CA2237484A1 - Formulation for the controlled release of formic acid for use in the control of mites in honey bees (apis mellifera) - Google Patents
Formulation for the controlled release of formic acid for use in the control of mites in honey bees (apis mellifera) Download PDFInfo
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- CA2237484A1 CA2237484A1 CA 2237484 CA2237484A CA2237484A1 CA 2237484 A1 CA2237484 A1 CA 2237484A1 CA 2237484 CA2237484 CA 2237484 CA 2237484 A CA2237484 A CA 2237484A CA 2237484 A1 CA2237484 A1 CA 2237484A1
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- formic acid
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Abstract
A gel formulation comprising formic acid and an acid-stable gelling agent, wherein the formulation provides controlled release of the formic acid; and a method for preventing or controlling mite infestation of honey bee colonies which comprisespreparing a gel formulation comprising formic acid and an acid-stable gelling agent, wherein the formulation provides controlled release of the formic acid, and placing the formulation in a beehive are disclosed.
Description
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 FORMULATION FOR THE CONTROLLED RELEASE OF
FORMIC ACID FC)R US~ IN THE CONTROL OF
MITES IN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) This application claims priority from Provisional Application No. 60/046,965, filed May 19, 1997.
Background of the Invention The p-resent invention relates to the use of formic acid to control mites in honey bee colonies aLnd, particularly, to an improved formulation for the controlled release of the fonmic aciid, and to a method for preparing the formulation.
The honey industry has been plagued for the past few years with heavy losses of ~honey bees due to infestations of tracheal and/or varroa mites. Fonmic acid has been used previously as a miticide but only in the liquid state. 1'ypically, the liquid acid is poured c)nto various substrates such as cardboard, cloth rags ~md various paper materials. The evaporation raLte of the fonmic acid using these substrates is essentially uncontrolled, so that the application of the fonmic acid required constant attention. Too little fonmic acid might evapon Lte quickly leaving the hive untreated for extended periods of time providing ineffective treatment and too much fonnic acid can harrn the bee population.
]~urthermore, fonmic acid in the liquid state is corrosive to skin tissue and, therefore, presents a haz;ard to the beekeeper. Accordingly, there is a need in the beekeeping industry for a safer and more effective fonmulation which controls the release of the l'onmic acid to provide a safe and effective miticide.
Brief Surnmary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention, formic acid in the form of a gel, a semi-solid, or a solid is used as a miticide for tracheal and/or varroa mites in bee hives. Formic acid in the gel fonm not only extends the effective action of the formic acid miticide, but rnakes the fonnic acid safer to handle. By controlling the release of the fonmic acid, there is less bee mortality and the longer exposure time assures a higher mite kill rate.
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 A first embodiment of the invention is a gel formulation comprising formic acid ~md an acid-stable gelling agent wherein the formulation provides controlled release of the formic acid.
A second embodiment of the in-vention is a method for preventing or controlling mite infestation of honey bee colonies which comprises: preparing a gel formulation c omprising formic acid and an acid-stalble gelling agent, wherein the formulation provides conb-olled release of the formi c acid; and placing the formulation in a beehive.
This invention is a novel, effective composition and method for controlling the c ffectiveness of fornnic acid on mites, particularly tracheal and varroa mites, that attack honey bees. T he invention is an improvement on the use of liquid formic acid with regard to evaFIoration rate control, worker safety and mortality rate of the honey bees in the active colonies. The controlled release forrnulatio-n is preferably directed to the use f'or bee mite c~ntrol. However, the gel forrnulation can be easily adapted for other uses requiring a slow, controlled release of f'orrnic acid.
Detailed Description of the Invention Formic acid is an organic acid having the structure HCOOH. It is a colorless, fùming liquid having a penetrating odor and is highly corrosive to skin and tissue.
Forrnic acid is commonly used as a desiccating material to control parasitic mites, particularly tracheal and varroa mites, in honey bee colonies. While formic acid is highly effective in killing the tracheal and varroa mites, the physical characteristics of formic acid makes it inefficient and hazardous to both the beekeeper and to the bee population.
In accordance with the invention, it has been found that formic acid can be provided as a gel formulation. This formic acid gel formulation is significantly superior to liquid formic acid with regard to control of the evaporation rate, worker safety and rnortality rate of the honey bees in the active colonies. More specifically, the advantages realized by the present invention, wherein the controlled release of formic acid is employed instead of conventional liquid forrnic acid, include:
(1) the effective use of higher concentrations of formic acid;
FORMIC ACID FC)R US~ IN THE CONTROL OF
MITES IN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) This application claims priority from Provisional Application No. 60/046,965, filed May 19, 1997.
Background of the Invention The p-resent invention relates to the use of formic acid to control mites in honey bee colonies aLnd, particularly, to an improved formulation for the controlled release of the fonmic aciid, and to a method for preparing the formulation.
The honey industry has been plagued for the past few years with heavy losses of ~honey bees due to infestations of tracheal and/or varroa mites. Fonmic acid has been used previously as a miticide but only in the liquid state. 1'ypically, the liquid acid is poured c)nto various substrates such as cardboard, cloth rags ~md various paper materials. The evaporation raLte of the fonmic acid using these substrates is essentially uncontrolled, so that the application of the fonmic acid required constant attention. Too little fonmic acid might evapon Lte quickly leaving the hive untreated for extended periods of time providing ineffective treatment and too much fonnic acid can harrn the bee population.
]~urthermore, fonmic acid in the liquid state is corrosive to skin tissue and, therefore, presents a haz;ard to the beekeeper. Accordingly, there is a need in the beekeeping industry for a safer and more effective fonmulation which controls the release of the l'onmic acid to provide a safe and effective miticide.
Brief Surnmary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention, formic acid in the form of a gel, a semi-solid, or a solid is used as a miticide for tracheal and/or varroa mites in bee hives. Formic acid in the gel fonm not only extends the effective action of the formic acid miticide, but rnakes the fonnic acid safer to handle. By controlling the release of the fonmic acid, there is less bee mortality and the longer exposure time assures a higher mite kill rate.
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 A first embodiment of the invention is a gel formulation comprising formic acid ~md an acid-stable gelling agent wherein the formulation provides controlled release of the formic acid.
A second embodiment of the in-vention is a method for preventing or controlling mite infestation of honey bee colonies which comprises: preparing a gel formulation c omprising formic acid and an acid-stalble gelling agent, wherein the formulation provides conb-olled release of the formi c acid; and placing the formulation in a beehive.
This invention is a novel, effective composition and method for controlling the c ffectiveness of fornnic acid on mites, particularly tracheal and varroa mites, that attack honey bees. T he invention is an improvement on the use of liquid formic acid with regard to evaFIoration rate control, worker safety and mortality rate of the honey bees in the active colonies. The controlled release forrnulatio-n is preferably directed to the use f'or bee mite c~ntrol. However, the gel forrnulation can be easily adapted for other uses requiring a slow, controlled release of f'orrnic acid.
Detailed Description of the Invention Formic acid is an organic acid having the structure HCOOH. It is a colorless, fùming liquid having a penetrating odor and is highly corrosive to skin and tissue.
Forrnic acid is commonly used as a desiccating material to control parasitic mites, particularly tracheal and varroa mites, in honey bee colonies. While formic acid is highly effective in killing the tracheal and varroa mites, the physical characteristics of formic acid makes it inefficient and hazardous to both the beekeeper and to the bee population.
In accordance with the invention, it has been found that formic acid can be provided as a gel formulation. This formic acid gel formulation is significantly superior to liquid formic acid with regard to control of the evaporation rate, worker safety and rnortality rate of the honey bees in the active colonies. More specifically, the advantages realized by the present invention, wherein the controlled release of formic acid is employed instead of conventional liquid forrnic acid, include:
(1) the effective use of higher concentrations of formic acid;
(2) fewer applications of the controlled release formulation;
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 (3) improve safety for the beekeeper with the use of the controlled release gel formulation;
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 (3) improve safety for the beekeeper with the use of the controlled release gel formulation;
(4) the controlled release formulation can be employed at higher ambient temperature without danger to the bees of overdose due to uncontrolled evaporation of the fonmic acid; and (5) the controlled release gel formulation of fonmic acid can be provided in more efficient delivery systems than c~m the liquid fonmulations, e.g., the gel fonmulation can be used cn a substrate such as foarns, fiber pads and other porous materials. The gel can also be used without a substrate.
The gel formulation can be easily transported by placing the gel onto a porous substrate and wrapping the gel-containing substrate iIl an impervious tear away film for easy and safe application by the handler. To use the fonmulation, the film is removed and the gel-containing substrate is placed on the top bars of the upper brood chamber of the beehive. The formic acid, being heavier than air, migrates downward through the beehive effectively killing the mites without hanming the honey bees. Since the formic acid is slowly released from the fonmulation in a continuous manner, and remains trapped within the confines of the beehive, it remains effective for killing the mites over extended periods of time compared to liquid fonmic acid which evaporates much more readily.
The liquid fonmic acid concentration utilized is from the dilute, e.g., 10% to the concentrated 95%. A higher concentration of'fonmic acid, e.g., 90 to 95~/0 by weight is preferred because the efficacy is better and less material is required. However, lower concentrations can be easily utilized.
The release rate of the acid is regulated by the amount of gelling material used in the fonmulation, i.e., the greater the amount of gel material employed, the lower the release rate. Typically, the gelling agent is present in an amount of about 20 to 40% by weight and the fonmic acid solution is presenl: in an amount of about 60 to 80% by weight.
The gelling agents are acid-stable materials, e.g., starches such as Ultra-Sperse(~)M sold by National Starch and Chemical Company; pectins such as GENIJ
Pectin USP-I,-200 available from Hercules, Inc.; or xanthan gums such as Kelgam~ASX, an acid-stable xanthan gum sold by Ke~lco Industrial Biopolymers. Preferably the CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 gelling material is food grade or is a material which appears on the GRAS list (generally Eegarded as safe) to avoid any possible cont~rnin~tion of the honey or harm to the bees.
Other additives such as menthol and thymol can be dissolved in the formic acid and gelled to enhance tracheal mite control, if desired. Menthol and thymol are known to possess miticil:e activity but they are generally considered to be too volatile to be effective. However, when employed in combination with the formic acid gels of the present invention, these formulations cause the menthol and thyrnol vapors to fall rather than rise because the formic acid vapor is heavier than air and will pull the menthol or thymol vapors it to the bottom of the hive where they remain active for long periods of time. Typical]y, the menthol andlor th~mol can be used in the formic acid formulations of the present invention in amounts up lo about 30% by weight and preferably, about 15 to 25% by weight.
Example 1 5 Grams of Ultra-Sperse(~) M Modified Food Starch from National Starch and C'hemical Company and 9 grams of 95~,'0 formic acid were thoroughly mixed in a 150 ml beaker forminp, a gel and the beaker was set aside. The beaker cont~ining the gel was weighed perio~1ically to determine the weight loss of the gel indicating the evaporation of formic acid. I'he material released the l'ormic acid over a period of 15 days. The ambient temperature was between 68 and 72~ F. The average release of formic acid was approximately 0.5g per day.
Example 2 20 Gra~ms of Ultra-Sperse@~) M Modified Food Starch from National Starch and Chemical Company and 35 grams of 95% formic acid was thoroughly mixed in a 150mlbeaker forming~ a gel and the beaker wa, set aside. The beaker cont~ining the gel was weighed periodically to determine the weight loss of the gel indicating the evaporation of formic acid. I'he material released the i'ormic acid over a period of 15 days with a controlled release of approximately 1.0 grams of formic acid per day.
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 Example3 30 Gra~ms Ultra-Sperse(~ M Modified :Food Starch from National Starch and Chemical Cornpany and 100 grams of '35% formic acid were thoroughly mixed in a 250ml beaker. A portion of the resulting gel was spread onto a 1 /4"x6"x9" porous foam pad. The pad provides a substrate for t]he formic acid gel and allows for air to flow tlnrough the device to enhance the release of the formic acid vapor. Another portion of tlne gel formulation was spread onto a coarsely woven fiberglass matrix. Both of the samples were wrapped in cheesecloth and tested in acl:ive bee hives.
Example 3 forrnulations were tested in honey bee hives for efficacy, 10 hives for each matrix. The plastic foam pad device killed a very significant number of the tracheal nnites in ten (10) trial hives. The fiberglass coarse pad device also killed a very significant nulnber of the tracheal mites in ten ( 10) trial hives. No abnormal bee mortality was noted in any of the 20 test hives.
No eva,luation was done for the kill rate of Varroa mites but liquid formic acid has been used previously for control. The extended release will be useful for Varroa mite control. The Varroa mites require a long term exposure of approximateiy 45 days from a significant eraldication. Adjustments to the formulations can give the required 45 day release.
Example 4 5 Grams of GENU Pectin USP-]_-200 from He-rcules, Inc. and 9 grams of 95%
formic acid was thoroughly mixed in a 150ml beaker forming a gel and the beaker was set aside. The material gelled indicating the feasibility of using pectin as a gelling agent, the effectiveness of this material was not determined because of the high cost of the pectin.
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 Exarnple S
120 Grams of Ultra Sperse M and 300 ml of 90% Fonmic acid were mixed to gel and spread on a 12"x16" fiberglass pad. The pad was placed in a lS"x18" polyethylene bag that had twelve 1.1875" diameter holes in the bottom and six 1.1875" diameter holes in the top. The holes were positioned so as to cover the m:lximum area of the pad surface in the bottom and the top holes were positioned so that the holes were not directly in line with a bottom hole. These pad/bag configurations were placed inside another plastic sealable bag f;~r shipment and handling purposes. In the field the outer bag was removed cmd the pad/bag (inner) was laid on top of the bee hives under the inner cover. The fumes from the pads were released into the hive thus killing the mites, both tracheal and vanroa.
',ome of the hives analyses showed upwards to 98% mortality of the varroa mites.Though no analysis was done for tracheal mite mortality, it believed that nearly 100% of the tracheal mites were killed using this pad configuration. The test was for thirty days but 45 days may be required for a full k.ill rate on the vanroa because of two generations being int he h ive at the same time one of which is hidden in the bee larva sacs. If a 45 day extended release is required, the pads can be made to contain 450ml of 90% formic using 180 grams of the starch.
While the highly concentrated solutions of fonnic acid were somewhat difficult to gel, the gel once fonmed did not reliquify.
While the present invention is particularly use~ul to treat tracheal and vanroa mite infested honey bee hives, such fonmulations c~m be utilized in any situation where -controlled release of fonmic acid is desired.
Having described the invention in detail and by reference to prefenred aspects thereof, it wil] be apparent that modifications and variations are possible with departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
The gel formulation can be easily transported by placing the gel onto a porous substrate and wrapping the gel-containing substrate iIl an impervious tear away film for easy and safe application by the handler. To use the fonmulation, the film is removed and the gel-containing substrate is placed on the top bars of the upper brood chamber of the beehive. The formic acid, being heavier than air, migrates downward through the beehive effectively killing the mites without hanming the honey bees. Since the formic acid is slowly released from the fonmulation in a continuous manner, and remains trapped within the confines of the beehive, it remains effective for killing the mites over extended periods of time compared to liquid fonmic acid which evaporates much more readily.
The liquid fonmic acid concentration utilized is from the dilute, e.g., 10% to the concentrated 95%. A higher concentration of'fonmic acid, e.g., 90 to 95~/0 by weight is preferred because the efficacy is better and less material is required. However, lower concentrations can be easily utilized.
The release rate of the acid is regulated by the amount of gelling material used in the fonmulation, i.e., the greater the amount of gel material employed, the lower the release rate. Typically, the gelling agent is present in an amount of about 20 to 40% by weight and the fonmic acid solution is presenl: in an amount of about 60 to 80% by weight.
The gelling agents are acid-stable materials, e.g., starches such as Ultra-Sperse(~)M sold by National Starch and Chemical Company; pectins such as GENIJ
Pectin USP-I,-200 available from Hercules, Inc.; or xanthan gums such as Kelgam~ASX, an acid-stable xanthan gum sold by Ke~lco Industrial Biopolymers. Preferably the CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 gelling material is food grade or is a material which appears on the GRAS list (generally Eegarded as safe) to avoid any possible cont~rnin~tion of the honey or harm to the bees.
Other additives such as menthol and thymol can be dissolved in the formic acid and gelled to enhance tracheal mite control, if desired. Menthol and thymol are known to possess miticil:e activity but they are generally considered to be too volatile to be effective. However, when employed in combination with the formic acid gels of the present invention, these formulations cause the menthol and thyrnol vapors to fall rather than rise because the formic acid vapor is heavier than air and will pull the menthol or thymol vapors it to the bottom of the hive where they remain active for long periods of time. Typical]y, the menthol andlor th~mol can be used in the formic acid formulations of the present invention in amounts up lo about 30% by weight and preferably, about 15 to 25% by weight.
Example 1 5 Grams of Ultra-Sperse(~) M Modified Food Starch from National Starch and C'hemical Company and 9 grams of 95~,'0 formic acid were thoroughly mixed in a 150 ml beaker forminp, a gel and the beaker was set aside. The beaker cont~ining the gel was weighed perio~1ically to determine the weight loss of the gel indicating the evaporation of formic acid. I'he material released the l'ormic acid over a period of 15 days. The ambient temperature was between 68 and 72~ F. The average release of formic acid was approximately 0.5g per day.
Example 2 20 Gra~ms of Ultra-Sperse@~) M Modified Food Starch from National Starch and Chemical Company and 35 grams of 95% formic acid was thoroughly mixed in a 150mlbeaker forming~ a gel and the beaker wa, set aside. The beaker cont~ining the gel was weighed periodically to determine the weight loss of the gel indicating the evaporation of formic acid. I'he material released the i'ormic acid over a period of 15 days with a controlled release of approximately 1.0 grams of formic acid per day.
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 Example3 30 Gra~ms Ultra-Sperse(~ M Modified :Food Starch from National Starch and Chemical Cornpany and 100 grams of '35% formic acid were thoroughly mixed in a 250ml beaker. A portion of the resulting gel was spread onto a 1 /4"x6"x9" porous foam pad. The pad provides a substrate for t]he formic acid gel and allows for air to flow tlnrough the device to enhance the release of the formic acid vapor. Another portion of tlne gel formulation was spread onto a coarsely woven fiberglass matrix. Both of the samples were wrapped in cheesecloth and tested in acl:ive bee hives.
Example 3 forrnulations were tested in honey bee hives for efficacy, 10 hives for each matrix. The plastic foam pad device killed a very significant number of the tracheal nnites in ten (10) trial hives. The fiberglass coarse pad device also killed a very significant nulnber of the tracheal mites in ten ( 10) trial hives. No abnormal bee mortality was noted in any of the 20 test hives.
No eva,luation was done for the kill rate of Varroa mites but liquid formic acid has been used previously for control. The extended release will be useful for Varroa mite control. The Varroa mites require a long term exposure of approximateiy 45 days from a significant eraldication. Adjustments to the formulations can give the required 45 day release.
Example 4 5 Grams of GENU Pectin USP-]_-200 from He-rcules, Inc. and 9 grams of 95%
formic acid was thoroughly mixed in a 150ml beaker forming a gel and the beaker was set aside. The material gelled indicating the feasibility of using pectin as a gelling agent, the effectiveness of this material was not determined because of the high cost of the pectin.
CA 02237484 1998-0~-13 Exarnple S
120 Grams of Ultra Sperse M and 300 ml of 90% Fonmic acid were mixed to gel and spread on a 12"x16" fiberglass pad. The pad was placed in a lS"x18" polyethylene bag that had twelve 1.1875" diameter holes in the bottom and six 1.1875" diameter holes in the top. The holes were positioned so as to cover the m:lximum area of the pad surface in the bottom and the top holes were positioned so that the holes were not directly in line with a bottom hole. These pad/bag configurations were placed inside another plastic sealable bag f;~r shipment and handling purposes. In the field the outer bag was removed cmd the pad/bag (inner) was laid on top of the bee hives under the inner cover. The fumes from the pads were released into the hive thus killing the mites, both tracheal and vanroa.
',ome of the hives analyses showed upwards to 98% mortality of the varroa mites.Though no analysis was done for tracheal mite mortality, it believed that nearly 100% of the tracheal mites were killed using this pad configuration. The test was for thirty days but 45 days may be required for a full k.ill rate on the vanroa because of two generations being int he h ive at the same time one of which is hidden in the bee larva sacs. If a 45 day extended release is required, the pads can be made to contain 450ml of 90% formic using 180 grams of the starch.
While the highly concentrated solutions of fonnic acid were somewhat difficult to gel, the gel once fonmed did not reliquify.
While the present invention is particularly use~ul to treat tracheal and vanroa mite infested honey bee hives, such fonmulations c~m be utilized in any situation where -controlled release of fonmic acid is desired.
Having described the invention in detail and by reference to prefenred aspects thereof, it wil] be apparent that modifications and variations are possible with departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
Claims (20)
1. A gel formulation comprising formic acid and an acid-stable gelling agent, wherein said formulation provides controlled release of said formic acid.
2. The formulation of claim 1 wherein said formic acid is an aqueous solution offormic acid comprising about 10 to greater than 95% by weight formic acid.
3. The formulation of claim 2 wherein said formic acid solution comprises about 90 to 95% by weight formic acid.
4. The formulation of claim 1 wherein said gelling agent comprises starch, pectin, xanthan gum or mixtures thereof.
5. The formulation of claim 2 wherein said gelling agent is present in amount ofabout 20 to 40% by weight and said formic acid solution is present in an amount of about 60 to 80% by weight.
6. The formulation of claim 1 further comprising up to about 30% by weight menthol, thymol or mixtures thereof.
7. The formulation of claim 6 wherein said formulation comprises about 15 to 25% by weight menthol, thymol, or mixtures thereof.
8. The formulation of claim 1 wherein said formulation is employed on a porous substrate.
9. The formulation of claim 1 wherein said formulation is useful for treating mite infested honey bee colonies.
10. The formulation of claim 9 wherein said formulation is useful for treating tracheal or varroa mite infested honey bee colonies.
11. A method for preventing or controlling mite infestation of honey bee colonies which comprises:
preparing a gel formulation comprising formic acid and an acid-stable gelling agent, wherein said formulation provides controlled release of said formic acid; and placing said formulation in a beehive.
preparing a gel formulation comprising formic acid and an acid-stable gelling agent, wherein said formulation provides controlled release of said formic acid; and placing said formulation in a beehive.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein said method comprises mixing about 20 to 40%
by weight gelling agent with about 60 to 80% by weight aqueous formic acid solution.
by weight gelling agent with about 60 to 80% by weight aqueous formic acid solution.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein said formic acid solution comprises about 10 to greater than 95% by weight formic acid.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein formic acid solution comprises about 90 to 95%
by weight formic acid.
by weight formic acid.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein said gelling agent comprises starch, pectin, xanthan gum, or mixtures thereof.
16. The method of claim 11 wherein said formulation further comprises up to about 30% by weight menthol, thymol or mixtures thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said formulation comprises about 15 to 25% by weight menthol, thynol or mixtures thereof.
18. The method of claim 11 wherein said formulation is employed on a porous substrate.
19. The method of claim 11 wherein said formulation is useful for treating tracheal or varroa mite infested honey bee colonies.
20. The method of claim 11 wherein said formulation is placed under the inner cover at the top of the beehive.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US4694597P | 1997-05-19 | 1997-05-19 | |
| US60/046,945 | 1997-05-19 | ||
| US6574198A | 1998-04-24 | 1998-04-24 | |
| US09/065,741 | 1998-04-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2237484A1 true CA2237484A1 (en) | 1998-11-19 |
Family
ID=26724465
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2237484 Abandoned CA2237484A1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-13 | Formulation for the controlled release of formic acid for use in the control of mites in honey bees (apis mellifera) |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2237484A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1374678A1 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-02 | Hubert Schuhleitner | Microcapsules for controlling mites |
| WO2006017310A1 (en) * | 2004-07-12 | 2006-02-16 | Swanson Melvin J | Methods and reagents for treating honeybees for parasitic mites |
| AT8031U3 (en) * | 2005-04-28 | 2006-07-15 | Hubert Schuhleitner | APPLICATION SYSTEM FOR THE DELIVERY OF AN ACTIVE COMPOUND FOR COMBATING MILKS |
| WO2011029754A3 (en) * | 2009-09-14 | 2011-12-22 | Basf Se | Dispenser comprising a polyester membrane for control of mites in bee hives |
-
1998
- 1998-05-13 CA CA 2237484 patent/CA2237484A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1374678A1 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-02 | Hubert Schuhleitner | Microcapsules for controlling mites |
| WO2006017310A1 (en) * | 2004-07-12 | 2006-02-16 | Swanson Melvin J | Methods and reagents for treating honeybees for parasitic mites |
| US7137864B2 (en) | 2004-07-12 | 2006-11-21 | Swanson Melvin J | Methods and reagents for treating honeybees for parasitic mites |
| AT8031U3 (en) * | 2005-04-28 | 2006-07-15 | Hubert Schuhleitner | APPLICATION SYSTEM FOR THE DELIVERY OF AN ACTIVE COMPOUND FOR COMBATING MILKS |
| WO2011029754A3 (en) * | 2009-09-14 | 2011-12-22 | Basf Se | Dispenser comprising a polyester membrane for control of mites in bee hives |
| US9101132B2 (en) | 2009-09-14 | 2015-08-11 | Basf Se | Dispenser comprising a polyester membrane for control of mites in bee hives |
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