).
FIGs. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D are flow charts showing the decision trees for finding the values of ATT (.1MHz) , ATT(.3MHz), ATT(.4MHz), and ATT(.5MHz), respectively.
FIG. 3 shows the ATT(.1MHz), ATT(.3MHz), ATT(.4MH), and ATT(.5MHz) (triangles) of one customer line, which were found from the AT(.1MHz), AT(.3MHz), AT(.4MH), and AT(.5MHz) values (dots). Each decision tree uses logical tests based on lower frequency derived quantities, which are listed in Appendix 2. In Appendix 2, admittances are given in siemens, capacitances are given in Farads, and frequencies are given in Hertz unless otherwise indicated.

The result from each decision tree provides a value of ATT(f) at a higher frequency than the frequency used to measure the admittances Yt., Ytr, and Yrg. Thus, the logical decision trees enable the computer 24 to improve ATT(f) for each customer line, at frequencies higher than the frequencies at which measurements are performed on the line.
From a line=s attenuation ATT(f), the computer 24 can derive a normalized line length (NLL). NLL ( f) is the equivalent length of 26 gauge twisted copper telephony line to produce the attenuation ATT(f). The value of NLL(f) is approximately: ' NLL(f) = ATT(f)/{E'j=o Pj (1og(f))j} where the Pj are:NLL(f) = ATT ( f)/( E7 j_o Pj ( log ( f)) j} where the Pj are:
(P0 , . . ., P7) = 103(-1.81718846839515, 2.3122218679438, -1.25999060284948, .38115981179243, -.06912909837418, .00751651855434, -.00045366936261, .00001172506721) Averaging NLL(f) over frequencies between 100KHz and 1Mhz provides a averaged normalized line length. The averaged normalized line length and a normalized noise define properties of a line model for the measured customer line 12-14, which allow the prediction of data transmission rates.
The one-ended measurements on the selected customer line 12-14 also include noise power spectra and impulse noise. Noise power spectra are determined directly through one-ended measurements using a -spectrum analyzer (not shown) located in the measurement unit 22. Impulse noise measurements employ a differential comparator (not shown) also located in the switch 15. The comparator has an adjustable threshold and produces a digital output pulse for each above-threshold spike on the tip or ring T, R wires. The output digital signal goes to a counter (not shown), which sums the number of counts to produce a rate for above-threshold noise impulses.
Noise measurements may both disqualify and correct predicted data rates of the lines 12-14 being qualified.
For high noise levels, synchronization of the line 12-14 for ADSL or ISDN data transmissions becomes impossible, and the noisy line 12-14 must be disqualified. For example, impulse noise rates above about five 150 millivolt-counts-per-second disqualify a line for ADSL
transmissions. When noise is not a disqualifier, it still can lower the predicted data rates for the customer line in a manner that generally depends on the modem used with the selected line 12-14.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the customer lines 19, 21 do not connect to the switch 15 and thus, cannot be automatically tested by the measurement unit 22. Thus, speed qualification or disqualification of these lines 19, 21 requires indirect measurements henceforth referred to Aproxy measurements;.
Proxy measurements are one-ended electrical measurements on a Aproxy= line located in the same cable 23 as the unconnected line 19, 21 to be qualified or disqualified. The proxy line connects to the switch 15 and thus, can be tested by one-ended electrical measurements made from the switch 15. For example, the line 14 is a potential proxy line for the line 19 going to the same customer.
The proxy line 14 is located in the same cable 23 as the unconnected lines 19, 21 to be qualified. Thus, both types of lines have undergone the same handling after fabrication of the cable 23. Similarly, if the cable 23 has more than 12 different customer lines, e.g., a standard telephony cable, the various lines 12-14, 19, 21 are in very similar cable environments. Then, electrical measurements on the proxy line 14 can, in some cases, provide a reliable measure of the same electrical properties for the unconnected lines 19, 21. The reliability of proxy measurements may further increase if the proxy line goes to the same residence as the unconnected line, e.g., lines 14 and 19. But, proxy measurements may still be reliable if the proxy line is simply in the same cable 23, e.g., the line 13 as a proxy for the line 19.
LINE PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method 40 of speed qualifying or disqualifying a selected one of the customer lines 12-14 of FIG. 1 for data transmissions.
The method has two parts. In a first part, the computer 24 and measurement unit 22 of FIG. 1 rapidly determine whether the selected line 12-14 is pre-disqualified for data transmissions. In the second part, the computer 24 predicts the speed for data transmissions if the selected line 12-14 is not disqualified in the first part.
To determine whether the selected customer line 12-14 is disqualified for transmitting data, the computer 24 or an operator selects the type of data service to be implemented on the selected customer line 12-14 (step 42).
Next, the computer 24 determines the qualification requirements for the selected type of data service on the selected line 12-14 (step 44). Next, the computer 24 and measurement unit 22 perform one-ended electrical measurements on the selected customer line (step 46).
Then, the computer 24 determines from the one-ended measurements whether the selected customer line 12-14 is disqualified for the selected type of data transmissions (step 48). If the selected customer line 12-14 is disqualified, the computer reports the disqualification status and stops.

The pre-disqualification part of the method 40 is generally more rapid than predicting the actual data rates obtainable. U.S. Patent lVo. 6,385,297 provides detailed account of some types of measurements and determinations performed in pre-disqualification steps 42, 44, 46, 48.
These steps may also include further tests specific to the type of termination at the customer units 16-18. For example, for ADSL-lite data transmissions the fact that a customer unit 16-18 attenuates high frequencies could be used as a disqualifier test.

If the selected customer line 12-14 is not pre-disqualified at step 48, the computer 24 will predict the data rate of the selected line 12-14 for data transmissions.
First, the computer 24 creates a line model for the selected customer line 12-14, e.g., by performing more one-ended measurements on the line 12-14 and deriving the line model therefrom (step 52). At substantially the same time, the computer 24 identifies a modem model to be used with the selected customer line 12-14 (step 54). The modem model may correspond to the modem in the central office 20 and/or the modem at the customer=s residence. Next, the computer 24 uses the line model for the selected customer line 12-14 in the modem model to predict the line=s performance, e.g., the data rate. Some modem models are a data file stored in the computer 24 and indexed by properties of the line model.
Finally, the computer 24 reports the line performance when used with the identified modem (step 58).

= 64723-492D

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method 60 for predicting the performance of the selected customer line 12-14, which was not pre-disqualified for data - 15a -transmissions at step 48 of FIG. 5. The computer 24 and measurement unit 24 control one-endec3 electrical measurements carried out by apparatus 27 on the twisted pair T and R of the selected customer line 12-14 (step 62). The measurements determine the three admittances Yt9, Ytr, Yzg of the tip and ring wires T, R and the noise levels in the selected customer line 12-14. Next, the computer derives a number of other properties of the selected customer line 12-14 from the one-ended measurements (step 64). As discussed above, the derived properties may include a line length, the existence or absence of one or more bridqed taps, the gauge mix of the line, impulse noise level, frequency dependent attenuation, normalized line length, and the noise spectrum.
From these derived properties, the computer 24 calculates a second-level derived' propertyXthe average normalized line length. The average ndrmalized line length is the length of 26 gauge paired twisted copper wires, located in a telephony cable 23 with at least 12 other twisted wire pairs, which would have substantially the same transmission properties.
The computer 24 also selects a modem, e.g., in response to a customer=s request or a TELCO=s command to speed qualify or disqualify the line for a particular modem type (step 66). Next, the computer 24 looks up a modem model for the selected modem in a database (step 68). The modem model is a table of -performance data, i.e., data transmission rates, indexed by the averaged normalized line length and the line noise level. The computer 24 may leave the modem model in active memory while waiting for data on the line model associated with the selected customer line 12-14. Next, the' computer uses the line model data in the modem model to find a predicted data rate for the selected modem in association with the selected customer line 12-14 (step 70). Finally, the computer 24 reports the predicted data rate to the customer or to a readable storage device (step 72) FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating one method for predicting the data rate of the selected customer line 12-14 as shown in step 70 of FIG. 6. The line model is either a set of rules or a file for the properties characterizing the model. From the line model, the computer 24 reads the average normalized line length (step 82). Similarly, the line model or one-ended measurements determine a normalized noise level associated with the selected customer line 12-14 (step 84). Finally, the computer 24 performs a look up of a predicted data rate in a table defining the modem model (step 86). The modem model=s table is indexed by the averaged normalized line length and the normalized noise level. The table is a tabular form representing the modem model for the modem to be used with the selected customer line 12-14.
FIG. 8 graphically illustrates one modem model 90 as a set of curves 92-95 for the predicted data rate. The values from the curves 92-95 depend on, i.e., are indexed by, a line=s normalized noise level and averaged normalized line length. The separate curves 92-95 give the predicted data rate for four values of the normalized noise level of the line model. Each curve 92-95 is also dependent on the averaged normalized line length, which is plotted along the horizontal axis.
The predicted data rate can be obtained from the modem model 90 of FIG. 8 by performing a look up with the parameters of the line model. To predict the data rate, the computer 24 looks up one of the curves 92-95 using the normalized noise value from the line model, e.g., normalized noise value 2. Next the computer 24 finds the predicted value of the data rate by looking up the averaged normalized line length, given by the line model, on the horizontal axis, e.g., value 97. The value 101 of curve 93 at the intersection 99 with the value 97 of the averaged normalized line length is the predicted data rate. Of course, the computer does the look ups in a data base indexed by the normalized noise level and the average normalized line length instead of graphically.
Some modem models also depend on parameters such as impulse noise compensation, noise floor, echo compensation and phase instability compensation. The impulse noise compensation is the ability of the modem to resychronize or to remain synchronized in'the presence of impulse noise on the customer line. The noise floor is the noise level below which the modem does not resolve data signals. The echo compensation is the ability of the modem to compensate for reflected signals in the customer line.
The phase instability compensation is the ability of the modem to compensate for time-dependent imbalances in the customer line, e.g., time-dependent reflections.
Using the values olff each of these parameters, the computer 24 of FIG. 1 adjusts the predicted data rate from the rate predicted by FIG. 8. The modem models attach a figure-of-merit or quality rating to each of the above parameters. For each parameter, the quality rating may, for example, be excellent, good, or bad. The quality ratings determine whether the predicted data rate, e.g., the rate from FIG. 8, is adjusted up, down or not adjusted by the computer 24 to obtain a final predicted data rate.
For example, some embodiments adjust the predicted data rate' from FIG. 8 up by 10 percent and down by 10 percent for quality ratings of excellent and bad, respectively.
Similarly, some line models include a gauge mix parameter, which is given a quality rating, i.e., high, average, or low. Data mining techniques can be used to infer a test for the gauge mix of a line from the one-ended electrical measurements. The computer 24 of FIG. 1 adjusts the predicted data rate from the rate predicted by FIG. 8 according to the quality rating of the gauge mix.
FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method 110 of finding a line model for any selected customer line 12-14, 19, 21, i.e. either connected or unconnected to the switch of FIG. 1. First, the computer 24 determines whether the selected line is connected to the switch 15 (step 10 112). If the selected line is connected, the computer 24 chooses the selected line itself for one-ended electrical measurements (step 114). If the selected line is unconnected, e.g., the lines 19, 21 of FIG. 1, the computer 24 chooses a proxy line in the same cable 23 for 15 the one-ended electrical measurements (step 116). Next, the computer 24 and measurement unit 22 perform the one-ended measurements of the chosen line=s admittances Ytg, Ytrr Yr9 and noise levels as described above (step 118).
Next, the computer 245 determines the above-described derived properties for the chosen line from the measured admittances and noise levels as described above (step 120). The derived properties include the frequency dependent attenuation, the absence or existence of a bridged tap, the mix, the frequency-dependent normalized line length, and the averaged normalized line length. From the derived properties, the computer 24 determines the averaged normalized line length using the formula described below (step 122). Similarly, from the measured noise levels of the chosen line, the computer 24 determines the chosen line=s normalized noise level. The computer 24 stores the one-ended measurements, the derived electrical properties (step 120), normalized noise level (step 124), and averaged normalized line length (step 122) as the line model for the originally selected line 12-14, 19, 21 (step 126). These stored quantities form a footprint that characterizes the customer line.
The footprint is stored data on the condition of the line when operating well. Later, the computer 24 can call up the footprint to perform speed path testing. When called up, the footprint is useful for fault detection as described in U.S. Patent 5,699,402, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The derived properties characterizing the selected customer line 12-14 and modem models used by the methods of FIGs. 4A-4D are found through methods referred to as Adata mining-. Data mining produces derived properties that are well correlated with the data produced by the models, e.g., high frequency attenuation.
FIG. 10 illustrates a method 130 for using data mining to find derived properties correlating well with the high frequency attenuation. Data mining starts by selecting a sample line having a known attenuation from a sample pool (step 132). Next, one-ended measurements are performed on the selected sample line and a selected set of derived properties, e.g., low frequency admittances, are found from the measurements (step 134). Next, the values of the selected derived properties are stored in a file indexed by the attenuation of the sample line (step 136). Next, the data mining system determines whether other sample lines remain (step 138). If sample lines remain, the system repeats steps 132, 1-34, 136, and 138.
Otherwise, the system compares the values of the derived properties for the sample lines to determine which properties or sets of properties correlate well with the attenuation (step 140). Finally, the system uses the values of the derived properties correlating well to formulate a set of.rules, which determine the attenuation in terms of the well-correlating derived properties (step 142). The Arules- are represented by the methods of FIGs.
4A-4D.
FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method of marketing customer lines for data transmission. First, the computer 24 of FIG. 1 speed pre-qualifies a plurality of the lines 12-14, 19, 21 using one-ended electrical measurements and speed qualification methods described above (step 152). The speed pre-qualification, at least, classifies each line for either high-speed service or low speed service. Next, the TELCO offers high-speed service to a portion of the customers who have lines qualified for the high-speed service (step 154). Next, the TELCO
selectively connects at least a portion of the lines qualified for high-speed service to customers requesting the high-speed service (step 156). The TELCO also sets billing rates for, at least, a portion of the lines at prices that depend on the speed qualification (step 158).
Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

=
150, 600, 1050. 1500. 1950, 2400, 2850, 3300. 3750. 4200, 4650, 5100. 5550, 6000. 6450, 6900.
7350, 7800, 8750. 8700, 9150, 9600, 10050, 10500. 10950, 11400, 11850. 12300, 12750, 13200, 13650, 14100, 14550. 15000. 15450. 15900. 16350. 16800. 17250. 17700. 18150, 18600, 19050.
19500, 19950.

N; 1, 4, 7. 10, 13, 16. 19, 22. 25. 23, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 2, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70. 73, 76, 79. 82. 85, 88, 91. 94, 97, 100, 103. 106, 109, 112. 115, 118.
12.1, 124, 127, 130.
133 respectiveiy.

+1 5.9738, 1.3564. 2.4683, 4.8575. 4.7424. 2.2972, 4.6015. 1.9156. 2.5660.
4.5986, 4.6452. 3.4542, 3.6341. 0.8848, 4.3410. 2.1606, 4.2342. 4.2147, 3.1058.
5.9049, 5.2782, 5.1159.
5.4354, 5.6124, 0.5751, 3.8940, 3.3812. 6.0230, 2.3239. 2.7284, 4.8032.
4.1488, 2-3427, 4.6362, 0.9163, 2.9335, 1.0363, 2.3272. 3.2040. 4.0025. 2.0028, 5.8444, 2.4525.
1.4760. 1.1770 3 08 : Raw Massu=amaats :
Y=r(30) - Admictance <<p-Vo-ring measured at 30Hz Ytg(30) - Admittance ti?-co-ground measured at 30Hz Yrg(30) - Adtni.ttance r_r.g-to-grour.d measured at 30Hz 3 08z Dnrived Moasurfmaats :
30Gtr - Con.ductance tip-to-ring measured at 30$z = real(Ytr(30)) 3OStr - Suscepcance tip-to-risg measured at 30Hz = imag(Y-.s(30)) 30Gtg - Conduczance tip-to-ground measured at 30Hz = real(Ytg(30') 30Stg - Sasceptance t:p-co-ground measured ac 30Hz = imag(Yt(30).
30Ctr - Capacitance tip-to-ring measured at 30Hz = Sts(30)/(2=pi=30) 30Ctg - Capacitance tip-to-ground measured at 30Hz = St(30)/(26p_-=30) Lm.eas - LenQth i.-i kft measured at 30Hz = 30CtgJ17.47 1508x-201C8z Raw Meosuramrats:
Admittance cip-to-r_ :g a'cnere ?=y 5CHz. 5O0Hz. 1C50Hz. -5QOH::. ... 19950Hz Ytg('f) - Adms.ttance tip-to-grour_d .rhere =:50Hz.600Hz.1C50Hz.15Q0:iz....19950H2 Yrgtf) - Admittance r:::g-co-ground +rhere f=150Hz.600Hz.105aHz.1530Hz....
19950Hz I50Hz-201C8z Derived Measnrnmonns:
150Gtr - Conductance tip-co-rir.g measured at 150Hz = real(Ytr(15])) 600Gtr - Conductance tip-to-ring measured ac 600Hz = real(Ytr(600)) 19950Gtr - CondLctance c_p-co-rin3 measured at I9950Hz = real(Y=r(1995a)) 150Str - Susceptance t_p-to-ring measured at 150Hz = i:aq(Y:z(150)) 600Str - Susceptance t'_p-cc-ring measured at 600Hz = imaq(Ytr(600)) :9950Str - Susceptance t?p-co-ri.~.g r..easurcd at 1 950Hz = imag(Ytg(19950)) 150Gtg - Conductance :'_a-cc-grour.d measured at 15CHz = real (Y;g (150 ) ) 60CGtg - Ccnductance :_p-co- ground measured ac 60CHz reai(Ytg(600i) i99S0Gtg - Conduczance t_p-cc- ground measured at 19950Hz = reai(Ytg(19950)) 150Stg - Suscepcance t'_p-co- ground measured at 154Hz = imaq(Ytc(150)) 600Stg - Suscepcance :_p-co- ground :-easured at 600Hz = 7.mag(Ytc(600) 19950Stg - Susceocance c-p-to- ground measured at 19950Hz = imac(Ytg(19950)) ?50Ctr - Capacitar.ce cip-co-ring measured at 150Hz = 150Str/
600Ctr - Capacizance cim-to-ring measured at 6(IQHz = 600S tr/(2'pi'600) 19950Ct_ - Capacitance c-p-to-ring measured at 19950Iiz =
19950St.r/(2=pi=19950) 150Ctg - Capaci=ance cip-co-grouna measured at 150Hz =?505tg/(2*pi=150) 600Ctg - Capacitance cip-to-ground measued at 600Hz = 6QOStg/(2*p'_=600) 19950Ctg - Capacir.ance =:p-co-ground measured at 19950Hz =
1995()Stg/(2*pi'19950) 1508z-Z0A8z S.coadasy Dsriv.d M.asurem.ats:
C30/C4K - Ratio of t_p-to-grourd Capacitance at 30Hz to 4200Hz C4K/C10K - Ratio of t:p-to-ground Capacitance at 4200Hz to I0050112 Cslope - Tip-co-ground Capacitance ratio slope =(C4K/C10K)/(C30/C4Y.) C30-C4X - Difference iZ tip-to-ground Capacitance at 30Hz and 4200Hz C4K-ClOK - Difference ?z tip-co-ground Capacitance at 4200Hz and 10050Hz Cdelta - Tip-co-grour.ci Capacitance di.::erence delta =(C4X-ClOK)/(C30-C4K) G4X/G30 - Ratio of tip-to-ground Conductance at 4200Hz to 30Iiz G20K/G4K - Ratio of t'_p-ta-ground Coaductance at 10050Hz to 4200:iz Gslope - "'ip-co-ground Conductance ratio slope = (GIOK/G4K)/(G4R/G30) G4X-G30 -?ifference in tip-to-grouad Conductance at 30Eiz and 4270Hz G1OI{-G4K -Difference in tip-co-ground Conductance at 4200Hz and 10050Hz Gdalta - Tip-to-ground Conductance dif;erence delta =(G10K-G4K)/(G4K-(;30) C30/G30 - Ratio of Tip-to-ground Capacitance to Conductance at 30Hz C30/G4K - Ratio of Tip-co-ground Capacitanee at 30Hz to Conductance at 4200Hz C4K/G4K -Ratioz of Tip-co-ground C3pacitance to Conciuctance at 4200'siz Gtr_dmax -'4ax:..:.um posicive slope of Gtrtf) = max(derivat--;ve(Gtr;f)/df)) Gtr_fs.ax - Frequency at which Gt _d.:ax occurs Gtr_diaia - Maximum negative slope of Gtr(f) = min(derivative(Gtr(f)/df)) Gtz_fmin - Frequency at which Gtr_dmin occurs Gtr_fpk - Frequency of first peak (local maxima)iz Gtr(f) Gtr_fval - Frequency of first valley(local miniiaa)in Gtr(f) Gtr_d_delta - Gtr Max/Min Derivative difference = Gtr_dmax-Gtr_dair_ Gtr_pk_delta - Gts peak/valley f_equency difference = Gtr_fval-Ct__fpk Gtr -2k - Value of Gtr(f) at f_equency Gtr_fpk Gtr_val - Value of Ctr(f) ac fre4uercy Gtr_fval Gtr delta - Gtr peak/val:ey difference = Gtr-pk-Gtr val Gtg dmax - Maxitaum positive sl.ope of Gtg(f) = max(derivative(Gtq(-.-)/df)) Gtg_=aiax - Frequency at which Gtg_dmax occurs Gtg_dmin - Maximum negative slope of Gtg(f) = min(derivative(Gtc(:)/df)) Gtg_fmin - Frequency at which Gtg_d:m:.n occurs Gtg_d_delta - Gtg Max/Mir_ Qerivative diL:erence = Gtg_dmax-Gtg cimin Ctr_dmax - Maximum posit:ve slope a= Ctr(f) = taax(derivacive(C=(f) /df) ) Ctr_fmax - Frequency ac which Ctr_dmax occurs Ctr_dmi_z - Maximum negative slope of Ctr(f) = tain(derivative(Ctr(f)/df)) Ctr_f=in - Frequency at which Ctr_dmin occurs Ctr_fpk - Frequency of f:rst peak (local :naxima)in Ctr(f) Ctr_fval - Frequency of first valley ( local mi ni õLa )in Ctx( f) Ctr_d_delta - Ctr Max/Min Derivative difference = Ctr_dmax-Ct=_dxaia Ctr_pk_delta - Ctr peak/valley frequency difference = Ctr_fval--:tr_fpk Ctr val - Value of Cts(f) ac frequer_cy Ctr_fval Ctg_dmax - Maximua positive slope o= Ctq(f) = max(derivac_ve(Ctg(f)/df)) Ctg_fmax - Frequency at which Ctc; daax occurs Ctg dtain - Maxi:avm negative slope or Ctg(f) = min(der:vative(Ctg(f)/df)) Ctg fain - Frequency at which Ctg_.:.=in occurs Ctg_d_delta - Ctg Max/Min Derivac'_ve difference = ctg dmax-Ctg_drnin Str_dmax - Maximum positive slope o= Str(f) = max(der:vative(Str(f)/df)) Str_imax - Frequency at whica Str_d.:.ax occurs gtr_~ - MaY1mu+++ negative slope o: Str(F) = min(derivative(Str(f)/df)) Str_fmin - F:equency at which Str_::=i.n occurs 1508z-ZC2C8z s.aoadssY aarivrd Measurrr=Mnts:

Str_tpk - Frequesicy of firsc peak (local maxima)in St:r(f) Str_fval - Frequency of fi.ssc valley(local m7T1ma)in Str(f) Scz_d_delta - Str Max/Min Derivative differencz = Str dmax-Str_das.n Str_pk_delta - Str peak/valley f_equency difference = Str_fval-Str_fpk Stx_pk - Value of Str(f) ac 'requency Str_fpk Str val - Value of Str(f) ac :requency Str_fval Str_delca - Str peak/valley d:._ : erence = St,.,pk-Str_val Stg_cmax - M.aYi~+um pcsitive s;.ope af Stg(f) = max(derivative(Stgt f) /df) ) Stg_,f=ax - Frequency at which Stq dmax occurs Stg dmin - Maxiututn negative slope of Stg(f) = min(derivative(Stgcf)/df)) Stg fnin - Frequency at which Stg_d-i.n occurs Stg_fpk - Frequency of f'-rst peak (local maYima)in Stg(f) Stg_fval - Frequency of first valley(local mini.ma)in Stg(f) Stg,_d_delta - Stg Max/iKin Derivazive difference = Stg dmax-Stg driizi Stg_pk_delta - Stg peak/valley =requency d:f;erence = Stg,fval-St:g 'pk Gtg2Ok/GtgBk - Ratio of Gtg at 19950Hz and 8250Hz Gtq20k/Gtg4k - Ratio of Gtg at 19950Hz and 42008z Cg=30/Cgt20k - Ratio of Ctg at 30Hz and 19950FIz Cgt30/CgtBk - Ratio of Ctg at 30Hz and 8250Hz

Claims (14)

1. A method of determining the attenuation of a customer's telephony line, comprising:

connecting a test unit to the customer's telephony line through a switch connecting a plurality of customer telephony lines to a telephone network;

performing a plurality of one-ended measurements through the switch of frequency dependent admittances of the customer's telephony line, the measurements being performed at a plurality of frequencies in a lower frequency range;

processing the measurements by a set of logical decision trees derived by data mining; and adjusting values of a frequency-dependent attenuation for an average telephony line to predict an attenuation of the customer's telephony line in a higher frequency range, the act of adjusting being responsive to results from the logical decision trees.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of performing includes finding at least two of Y tr, Y rg, and Y tg for the customer's telephony line.

3. A method of determining performance of a customer telephone line, the line having both a tip wire and a ring wire, comprising:

driving one of the two wires with a first alternating voltage at one end and the other of the two wires with a second voltage at the same end and measuring voltages between each wire and ground while driving the two wires;

driving the other of the two wires with a third alternating voltage at the same end and the one of the two wires with a fourth voltage at the same end and measuring voltages between each wire and ground while driving the two wires;

driving both the tip and the ring wires with a fifth alternating voltage from the same end and measuring voltages at the tip and ring wires while driving both wires;
and determining admittance Y tg at a plurality of frequencies from the measured voltages.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:

determining an apparent length of the customer line from values of said admittance at a plurality of frequencies.

5. The method of claim 3, further comprising:

determining whether the customer line has a bridged tap from values of said admittance at a plurality of frequencies.

6. The method of claim 3, further comprising:

determining the remaining admittances Y rg and the admittance Y rt at a plurality of frequencies from the measured voltages.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

determining a frequency-dependent attenuation of the line from the measured admittances.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

predicting a data rate for the line from the attenuation; and adjusting the predicted data rate in response to a rating of a gauge mix of the line.

9. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

determining whether the customer line has a bridged tap from values of said admittances at a plurality of frequencies;

predicting a data rate for the line from the attenuation; and adjusting the predicted data rate in response to determining that the customer line has a bridged tap.

10. A method of detecting a bridged tap in a customer line, comprising:

making one-ended electrical measurements over a range of frequencies on the customer line;

determining one or more admittances as a function of frequency of the customer line from the measurements; and detecting that the customer line has a bridged tap in response to finding a ratio of the imaginary part to the real part of a derivative of admittance as a function of frequency exceeds a threshold.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the method is used in qualifying a line for high speed data services and the one ended measurements are made at a range of frequencies that are below the frequency of the high speed data services signals.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more admittances is an admittance between a wire of the customer line and ground.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the act of making one-ended measurements performs the measurements through a voice test access of a telephony switch.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein detecting comprises:

determining whether a ratio of imaginary and real parts of a frequency derivative of the one or more admittances has a peak; and wherein the determining is based on finding an above threshold peak in the ratio.