CA2461524C - Method of sealing subterranean zones - Google Patents
Method of sealing subterranean zones Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2461524C CA2461524C CA2461524A CA2461524A CA2461524C CA 2461524 C CA2461524 C CA 2461524C CA 2461524 A CA2461524 A CA 2461524A CA 2461524 A CA2461524 A CA 2461524A CA 2461524 C CA2461524 C CA 2461524C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- bits
- rubber
- liquid slurry
- well
- reinforcing fibre
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/003—Means for stopping loss of drilling fluid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/035—Organic additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/50—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls
- C09K8/504—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/506—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/508—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/50—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls
- C09K8/516—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls characterised by their form or by the form of their components, e.g. encapsulated material
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
- E21B33/138—Plastering the borehole wall; Injecting into the formation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
Abstract
A method of sealing subterranean zones is described. A first step involves preparing a liquid slurry. A second step involves mixing bits of rubber from recycled tires into the liquid slurry. A third step involves pumping the liquid slurry containing the bits of rubber down a well.
Description
TITLE OF THE INVENTION:
Method of sealing subterranean zones FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of sealing subterranean zones where there is loss of circulation during drilling or a need to seal in the well during abandonment.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
United States Patent 6,448,206 (Griffith et al 2002) relates to an aqueous rubber latex composition and a method of using that composition to seal subterranean zones.
During drilling, circulation of drilling fluid is sometimes interrupted when drilling fluid is lost into fractures in subterranean zones. When this occurs, drilling operations must be terminated until circulation is restored. The Griffith et al patent is an example of the sophisticated technology which has been developed to address this problem.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an alternative method of sealing subterranean zones, which is also suitable for use in sealing in a well which is to be abandoned.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of sealing subterranean zones. A first step involves providing bits of rubber from recycled tires. A second step involves using a liquid to carry the bits of rubber down a well.
As will hereinafter be further described, there are two ways that this can be done. One way is to mix bits of rubber from recycled tires into the liquid. Another way is to insert the bits of rubber directly into the well and then use the liquid to wash the bits of rubber down the well. Which approach is used depends upon the requirements and limitations of the particular application.The method, as described above, concurrently addresses two problems. The first problem is the sealing of subterranean zones. The second problem is that of finding a useful end purpose for used vehicle tires. There are mountains of used vehicle tires, which have been
Method of sealing subterranean zones FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of sealing subterranean zones where there is loss of circulation during drilling or a need to seal in the well during abandonment.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
United States Patent 6,448,206 (Griffith et al 2002) relates to an aqueous rubber latex composition and a method of using that composition to seal subterranean zones.
During drilling, circulation of drilling fluid is sometimes interrupted when drilling fluid is lost into fractures in subterranean zones. When this occurs, drilling operations must be terminated until circulation is restored. The Griffith et al patent is an example of the sophisticated technology which has been developed to address this problem.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an alternative method of sealing subterranean zones, which is also suitable for use in sealing in a well which is to be abandoned.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of sealing subterranean zones. A first step involves providing bits of rubber from recycled tires. A second step involves using a liquid to carry the bits of rubber down a well.
As will hereinafter be further described, there are two ways that this can be done. One way is to mix bits of rubber from recycled tires into the liquid. Another way is to insert the bits of rubber directly into the well and then use the liquid to wash the bits of rubber down the well. Which approach is used depends upon the requirements and limitations of the particular application.The method, as described above, concurrently addresses two problems. The first problem is the sealing of subterranean zones. The second problem is that of finding a useful end purpose for used vehicle tires. There are mountains of used vehicle tires, which have been
2 collected and are awaiting recycling. The used vehicle_ tires are either ground to form rubber crumb bits or chopped into somewhat larger bits. Although one can use either the rubber crumb bits or the larger chopped bits, a mixture of the two sizes is preferred. The rubber crumb bits can fit into smaller spaces. The larger chopped bits can fill larger spaces. When the bits of rubber are placed under pressure, they compress and are forced into fractures in the subterranean zone. When pressure is reduced, the bits of rubber expand to fill voids and more securely engage the fractures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings, the drawings are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to in any way limit the scope of the invention to the particular embodiment or embodiments shown, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a side elevation, in section, depicting the sealing of fractures in a subterranean zone of well in accordance with the teachings of the present method.
FIGURE 2 is a side elevation, in section, depicting the sealing in of well which is to be abandoned in accordance with the teachings of the present method.
FIGURE 3 is a side elevation, in section, depicting the sealing in of an open hole well which is to be abandoned in accordance with the teachings of the present method.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The preferred method of sealing subterranean zones will now be described with reference to FIGURES 1 through 3.
Referring to FIGURE 1, a first step involves preparing a liquid slurry 12. It is preferred that the slurry be a mixture of drilling fluid and cement. It will be appreciated that drilling fluid alone could be used or a liquid cement could be used alone. In the illustrated embodiment, the mixing is taking place in the mud tanks 14 of the drilling rig. A second step involves mixing bits of rubber 16 from recycled tires into liquid slurry 12.
It is preferred that the bits of rubber be a mixture of rubber cnunb bits and larger chopped bits of a size between 1/8 of an inch and 1 1/2 inches. It will be appreciated that rubber crumb bits alone could be
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings, the drawings are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to in any way limit the scope of the invention to the particular embodiment or embodiments shown, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a side elevation, in section, depicting the sealing of fractures in a subterranean zone of well in accordance with the teachings of the present method.
FIGURE 2 is a side elevation, in section, depicting the sealing in of well which is to be abandoned in accordance with the teachings of the present method.
FIGURE 3 is a side elevation, in section, depicting the sealing in of an open hole well which is to be abandoned in accordance with the teachings of the present method.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The preferred method of sealing subterranean zones will now be described with reference to FIGURES 1 through 3.
Referring to FIGURE 1, a first step involves preparing a liquid slurry 12. It is preferred that the slurry be a mixture of drilling fluid and cement. It will be appreciated that drilling fluid alone could be used or a liquid cement could be used alone. In the illustrated embodiment, the mixing is taking place in the mud tanks 14 of the drilling rig. A second step involves mixing bits of rubber 16 from recycled tires into liquid slurry 12.
It is preferred that the bits of rubber be a mixture of rubber cnunb bits and larger chopped bits of a size between 1/8 of an inch and 1 1/2 inches. It will be appreciated that rubber crumb bits alone could be
3 used or larger chopped bits alone could be used. The rubber crumb bits are capable of fitting into smaller spaces. The larger chopped bits are capable of filling larger spaces. In the illustrated embodiment, bits of rubber 16 are supplied out of a hopper 18. A
third step involves pumping liquid slurry 12 containing bits of rubber 16 down a well 20 under pressure. In the illustrated embodiment, this is done with a high pressure pump 22. Every drilling rig is equipped with such a high pressure pump 22. When pumped down well 20, bits of rubber pack 16 under pressure into fractures 24 in subterranean zone 26.
When pressure is reduced, the bits of rubber 16 expand and more effectively fill fractures 24.
It is desirable to include reinforcing fibre 28 from the recycled tires with the larger chopped bits of rubber.
The reinforcing fibre 28 helps to bind the bits of rubber in position.
Referring to FIGURE 2, there is illustrated another application for the method. In this application, well 20 is to be abandoned. In such an application, liquid cement is used in liquid slurry 12 and all of well 20 is filled. As with the first application, bits of rubber 16 are compressed when under pressure and expand when pressure is reduced.
Referring to FIGURE 3, with open holes there is sufficient room to modify the method somewhat. With an open hole, bits of rubber 16 can be inserted directly into well 20.
It need not be mixed into liquid slurry 12. Liquid cement is used in liquid slurry 12 and used to push bits of rubber 16 down well 20. The process of doing so mixes liquid slurry 12 containing cement with bits of rubber 16. Although the end result is essentially the same, dropping bits of rubber 16 into well 20 first is believed to result in a greater density in the bits of rubber 16 down well 20. The reason for this is that there are limits as to the proportion of bits of rubber 16, which can be passed through pump 22 without clogging pump 22.
In this patent document, the word "comprising" is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article "a" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements.
The following claims are to be understood to include what is specifically
third step involves pumping liquid slurry 12 containing bits of rubber 16 down a well 20 under pressure. In the illustrated embodiment, this is done with a high pressure pump 22. Every drilling rig is equipped with such a high pressure pump 22. When pumped down well 20, bits of rubber pack 16 under pressure into fractures 24 in subterranean zone 26.
When pressure is reduced, the bits of rubber 16 expand and more effectively fill fractures 24.
It is desirable to include reinforcing fibre 28 from the recycled tires with the larger chopped bits of rubber.
The reinforcing fibre 28 helps to bind the bits of rubber in position.
Referring to FIGURE 2, there is illustrated another application for the method. In this application, well 20 is to be abandoned. In such an application, liquid cement is used in liquid slurry 12 and all of well 20 is filled. As with the first application, bits of rubber 16 are compressed when under pressure and expand when pressure is reduced.
Referring to FIGURE 3, with open holes there is sufficient room to modify the method somewhat. With an open hole, bits of rubber 16 can be inserted directly into well 20.
It need not be mixed into liquid slurry 12. Liquid cement is used in liquid slurry 12 and used to push bits of rubber 16 down well 20. The process of doing so mixes liquid slurry 12 containing cement with bits of rubber 16. Although the end result is essentially the same, dropping bits of rubber 16 into well 20 first is believed to result in a greater density in the bits of rubber 16 down well 20. The reason for this is that there are limits as to the proportion of bits of rubber 16, which can be passed through pump 22 without clogging pump 22.
In this patent document, the word "comprising" is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article "a" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements.
The following claims are to be understood to include what is specifically
4 illustrated and described above, what is conceptually equivalent, and what can be obviously substituted. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.
Claims (7)
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of sealing subterranean zones, comprising the steps of:
preparing a liquid slurry;
mixing bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre from recycled tires into the liquid slurry; and pumping the liquid slurry containing the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre down a well.
preparing a liquid slurry;
mixing bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre from recycled tires into the liquid slurry; and pumping the liquid slurry containing the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre down a well.
2. The method as defined in Claim 1, wherein the bits of rubber are rubber crumb bits.
3. The method as defined in Claim 1, wherein the bits of rubber are larger chopped bits of a size between 1/8 of an inch and 1 1/2 inches.
4. The method as defined in Claim 1, wherein the liquid slurry is a drilling fluid.
5. The method as defined in Claim 1, wherein the liquid slurry is contains cement.
6. A method of sealing subterranean zones, comprising the steps of:
preparing a liquid slurry of drilling fluid and cement;
mixing bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre from recycled tires into the liquid slurry, the bits of rubber being a mixture of rubber crumb bits and larger chopped bits of a size between 1/8 of an pumping the liquid slurry containing the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre down a well under pressure, such that the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre pack under pressure into fractures in the subterranean zone and, when pressure is reduced, expand.
inch and 1 1/2 inches; and
preparing a liquid slurry of drilling fluid and cement;
mixing bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre from recycled tires into the liquid slurry, the bits of rubber being a mixture of rubber crumb bits and larger chopped bits of a size between 1/8 of an pumping the liquid slurry containing the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre down a well under pressure, such that the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre pack under pressure into fractures in the subterranean zone and, when pressure is reduced, expand.
inch and 1 1/2 inches; and
7. A method of sealing subterranean zones, comprising the steps of:
inserting bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre from recycled tires into a well; and pumping a liquid slurry into the well as a carrier fluid to wash the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre down the well.
inserting bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre from recycled tires into a well; and pumping a liquid slurry into the well as a carrier fluid to wash the bits of rubber and reinforcing fibre down the well.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2461524A CA2461524C (en) | 2004-03-18 | 2004-03-18 | Method of sealing subterranean zones |
| US11/084,863 US20050217852A1 (en) | 2004-03-18 | 2005-03-18 | Method of sealing subterranean zones |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2461524A CA2461524C (en) | 2004-03-18 | 2004-03-18 | Method of sealing subterranean zones |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2461524A1 CA2461524A1 (en) | 2005-09-18 |
| CA2461524C true CA2461524C (en) | 2013-05-28 |
Family
ID=35006111
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2461524A Expired - Lifetime CA2461524C (en) | 2004-03-18 | 2004-03-18 | Method of sealing subterranean zones |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20050217852A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2461524C (en) |
Families Citing this family (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10457846B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2019-10-29 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date palm seed-based lost circulation material (LCM) |
| US10023781B2 (en) | 2016-04-13 | 2018-07-17 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Rapidly dehydrating lost circulation material (LCM) |
| US11434404B2 (en) | 2016-04-13 | 2022-09-06 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Rapidly dehydrating lost circulation material (LCM) |
| US10544345B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2020-01-28 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Flaky date fruit CAP for moderate to severe loss control |
| US10800959B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2020-10-13 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date tree waste-based compound fibrous LCMs |
| US11713407B2 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2023-08-01 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date tree waste-based compound fibrous LCMs |
| US10259982B2 (en) | 2016-07-12 | 2019-04-16 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date seed-based multi-modal particulate admixture for moderate to severe loss control |
| US10392549B2 (en) | 2016-08-31 | 2019-08-27 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date tree trunk-based fibrous loss circulation materials |
| US10800960B2 (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2020-10-13 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date tree leaflet-based flaky lost circulation material |
| US10487253B2 (en) | 2016-11-08 | 2019-11-26 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date tree spikelet-based additive for mechanical reinforcement of weak and unstable lost circulation material (LCM) seals/plugs |
| US10336930B2 (en) | 2016-12-19 | 2019-07-02 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date tree waste-based binary fibrous mix for moderate to severe loss control |
| US10479920B2 (en) | 2017-05-30 | 2019-11-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date tree trunk and rachis-based superfine fibrous materials for seepage loss control |
| US10494884B2 (en) * | 2017-07-14 | 2019-12-03 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Used automobile tires as loss circulation material |
| US10266742B1 (en) | 2018-02-06 | 2019-04-23 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | ARC hybrid particle mix for seal and plug quality enhancement |
| US10240411B1 (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2019-03-26 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Trimodal hybrid loss prevention material (LPM) for preventative and curative loss control |
| US11136487B2 (en) | 2020-02-25 | 2021-10-05 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Date seed-based chips lost circulation material |
| US11041347B1 (en) | 2020-04-07 | 2021-06-22 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Composition and method of manufacturing of whole and ground date palm seed lost circulation material (LCM) |
| US11254851B2 (en) | 2020-06-25 | 2022-02-22 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Vulcanized rubber and date tree based lost circulation material (LCM) blend |
| US11352545B2 (en) | 2020-08-12 | 2022-06-07 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Lost circulation material for reservoir section |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3251769A (en) * | 1960-02-17 | 1966-05-17 | Dow Chemical Co | Low fluid loss composition and method of use |
| JPS55102817A (en) * | 1979-01-31 | 1980-08-06 | Bridgestone Corp | Effective utilization of waste tire |
| US5779787A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 1998-07-14 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Well cement compositions containing rubber particles and methods of cementing subterranean zones |
| FR2784095B1 (en) * | 1998-10-06 | 2001-09-21 | Dowell Schlumberger Services | CEMENTING COMPOSITIONS AND APPLICATION THEREOF FOR CEMENTING OIL WELLS OR THE LIKE |
| US6328106B1 (en) * | 1999-02-04 | 2001-12-11 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Sealing subterranean zones |
| AU2001231075A1 (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-07-31 | Robert R. Wood | Improved drilling fluids |
| US6806232B1 (en) * | 2001-05-31 | 2004-10-19 | Steve Cart | Composition of drilling fluids comprising ground elastomeric crumb rubber material and a method of decreasing seepage and whole mud loss using such composition |
| US6962201B2 (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2005-11-08 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Cement compositions with improved mechanical properties and methods of cementing in subterranean formations |
| US7147055B2 (en) * | 2003-04-24 | 2006-12-12 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Cement compositions with improved corrosion resistance and methods of cementing in subterranean formations |
| GB2409690B (en) * | 2003-12-31 | 2006-10-25 | Schlumberger Holdings | Method for casing drilling |
| US20050269085A1 (en) * | 2004-06-03 | 2005-12-08 | Cowan Kenneth M | Method for sealing lost circulation zones |
-
2004
- 2004-03-18 CA CA2461524A patent/CA2461524C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-03-18 US US11/084,863 patent/US20050217852A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20050217852A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
| CA2461524A1 (en) | 2005-09-18 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20240318 |