CA2254016A1 - Optical fiber hydrogen loading system for fiber bragg grating fabrication and for long period grating fabrication - Google Patents
Optical fiber hydrogen loading system for fiber bragg grating fabrication and for long period grating fabrication Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2254016A1 CA2254016A1 CA 2254016 CA2254016A CA2254016A1 CA 2254016 A1 CA2254016 A1 CA 2254016A1 CA 2254016 CA2254016 CA 2254016 CA 2254016 A CA2254016 A CA 2254016A CA 2254016 A1 CA2254016 A1 CA 2254016A1
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- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- valve
- loading
- grating fabrication
- gas
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- Abandoned
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title description 61
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 15
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 14
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 230000036211 photosensitivity Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007380 fibre production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000017983 photosensitivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000434 photosensitization Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/60—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags by diffusing ions or metals into the surface
- C03C25/607—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags by diffusing ions or metals into the surface in the gaseous phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02114—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by enhanced photosensitivity characteristics of the fibre, e.g. hydrogen loading, heat treatment
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
Description
Patent name: Optical fiber hydrogen loading system for fiber Bragg grating fabrication and for long period grating fabrication Background:
UV light can induce a permanent refractive index change in some kind optical fibers and optical wave-guides. The photosensitivity of the certain kind optical fiber waveguide can be used to make Bragg grating and long period gratings, which is a permanent, spatially periodic refractive index modulation along the length of the photosensitive core of the optical fiber or optic wave guide. Fiber Bragg gratings have many applications in optical fiber telecommunication, optical sensor and optical information process. '~'-'6' Photosensitivity in germano-silicate fibers and the resultant index gratings in optical fibers were first demonstrated at the Communication Research Center, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, in 1978."' 'g' They launched intense Argon-ion laser radiation into a germania-doped fiber and observed that after several minutes an increase in the reflected light intensity occurred which grew until almost all the light was reflected from the fiber.
Meltz et al. from United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) reported that fiber Bragg gratings could be formed by exposing the core through the cladding glass to two interfering coherent UV beams called side writing technology. '9' Phase mask technique has some advantages over holographic writing approach.'1°>° « 1' The phase mask is made from flat slab of silica glass which is transparent to ultraviolet light.
The phase mask technique simplified the manufacture process for fiber Bragg gratings. In comparison with the holographic technique, the phase mask technique offers easier alignment of the fiber for photoimprinting apparatus and lower coherent requirements on the UV laser beam.
On the subject of fiber Bragg grating formation in optical fibers, photosensitivity is a measurement of index change that can be induced in the core of the fiber.
There are two common approaches, which can increase the photosensitivity of a fiber core.
One is called "Hydrogen loading"'12'. and the another one is "flame brushing"'13>.
Hydrogen loading is a simple technique for achieving ultrahigh UV
photosensitivity in Ge02 doped optical fibers. This technique was first reported by Lemaire et al'12>.
"Hydrogen loading" is carried out by diffusing H2 molecules into fiber core at high pressure and low temperature. Subsequent exposure to UV irradiation then initiates chemical reduction of the glass, greatly increasing the index changes that can be obtained. Large permanent index changes in the fiber core as high as 10-2 have been achieved with this enhancing technique'~4'°'ls>.
There are several advantages of enhancing fiber photosensensitivity through the "hydrogen loading" technique. "hydrogen loading" allows strong gratings to be fabricated in any germanosilicate fiber, including standard telecommunication fibers that typically have low germanium concentrations and hence do not exhibit strong intrinsic photosensitivity. Enhanced photosensitization can be localized, index changes can be induced over short lengths of fiber having the rest unaffected. Permanent changes occur only in the regions that are heated or UV irradiated, the unreacted H2 in other sections of the fiber slowly diffuse out. Therefore, there is negligible absorption losses at the three principal optical communication windows.
H~drogen loading technique has been used widely in fiber Bragg grating fabrication'16>-' Because H2 gas has a potential possibility of causing explosion if it is mixed with Oxygen under flame or sparks. It could be not sate in the circumstances that the HZ
is not properly treated. No one has studied the fiber hydrogen loading system or fiber hydrogen loading equipment in very details. Most of the fiber hydrogen loading systems is home made without properly and safe approaches.
Invention In the present invention a new fiber hydrogen loading system with some safe approaches for fiber Bragg grating fabrication and long period grating fabrication is presented.
Hydrogen loading system:
A hydrogen loading system consisted of high-pressure fiber loading chambers, hydrogen leading system, Nitrogen purge system, and gas exhaust system is shown in figure 1. C1, C2, C3 and C4 are high-pressure stainless steel tubing used as fiber loading chambers, Valve 1 to Valve 4 are high-pressure valves for fiber loading and fiber unloading. Valve to Valve 8 are also high-pressure valves for controlling high-pressure H2 gas and high pressure N2 gas. Valves 14 to valve 17 are pressure relief valves to prevent higher pressure in the fiber loading chambers when a higher pressure than normal occurs in the fiber loading chamber due to high temperature or abnormal situation. Valve 11 is used for sealing and exhausting high pressure H2 or N2 gases in the system to diffuse chamber D.
Diffuse chamber D is used to mix HZ and N2 before they are leaded to outside.
Valve 12 is used to purge gases inside diffuse chamber D to outside. Check valve 13 is used to prevent the outside gases (atmosphere) into the fiber loading system. Valve 9 is used to open, close N2 gas cylinder, Valve 10 is used to open and close H2 gas cylinder. Regular 1 is used to regulate and control N2 gas pressure and Regular 2 is used to regulate and control HZ gas pressure.
The fiber hydrogen loading system is working in the following sequences:
1. Loading fibers (or loading other wave-guide), by open valves 1 to valve 4.
After finishing loading fibers, close valve 1 to valve 4.
UV light can induce a permanent refractive index change in some kind optical fibers and optical wave-guides. The photosensitivity of the certain kind optical fiber waveguide can be used to make Bragg grating and long period gratings, which is a permanent, spatially periodic refractive index modulation along the length of the photosensitive core of the optical fiber or optic wave guide. Fiber Bragg gratings have many applications in optical fiber telecommunication, optical sensor and optical information process. '~'-'6' Photosensitivity in germano-silicate fibers and the resultant index gratings in optical fibers were first demonstrated at the Communication Research Center, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, in 1978."' 'g' They launched intense Argon-ion laser radiation into a germania-doped fiber and observed that after several minutes an increase in the reflected light intensity occurred which grew until almost all the light was reflected from the fiber.
Meltz et al. from United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) reported that fiber Bragg gratings could be formed by exposing the core through the cladding glass to two interfering coherent UV beams called side writing technology. '9' Phase mask technique has some advantages over holographic writing approach.'1°>° « 1' The phase mask is made from flat slab of silica glass which is transparent to ultraviolet light.
The phase mask technique simplified the manufacture process for fiber Bragg gratings. In comparison with the holographic technique, the phase mask technique offers easier alignment of the fiber for photoimprinting apparatus and lower coherent requirements on the UV laser beam.
On the subject of fiber Bragg grating formation in optical fibers, photosensitivity is a measurement of index change that can be induced in the core of the fiber.
There are two common approaches, which can increase the photosensitivity of a fiber core.
One is called "Hydrogen loading"'12'. and the another one is "flame brushing"'13>.
Hydrogen loading is a simple technique for achieving ultrahigh UV
photosensitivity in Ge02 doped optical fibers. This technique was first reported by Lemaire et al'12>.
"Hydrogen loading" is carried out by diffusing H2 molecules into fiber core at high pressure and low temperature. Subsequent exposure to UV irradiation then initiates chemical reduction of the glass, greatly increasing the index changes that can be obtained. Large permanent index changes in the fiber core as high as 10-2 have been achieved with this enhancing technique'~4'°'ls>.
There are several advantages of enhancing fiber photosensensitivity through the "hydrogen loading" technique. "hydrogen loading" allows strong gratings to be fabricated in any germanosilicate fiber, including standard telecommunication fibers that typically have low germanium concentrations and hence do not exhibit strong intrinsic photosensitivity. Enhanced photosensitization can be localized, index changes can be induced over short lengths of fiber having the rest unaffected. Permanent changes occur only in the regions that are heated or UV irradiated, the unreacted H2 in other sections of the fiber slowly diffuse out. Therefore, there is negligible absorption losses at the three principal optical communication windows.
H~drogen loading technique has been used widely in fiber Bragg grating fabrication'16>-' Because H2 gas has a potential possibility of causing explosion if it is mixed with Oxygen under flame or sparks. It could be not sate in the circumstances that the HZ
is not properly treated. No one has studied the fiber hydrogen loading system or fiber hydrogen loading equipment in very details. Most of the fiber hydrogen loading systems is home made without properly and safe approaches.
Invention In the present invention a new fiber hydrogen loading system with some safe approaches for fiber Bragg grating fabrication and long period grating fabrication is presented.
Hydrogen loading system:
A hydrogen loading system consisted of high-pressure fiber loading chambers, hydrogen leading system, Nitrogen purge system, and gas exhaust system is shown in figure 1. C1, C2, C3 and C4 are high-pressure stainless steel tubing used as fiber loading chambers, Valve 1 to Valve 4 are high-pressure valves for fiber loading and fiber unloading. Valve to Valve 8 are also high-pressure valves for controlling high-pressure H2 gas and high pressure N2 gas. Valves 14 to valve 17 are pressure relief valves to prevent higher pressure in the fiber loading chambers when a higher pressure than normal occurs in the fiber loading chamber due to high temperature or abnormal situation. Valve 11 is used for sealing and exhausting high pressure H2 or N2 gases in the system to diffuse chamber D.
Diffuse chamber D is used to mix HZ and N2 before they are leaded to outside.
Valve 12 is used to purge gases inside diffuse chamber D to outside. Check valve 13 is used to prevent the outside gases (atmosphere) into the fiber loading system. Valve 9 is used to open, close N2 gas cylinder, Valve 10 is used to open and close H2 gas cylinder. Regular 1 is used to regulate and control N2 gas pressure and Regular 2 is used to regulate and control HZ gas pressure.
The fiber hydrogen loading system is working in the following sequences:
1. Loading fibers (or loading other wave-guide), by open valves 1 to valve 4.
After finishing loading fibers, close valve 1 to valve 4.
2. Purge loading chambers and whole system, by close valve 11, and open valves to valve 8, open valve 9. Then close valve 9 and open valve 11 and valve 12.
3. Repeat one more time of step 2.
4. Loading high pressure H2 gas: close valve 1 l, close valve 9, open valve 5 to valve 8, then open valve 10. After loading chamber pressure is as same as the pressure of HZ
cylinder, close valve 10 and valve 5 to valve 8.
cylinder, close valve 10 and valve 5 to valve 8.
5. Keep loading chamber high pressure for several days (from three days to ten days depending on the requirements for fiber loading).
6. Clean leading channel: close valve 11, open valve 9 until certain pressure.
Close valve 9 and open valve 1 l and valve 12.
Close valve 9 and open valve 1 l and valve 12.
7. Diffuse H2 gas: close valve 12, open valve 11, slowly open valve 5 and let the H2 gas fill in the diffuse chamber D, then open valve 9 to regulate the N2 pressure to a certain value such as SOOpi and let N2 mix with H2 in the diffuse chamber D.
8. Exhausting H2 + N2 mixing gases: slowly open valve 12, and let H2 + N2 gases leading to outside.
9. Repeat step 7 to step 8 for valve 6 to 8 to diffuse the H2 in fiber loading chamber C2 to C4.
10. Purge loading chamber and whole system again three times, as same as step 2.
11. Isolate the fiber loading chamber by close valve 5 to valve 8.
12. Unload fibers: open valve 1 to valve 4 to unload fibers.
13. Close system: close valve 1 to valve 4.
In the invention N2 gas is used to purge the fiber loading chamber and whole system, before loading fiber and after fiber loading is finished, to avoid the H2 gas mixed directly with air for making the system operation more safely.
In the invention a check valve is used at the end of the exhaust pipe to allow only the gases inside the fiber loading system going to outside and to avoid the air from outside coming into the fiber loading system.
In the invention small stainless steel tube (such as 1/4 inch in diameter) is used as fiber loading chamber to keep small amount H2 gas inside fiber loading chamber for safety reason. The length of the fiber loading chamber could be more than 1.5 meters so the long fiber gratings can be written with this kind HZ loaded fibers and high yield of HZ
loaded fiber production can be obtained.
In the invention large size of valves, which are used to load and unload fibers, will be used to make the fiber loading and fiber unloading more easy and convenient especially in the situation of the small diameter fiber loading chamber.
In the invention, before the HZ gas in the fiber loading chamber should be purged out, the H2 gas in the fiber loading chamber should be mixed with N2 gas in the diffuse chamber to reduce its concentration. Diluted HZ gas mixed with N2 gas together will be leaded to outside to make the fiber loading system operation more safe.
In the invention, pressure relief valves can be used in each fiber loading chamber to relieve a higher pressure than the normal one occurs in the fiber loading chamber due to high temperature and abnormal situation.
In the invention, the fiber loading chambers, made from stainless steel tubing, can be one to many numbers and all of them can share the leading gas pipe system.
References:
<1>. Mizrahi, V., Erdogan, T. DiGiovanni, D.J. Lemaire, P.J. MacDonald, W.M.
Kosinski, "Four channel fiber grating demultiplexer", Electronic Letters, vol.
30, pp.780-781 ( 1994) <2>. Eggleton B. J., Krug P.A., and Poladian L. :"Experimental demonstration of compression of dispersed optical pulses by reflection from self chirped optical fiber Bragg gratings", Optics Letters, vol. l0,pp.877-879(1994) <3>. Archambault J.-L., Russel P. St J., Barcelos S., Hua P., and Reekie L.:"Grating frustrated coupler:", a novel channel-dropping filter in single mode optical fiber", Optics Letters, vol. 19, pp.180-182(1994) <4>. Morey W.M., Ball G.A., and Metlz G.:" Photoinduced Bragg Gratings in Optical fibers", Optics and Photonics News, February 1994, pp.8-14 <5>. G.A. Ball, W.W.Morey, and W.H. Glenn, :"Standing-Wave Monomode Erbium Fiber Laser", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 3, pp.613-615(1991) <6>. K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, "Fiber Bragg Grating Technology Fundamentals and Overview", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 15, pp. 1263-1276(1997) <7>. K.O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D.C. Hohnson, and B.S. Kawasaki, "photo-sensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication, " Appl. Phys.
Lett., Vol. 32, pp. 647-649(1978).
<8>. B.S. Kawasaki, K.O.Hill, D.C.Hohnson, and Y.Fujii, "Narrow-band Bragg reflectors in optical fibers," Opt. Lett., Vol. 3, pp.66-68(1978) <9>. G. Meltz, W.W. Morey and W.H. Glenn, "Formation of Bragg Gratings in optical fibers by transverse holographic method", Optics Letters, vol. 14, pp.823-825(1989) <10>. S.Z. Anderson, V. Mizrahi, T.Erdogan, and A.E.White, "Production of in-fiber gratings using a diffractive optical element," Electronics Letters, vol. 29, pp.566-568(1993) <11>. B.Malo, S. Theriault, D.C. Hohnson, F. Bilodeau, J. Albert, and K.O.Hill, "Apodized in-fiber Bragg grating reflectors photoimprinted using a phase mask", Electronics Letters, vol. 31, pp.223-224(1995) <12>. Lemaire, P.J., Atkins, R.M., Mizrahi, V. and Reed, W.A.: "High pressure loading as a techinique for achieving ultrahigh UV photosensitivity and thermal sensitivity in GeOz doped optical fibers", Electronic Letters, V. 29, N13, pp1191-1193(1993).
<13>. Bilodeau, F., Malo, B., Albert, J., Johnson, D.C., and Hill, K.O.:
"Photosensitization of optical fiber and silica-on-silicon/silica waveguide", Optics Letters, L18, N12, pp.953-955(1993).
<14>. Erdogan, T. and Mizrahi, V.: "Fiber phase gratings reflect advances in lightwave technology", Laser Focus World, February 1994, pp73-80.
<15>. Russet, P. St J., Archambault, J.-L., and Reekie, L.:" Fiber gratings", Physics World, October 1993, pp41-46.
<16>. Stephen R. Baker, Howard N. Rourke, Vernon Baker, and Darren Goodchild, "Thermal Decay of Fiber Bragg Gratings Written in Boron and Germanium Codoped Silica Fiber", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, No.B, pp.1470-1477(1998) <17>. J. Canning, Adrian L. G. Carter, and Mark G. Sceats, " Correlation Between Photodarkening and Index Change During 193nm Irradiation of Germanosilicate and Phosphosilicate Fibers", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, No.B, pp.1348-1356(1998).
<18>. C. G. Askins and M.A. Putnam, "Photodarkening and Photobleaching in Fiber Optic Bragg Gratings", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 1 S, No.B, pp.1363-1370(1998)
In the invention N2 gas is used to purge the fiber loading chamber and whole system, before loading fiber and after fiber loading is finished, to avoid the H2 gas mixed directly with air for making the system operation more safely.
In the invention a check valve is used at the end of the exhaust pipe to allow only the gases inside the fiber loading system going to outside and to avoid the air from outside coming into the fiber loading system.
In the invention small stainless steel tube (such as 1/4 inch in diameter) is used as fiber loading chamber to keep small amount H2 gas inside fiber loading chamber for safety reason. The length of the fiber loading chamber could be more than 1.5 meters so the long fiber gratings can be written with this kind HZ loaded fibers and high yield of HZ
loaded fiber production can be obtained.
In the invention large size of valves, which are used to load and unload fibers, will be used to make the fiber loading and fiber unloading more easy and convenient especially in the situation of the small diameter fiber loading chamber.
In the invention, before the HZ gas in the fiber loading chamber should be purged out, the H2 gas in the fiber loading chamber should be mixed with N2 gas in the diffuse chamber to reduce its concentration. Diluted HZ gas mixed with N2 gas together will be leaded to outside to make the fiber loading system operation more safe.
In the invention, pressure relief valves can be used in each fiber loading chamber to relieve a higher pressure than the normal one occurs in the fiber loading chamber due to high temperature and abnormal situation.
In the invention, the fiber loading chambers, made from stainless steel tubing, can be one to many numbers and all of them can share the leading gas pipe system.
References:
<1>. Mizrahi, V., Erdogan, T. DiGiovanni, D.J. Lemaire, P.J. MacDonald, W.M.
Kosinski, "Four channel fiber grating demultiplexer", Electronic Letters, vol.
30, pp.780-781 ( 1994) <2>. Eggleton B. J., Krug P.A., and Poladian L. :"Experimental demonstration of compression of dispersed optical pulses by reflection from self chirped optical fiber Bragg gratings", Optics Letters, vol. l0,pp.877-879(1994) <3>. Archambault J.-L., Russel P. St J., Barcelos S., Hua P., and Reekie L.:"Grating frustrated coupler:", a novel channel-dropping filter in single mode optical fiber", Optics Letters, vol. 19, pp.180-182(1994) <4>. Morey W.M., Ball G.A., and Metlz G.:" Photoinduced Bragg Gratings in Optical fibers", Optics and Photonics News, February 1994, pp.8-14 <5>. G.A. Ball, W.W.Morey, and W.H. Glenn, :"Standing-Wave Monomode Erbium Fiber Laser", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 3, pp.613-615(1991) <6>. K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, "Fiber Bragg Grating Technology Fundamentals and Overview", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 15, pp. 1263-1276(1997) <7>. K.O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D.C. Hohnson, and B.S. Kawasaki, "photo-sensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication, " Appl. Phys.
Lett., Vol. 32, pp. 647-649(1978).
<8>. B.S. Kawasaki, K.O.Hill, D.C.Hohnson, and Y.Fujii, "Narrow-band Bragg reflectors in optical fibers," Opt. Lett., Vol. 3, pp.66-68(1978) <9>. G. Meltz, W.W. Morey and W.H. Glenn, "Formation of Bragg Gratings in optical fibers by transverse holographic method", Optics Letters, vol. 14, pp.823-825(1989) <10>. S.Z. Anderson, V. Mizrahi, T.Erdogan, and A.E.White, "Production of in-fiber gratings using a diffractive optical element," Electronics Letters, vol. 29, pp.566-568(1993) <11>. B.Malo, S. Theriault, D.C. Hohnson, F. Bilodeau, J. Albert, and K.O.Hill, "Apodized in-fiber Bragg grating reflectors photoimprinted using a phase mask", Electronics Letters, vol. 31, pp.223-224(1995) <12>. Lemaire, P.J., Atkins, R.M., Mizrahi, V. and Reed, W.A.: "High pressure loading as a techinique for achieving ultrahigh UV photosensitivity and thermal sensitivity in GeOz doped optical fibers", Electronic Letters, V. 29, N13, pp1191-1193(1993).
<13>. Bilodeau, F., Malo, B., Albert, J., Johnson, D.C., and Hill, K.O.:
"Photosensitization of optical fiber and silica-on-silicon/silica waveguide", Optics Letters, L18, N12, pp.953-955(1993).
<14>. Erdogan, T. and Mizrahi, V.: "Fiber phase gratings reflect advances in lightwave technology", Laser Focus World, February 1994, pp73-80.
<15>. Russet, P. St J., Archambault, J.-L., and Reekie, L.:" Fiber gratings", Physics World, October 1993, pp41-46.
<16>. Stephen R. Baker, Howard N. Rourke, Vernon Baker, and Darren Goodchild, "Thermal Decay of Fiber Bragg Gratings Written in Boron and Germanium Codoped Silica Fiber", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, No.B, pp.1470-1477(1998) <17>. J. Canning, Adrian L. G. Carter, and Mark G. Sceats, " Correlation Between Photodarkening and Index Change During 193nm Irradiation of Germanosilicate and Phosphosilicate Fibers", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, No.B, pp.1348-1356(1998).
<18>. C. G. Askins and M.A. Putnam, "Photodarkening and Photobleaching in Fiber Optic Bragg Gratings", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 1 S, No.B, pp.1363-1370(1998)
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2254016 CA2254016A1 (en) | 1998-11-27 | 1998-11-27 | Optical fiber hydrogen loading system for fiber bragg grating fabrication and for long period grating fabrication |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2254016 CA2254016A1 (en) | 1998-11-27 | 1998-11-27 | Optical fiber hydrogen loading system for fiber bragg grating fabrication and for long period grating fabrication |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2254016A1 true CA2254016A1 (en) | 2000-05-27 |
Family
ID=29425648
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2254016 Abandoned CA2254016A1 (en) | 1998-11-27 | 1998-11-27 | Optical fiber hydrogen loading system for fiber bragg grating fabrication and for long period grating fabrication |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2254016A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7582372B2 (en) * | 2002-11-29 | 2009-09-01 | Keihin Corporation | Pressure regulator for fuel cell |
| CN112379477A (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2021-02-19 | 珠海光库科技股份有限公司 | Self-pressurization type optical fiber hydrogen carrying system and optical fiber hydrogen carrying method thereof |
-
1998
- 1998-11-27 CA CA 2254016 patent/CA2254016A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7582372B2 (en) * | 2002-11-29 | 2009-09-01 | Keihin Corporation | Pressure regulator for fuel cell |
| CN112379477A (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2021-02-19 | 珠海光库科技股份有限公司 | Self-pressurization type optical fiber hydrogen carrying system and optical fiber hydrogen carrying method thereof |
| CN112379477B (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2022-07-29 | 珠海光库科技股份有限公司 | Self-pressurization type optical fiber hydrogen loading system and optical fiber hydrogen loading method thereof |
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