CA2210924C

CA2210924C - Paclitaxel analogs, preparation and use as antitumor agents

Info

Publication number: CA2210924C
Application number: CA002210924A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Ramesh C. Pandey; Luben K. Yankov; Raghu Nair; Alex Poulev
Original assignee: Xechem Inc
Current assignee: Xechem Inc
Priority date: 1995-12-13
Filing date: 1996-12-13
Publication date: 2004-03-02
Anticipated expiration: 2016-12-13
Also published as: BR9607101A; CA2210924A1; AU724929B2; CN1190964A; WO1997029098A1; CN100339373C; AU1461797A

Abstract

The present invention provides novel paclitaxel analogs, specifically 2", 3" side-chain halogenated cephalomannine of the formula wherein, I. (2"R,3"S)-dihalocephalomannine II. (2"S,3"R)-dihalocephalomannine III. (2"R,3"S)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine IV. (2"S,3"R)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"y 3"S)-dihalocephalomannine R1=H R2=OH

(2" R~3"R)-dihalocepha~omannine R ' Rt=OH Ri=H
(2"'S~3"S)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine Rl-H RZnOH
(2"R,3"R)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine R _ R~=H Ri=OH

Description

PACLITAXEL ANALOGS, PREPARATION
AND USE AS ANTITUMOR AGENTS
Paclitaxel is a well known antitumor agent and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for 5 treatment of ovarian and breast cancer. This drug is also presently undergoing clinical trials for treatment of other types of cancer. The world-wide supply of paclitaxel, however, is limited to a finite number of yew trees and other yew species containing relatively small amounts of paclitaxel 10 of which there is a serious shortage for human and animal tumor treatment, and as well as for use in routine bioactivity testing in the development of antitumor agents having paclitaxel-like antitumor activity. Thus, alternate sources of pa.~J.ita~~ce~. as well as <,ite:w,;~a.ce compounds having 15 pacl:~taxel~l~ke antitumor activity are highly desired.
Paclitaxel is most often present in combination with its well known and structurally similar taxane, cephalomannine. The structures of cephalomannine and paclitaxel are shown below (I).
O

NH O
3. 7, 1, O OH v O~~

Paclitaxel y 1. ~ O 12 16 5 (I) x'15. 2 3 ..
Cephalomannine Paclitaxel and cephalomannine are natural products 5 found in the bark of the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia, and other yew species including T. baccata, T. cuspidata, T.
yunnanensis, T. chinensis, T. capitata, T. brownii and T. dark green spreader. These compounds can also be found in Cephalotaxus species such as Cephalotaxus mannii as well as cultured plant cells and fungi.
Cephalomannine has been reported to be effective in causing the remission of leukemic tumors. See U.S. Patent No.
4,206,221.
In accordance with this invention it has now been unexpectedly discovered that certain novel paclitaxel analogs, specifically 2",3" side-chain halogenated cephalomannines show strong in vitro and in vivo paclitaxel-like efficacy in a variety of tumors thereby providing a viable alternative to paclitaxel and paclitaxel derivatives, such as Taxotere~.
20 The chemical structures of both cephalomannine and paclitaxel contain eleven asymmetric carbon atoms, of which nine are in the taxane ring and two are in the side chain at carbon 13. Stereostructures of cephalomannine and paclitaxel are shown below (II):

(II) 1. Paclitaxel R =
2. Cephalomannine; R =
The exocyclic 2",3" side-chain double bond in cephalomannine along with the number of stereocenters present in the structure of this compound suggests the possibility of the existence of numerous stereoisomers of this taxane. For example, cephalomannine can be distributed in two isomeric forms wherein the hydroxyl group at carbon 13 is acylated with phenylisoserine acylated in amino group by either (Z)- or (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid leading to (Z)- and (E)-cephaloman-nines, respectively. In addition, it is known that cephalo-mannine and paclitaxel can be epimerized at carbon 7 either thermally, during chromatographic procedures or in acidic or basic solutions to produce 7-epi-cephalomannine, which is shown below (III). Miller, et al., J. Org. Chem., 40:1469 (1981); Chaudhary, et al., J. Org. Chem., 58:3978, (1993); and blender, et al., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla. " (1995).
Thus, during halogenation the 2",3" side chain positions can give rise to a mixture of diastereomeric products.
Therefore, in addition to that set forth above the invention provides isolated and purified diastereomers of 2",3"-dihalocephalomannine and 2",3"dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine, which show strong antitumor efficacy.
Stereoview of Taxanes I i~ i Therefore, in addition to that set forth above the invention provides isolated and purified diastereomers of 2", 3"-dihalocephalomannine and 2",3"dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine, which show strong antitumor effacy.
O
3. t8 O
4"

5 ' (III) 3, 2, 1\O~
0 off 7-epi-cephaloma.nnine Brief Description of the Figures Fig. 1 is a TLC separation of 2",3"-dibromocephalomannine and 2",3"-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers (DiBr-I-IV).
Fig. 2 is an HPLC chromatogram of a mixture of diastereomers DiBr-I, DiBr-II, DiBr-III and DiBr-IV.
Fig. 3 shows a comparison of the W spectra for diastereomers DiBr-I, DiBr-II, DiBr-III and DiBr-IV.
Fig. 4 shows a comparison of the IR spectra for diastereomers DiBr-I, DiBr-II, DiBr-III and DiBr-IV.
Fig.5 is an EI mass spectrum of diastereomer DiBr-I
which is the same fragmentation pattern for diastereomers DiBr-II, DiBr-III and DiBr-IV.
Fig. 6 is a FAB' mass spectrum of diastereomer DiBr-I which is the same spectrum for diastereomers DiBr-II, DiBr-III and DiBr-IV.
Fig. 7 is the 1H-NMR spectrum of DiBr-I.

n - 4a -Fig. 8 is the 1H-NMR spectrum of DiBr-II.
Fig. 9 is the 1H-NMR spectrum of DiBr-III.
Fig. 10 is the 1H-NMR spectrum of DiBr-IV.
Fig. 11 shows the 13C-NMR spectra of DiBr-I, DiBr-II, DiBr-III and DiBr-IV.
Fig. 22 are mean graphs of dose response of a mixture of dibromo-cephalomannine diastereomers -I and -II in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines.
Fig. 13 are mean graphs of dose response of paclitaxel in a screen of sixty human tumor cells.
Fig. 14 is a TLC separation of dichlorocephalomannine (I and II) and (2"R.3"S) and (2"S.3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine diastereomers (III and IV) respectively.
Fig. 15 is HPLC chromotogram of a mixture of respective dichlorocephalomannine diastereomers (I, II, III
and IV).
Fig. 16 is a comparison of UV spectra of pure dichlorocephalomannine (I and II) and (2"R.3"S) and (2"S.3"R) dichlorocephalomannine diastereomers (III and IV).
Fig. 17 is a comparison of IR spectra of pure dichlorocephalomannine (I and II) and dichlorocephalomannine diastereomers (III and IV).
Fig. 18 is a 1H-NMR spectrum of (2"R.3"S) dichlorocephalomannine (I).
Fig. 19 is 1H-NMR spectrum of (2"S.3"R) dichlorocephalomannine (II).
Fig. 20 is 1H-NMR spectrum of (2"R.3"R) dichlorocephalomannine diastereomers (III).
Fig. 21 1H-NMR spectrum of (2"S.3"S) dichlorocephalomannine diastereomers (IV).
Fig. 22 is a comparison of 13C-NMR spectra of (2"R.3"S) and (2"S.3"R) dichlorocephalomannine (I and II) and ~i - 4b -(2"R.3"R) and (2"S.3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine (III and IV) diastereomers respectively.
Fig. 23 is an EI mass spectrum of (2"S.3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer (IV) which is the same fragmentation pattern for dichloro diasteromers (I), (II) and (III) .
Fig. 24 is a FAB+ mass spectrum of (2"S.3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer (II) which is the same spectrum for dichloro diastereomers (I), (III) and (IV).
Fig. 25 represents mean graphs of dose response of (2"R.3"S) - dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer (I) obtained from this invention in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines.
Fig. 26 represents mean graphs of dose response of the (2"S.3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer (II) obtained from this invention in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines.
Detailed Description of the Invention With Preferred F~nbodiments The present invention provides novel anlogs of paclitaxel, specifically isolated and purified 2", 3"
dihalocephalomannine and 2", 3" dihalo-7-epi-cephalommannine diastereomers, which show strong in vitro and in vivo paclitaxel-like antitumor activity in a variety of tumor cell lines. The invention also provides methods for the preparation of these compounds and their use in tumor treatment.

In accordance with this invention, the diastereomeric mixture of dihalocephalomannine analogs are prepared in good yields from either relatively refined sources of cephalomannine or from complex unpurified mixtures compris-5 ing cephalomanine, paclitaxel and other taxane compounds. The analogs are prepared by selective halogenation of the unsaturated side-chain of the cephalomannine molecule, while leaving other portions or moieties of the molecule or other important taxane compounds in the mixture, such as paclitaxel, intact.
Separation and purification of individual 2",3"-dihalocephalomannine/dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers from the mixture is accomplished by conventional methods, and these compounds also show strong anti-tumor efficacy.
15 The selective halogenation is carried out by reacting cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine under conditions inclusive of a temperature and time effective to selectively halogenate the 2",3" side-chain portion of these compounds, and then separating the resulting less polar 20 mixture of dihalocephalomannine/dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers from paclitaxel and other taxane compounds.
Individual diastereomers can be isolated from the mixture and purified by standard chromatographic techniques and/or recrystallization.
25 The synthetic methods of this invention are advantageously independent of the concentration of cephalomannine and 7-epi-cephalomannine present in various complex or more refined mixtures of taxane compounds and can utilize any source containing cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-30 cephalomannine as starting material. Representative examples of sources include the bark from various Taxus species, such as Taxus brevifolia, Taxus baccata, Taxus yunnanensis, Taxus chinenesis and Taxus wallichiana; from Cephalotaxus species such as Cephalotaxus mannii, plant material; leaves, needles 35 and twigs from various Taxus and Cephalotaxus species, extracts of biomass containing a complex mixture of taxane type compounds, as well as in the downstream purification of cephalomannine and 7-epi-cephalomannine produced from sources such as cell cultures of Taxus and Cephalotaxus species and cephalomannine-producing fungi.
In one example of this invention, a mixture of taxanes comprising cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine 5 in addition to paclitaxel is treated with stoichiometric quantities of halogen, such as for example, bromine or chlorine dissolved in an inert solvent, preferably a chlorinated solvent such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride or ethylene dichloride. In a typical 10 treatment, for example, using a mixture containing approximately 30 wt. % cephalomannine with halogen in carbon tetrachloride results in a quantitative yield of a mixture of 2",3"-dihalocephalomannine diastereomers and the corresponding 2",3"-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers. The general 15 reaction scheme (IV) is as follows:
a o n +
~.- h X z ~~.~e ~o 0 X
A r '+' I V
X I ~'y~l~y~
n ow l.Peddatd 3. 2'.3'-dihalocephalomannine rw:v 1g ctl ,,~~ R2 18 11 g 8 R 1z 16 ~NH O ~s 3 s 17 d''~~~. 2 3 2 1 O~ 13 14 Hd _ A~O
off asZ
wherein, I. (2"R,3"S)-dihalocephalomannine H X O
R - H3C 3- 2~ 1~ R1 =- OH RZ - H
X ...'CH3 II. (2"S,3"R)-dihalocephalomannine H O
R - H3C 3- 2~ 1~ R1- OH RZ - H
H3C ., III. (2"R,3"S)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine H ~( O
R - H C 3. 2° 1. R1 . H Rz - OH

x '~~-~H3 IV. (2"S,3"R)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine x H O
R1=H R,_=OH
R _ H3C 3~
HsC ..X
and X = halogen.
The resulting pure dihalo-diastereomers I-IV can be separated and their chemical structures elucidated by 5 conventional analytical and physicochemical techniques.
Further in accordance with this invention, for mixtures containing cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine and from about 0.01% wt. to about 95.05% wt. paclitaxel, the process is similar to that described above. The mixture is 10 first dissolved in an inert solvent, preferably carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane or methylene chloride which is reacted with a halogen, for example, a solution of bromine or chlorine in an inert chlorinated solvent, and the reaction stirred until cephalomannine is 15 completely reacted. It is preferred that the reaction be run at temperatures between -20°C and 20°C and more preferably between -5°C and 5°C, preferably in the dark. The preferred halogen solution is bromine or chlorine in carbon tetrachloride of from O.O1M to O.1M. To ensure that reaction 20 conditions favor the production of the desired 2",3"-dihalocephalomannine and/or 2",3"-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine diasteromeric reaction products, reaction progress can be conveniently monitored by conventional analytical techniques, for example, HPLC, and the appropriate reaction conditions 25 maintained.
The reaction mixture containing taxane impurities can then be separated and purified by conventional methods such as chromotography and recrystallization and the individual separated and purified diastereomers made available 30 for antitumor treatment.

_ g _ Conventional wisdom would lead one to expect that the use of halogen in the presence of taxane compounds having several functional groups would result in undesired side reactions, thereby depleting the concentration of 5 cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine and halogen without generating the desired dihalocephalomannines, or appreciable yields thereof. It would also be expected that other valuable taxanes such as paclitaxel would be degraded by such halo-genation. However, in accordance with this invention it has 10 been found that selectivity for halogenation of the 2",3"-side-chain double bond in cephalomannine and 7-epi-cephaloman-nine is very high under controlled conditions, with paclitaxel neither significantly degraded nor halogenated. As mentioned above, any undesired degradation or reaction products during 15 halogenation can be avoided and the effective conditions adjusted appropriately without undue experimentation by monitoring the reaction, for example, by HPLC.
The molar equivalents of halogen used in this invention are dependent upon cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-20 cephalomannine content and presence or absence of other unsaturated compounds. In general, a less pure mixture, i.e.
a mixture containing large amounts of unsaturated taxanes relative to cephalomannine and 7-epi--cephalomannine will require a higher molar equivalent of halogen to halogenate all 25 or substantially all of the cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine present in the mixture. Structures of various other unsaturated taxanes typically present along with cephalomannine, 7-epi-cephalomannine and paclitaxel in plant extracts are shown below (V):

,ro 0 0 n y ~ ,v n w L pscGtnd X i aprvodaiw (V) ~.0 0 0 n X- I
n n a~ °"' oa aon ow l.pedita:d 3. 2',3'-dihalocephalomannine The following examples are provided to illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention, specifically selective bromination and chlorination of samples containing 5 cephalomannine, 7-epi-cephalomannine, paclitaxel and other taxanes, all present in varying amounts, and without significant undesirable reactions and/or degradation, for example, of paclitaxel. Examples are also provided which demonstrate the antitumor efficacy of the inventive 10 dihalocephalomannine/dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine compounds.
These examples are only intended for the illustration of some preferred embodiments of this invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

BROMINATION OF A PARTIALLY PURIFIED
MIXTURE CONTAINING CEPHALOMANNINE
A solution of 0.63g of 91.5% cephalomannine (0.0007 moles), also containing about 6-7% paclitaxel, dissolved in 20 150 ml carbon tetrachloride was added to a 500m1 three neck round bottom flask fitted with a 250 ml separatory funnel.

BROMINATION OF A PARTIALLY PURIFIED
MIXTURE CONTAINING CEPHALOMANNINE
A solution of 0.63g of 91.5% cephalomannine (0.0007 moles), also containing about 6-7% paclitaxel, dissolved in 150 ml carbon tetrachloride was added to a 500m1 three neck round bottom flask fitted with a 250 ml separatory funnel.
The flask was then immersed in an ice-salt bath. When the temperature reached -5°C, a solution of bromine (0.1221 g) in carbon tetrachloride (76.31 ml, 0.01 M) was added slowly with stirring at such a rate that the reaction temperature did not, exceed 5°C. The cephalornannine to bromine ratio was 1:1.1 mole. This addition required about three hours and the resulting solution was light brown and cloudy.
The bromination was monitored by HPLC analysis every hour. The reaction was completed when all the cephalomannine present was converted to the 2", 3"-dibromoderivative, which, based on HPLC analysis, required approximately a hrs. The reaction mixture was light yellow to colorless, due to the consumption of the bromine, in contrast to the darker starting solution.
The reaction mixture was then transferred to a one litre separatory funnel and first washed with 0.5% aqueous sodium sulfite (300 ml), 0.5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (300 ml) and then twice with deionized water (200 ml each) to a final pH 6.5. The combined aqueous layer was extracted once with CH2C12 and the CHzCl2 layer mixed with the previous organic extract. The organic layer was next dried over NaZSO"
filtered, and evaporated to dryness. The yield was 0.76 g of a light cream-colored solid which is approximately a 100%
yield based on the starting material.
The cream colored solid material was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (50g, ICN Silitech, 32-63 D, 60 A) using the solvent mixture acetone:CHZC12 (10:90) as the eluent.
Fifty ml fractions were collected and. checked by TLC (Silica gel 60 Fzs4°, Merck #5554, developed with acetone/CH2Clz . 20/80, detected using vanillin-sulfuric acid in methanol spray reagent). The fractions with a single spot at Rf = 0.64 (fractions #26 - #38) were mixed, concentrated to dryness to yield 0.485 g of a light cream powder, which was recrystal-lized to white crystalline solid, mp 158'C, and identified as 5 2", 3"-dibromocephalomannine by physico-chemical methods (TLC, HPLC, UV, IR, NMR, MS). The yield was estimated to be 70% on the basis of starting cephalomannine.

BROMINATION OF A CRUDE MIXTURE CONTAINING
CEPHALOMANNINE, PACLITAXEL AND
OTHER TAXANE-TYPE COMPOUNDS
Using similar apparatus as used in Example 1, a sample of crude paclitaxel (2.0 g) having a mixture of 51.2%
paclitaxel 28.8% cephalomannine, and about 20% other taxanes 15 or non-taxane impurities based on HPLC was dissolved in 150 ml carbon tetrachloride and 150 ml CHzCl2, to yield a clear, light yellow solution. The flask was immersed in an ice-salt bath and stirred. When the temperature reached -5°C, a solution of 0.1332 g 100% bromine in 83.13 ml (0.01 M) of carbon 20 tetrachloride (1 mole cephalomannine . 1.2 moles bromine) was added to the solution at such a rate that the temperature of the reaction mixture did not exceed 5°C. The addition required about three hours and resulted in a cloudy, brownish-yellow solution. After the addition of bromine was completed, the 25 reaction was allowed to continue under the same conditions for an additional 8 hours, with HPLC analysis of the paclitaxel and cephalomannine performed every hour. The reaction was complete when the solution is colorless or light yellow and all the cephalomannine has been converted to the dibromo 30 derivative. If after the additional 8 hours the solution still contained more than 1 - 2% cephalomannine, keeping the initial conditions, 10 ml 0.01 M bromine in carbon tetrachloride was added dropwise and allowed to react for 1 hour before analyzing again with HPLC.
35 Excess bromine from the reaction mixture was removed by washing with 0.5% aqueous NaZS03 (300 ml), 0.5% aqueous NaHC03 (200 ml), and deionized water (2x200 ml). The reaction ~I i mixture was dried using anhydrous NazSO, and concentrated to dryness under high vacuum to yield 2.35 g of dry light cream to white powder. The dry material was then purified on a silica gel column under the conditions listed in Example 1.
The ratio between the mixture to be separated and the silica gel was 1: 60, thus 120 g silica gel were used. Each fraction was checked by TLC and every third fraction by HPLC. Frac-tions with the same Rf in TLC and same retention time in HPLC
were mixed to afford two combined fractions. Fractions (#25-#39) which showed a single TLC spot with Rf 0.64 represented dibromocephalomannine and fractions (#41 - #81) which showed a single TLC spot with Rf 0.49 represented paclitaxel.
Fractions #25 - #39, after concentration to dryness at about 40°C under high vacuum, yielded a white to light 15. yellow solid, 0.460 g, (66.6% theoretical yield) with a m.p.
158' - 160°C (chromatographic purity 96.19%) as determined by TLC.
TLC materials were employed as follows: R~ = 0.64 (single spot) on Silica gel 60 Fz54° Plate (Merck #5554) Solvent system: acetone . CHZCIz (20:80) Spray Reagent: vanilin/sulfuric Acid in methanol Mass Spectrum [FAB]' of the obtained dibromocephalomannine:
[M + H]' - 990, 992, 994 [M + Na]' - 1014 [M + K] ' - 1030 Concentration of the second combined fractions (#41 - #81) yielded 1.16 g ()100% theoretical yield) paclitaxel, which was recrystallized using 50 . 50 acetone/hexane, filtered, washed with the same ratio of cooled solvent and dried under high vacuum at 40°C for 24 hrs. The yield was 0.902 g (45.11% based on the starine material and 88.08% based on the HPLC analysis of paclitaxel in the starting material) of a white crystalline material with a m.p. of 214°C - 216°C.

I ' ~I

TLC analysis materials: Rf = 0.49 in the prese.~.ce of authentic sample on silica gel 60 Fzsa" Plate [Merck #5554) Solvent system: acetone/CH2C12 (20:80) Spray Reagent: vanilin/sulfuric acid in methanol Both the W and the IR spectra of the resulting material match those of pure paclitaxel thereby demonstrating the high selectivity of the bromination reaction for the 2", 3" unsaturated side chain positions of cephalomannine while leaving its close analog paclitaxel untouched.

SCALED-UP EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING BROMINATION
OF A CRUDE MIXTORE CONTAINING CEPHALOMANNINE
A solution of 10.00 g crude paclitaxel (on the basis of HPLC analysis the content was 28.8% cephalomannine, 51.2%
paclitaxel and approximately 20% other taxane or non-taxane impurities) was dissolved in 1.5 1 carbon tetrachloride in a 2 1 three-necked flask fitted with a S00 ml separatory funnel, reflux condenser, thermometer and magnetic stirrer and immersed in an ice-salt bath. The reaction mixture was stirred until the temperature reached -5°C and then 41.2 ml of 0.1 M bromine (0.665g bromine) in carbon tetrachloride was added dropwise for about 3 hours. The molar ratio between cephalomannine and bromine was 1 . 1.2. The temperature did not exceed 5°C. After the bromine addition was completed, stirring was continued while maintaining the temperature at -1°C to 5°C. The reaction was monitored by HPLC every hour until all the cephalomannine had been converted to the dibromo derivatives (approximately 8 hrs.). The final color of the 1500 - 1600 ml of solution was light yellow or cream, depending on the color of the starting mixture and the possible presence of a small excess of bromine.
To remove any trace of bromine, the reaction mixture was washed with 0.5% aqueous Na2S03 (500 ml), 0.5% aqueous NaHC03 (500 ml), and deionized water (2x500 ml). The reaction mixture was next dried with anhydrous Na2S0, and concentrated i to dryness under vacuum to yield 13.20 g of a light cream to white solid material.
This material was chromatographically separated on a silica gel column under the conditions listed above in Examples 1 and 2. A 100 x 5 cm glass column was prepared by the slurry method with 600 g silica gel (ratio 1:50). The column was eluted with acetone/CHZC12 (10 . 90). One 1 of acetone/CH2C12 (25 . 75) was used as a final column wash.
Every fraction was analyzed by TLC and every third fraction by HPLC. Fractions #11 - #22 had a single spot at Rf = 0.64 and their combination, concentration and drying (40°C, high vacuum), yielded 3.25 g (95%) of 2",3"-dibromocephalomannine as a white to light yellow solid.
Analysis of this compound is as follows:
m.p.. 158 - 160°C.
Rf = 0.64 (single spot) on silica gel 60 F2sa plate [Merck #5554].
Solvent system: Acetone/CH2C12 (20 . 80) Spray Reagent: Vanilin/Sulfuric Acid in Methanol.
Elemental Composition and Molecular Weight (on the basis of HR FAB') C45H54N~1479Br2 [M + H] ' .
Calculated: 990.191000 Found: 990.191103 (nm = 0.1 ppm) CASH54NO1479Br81Br [M + H] ' .
Calculated: 992.181000 Found: 992.189057 (nm = 8.1 ppm) C45H54N~1481Br2 [M + H] ' .
Calculated: 994.175000 Found: 994.187011 (om = 12.1 ppm) CasHs3N~iaNa'9Br81Bz' [M + Na] ' .
Calculated: 1014.161000 Found: 1014.171002 (nm = 9.9 ppm) CasHs3N~i4K~9BrelBr [M + K] ' .
Calculated: 1030.097000 Found: 1030.144940 (nm = 46.5 ppm) [oc] DZS-_40.207' (c 0 .29, MeOH) 5 UV Spectrum in CH30H [Amax nm, ( a ) ] : 274 . 2 ( 1550 . 8 ) ; 227 . 1 (18610.4); 221.8 (18325.1) IR Spectrum in KBr (cm-1) 3500, 1105, 1070 (tert & sec OH) 3420, 1670, 1580 (-CONH-) 3110, 3060, 1605, 1505, 770, 710 (monosubt. aromatic cpds.) 3060, 2960, 2915, 2870, 1465, (-CH3, -CH2-, =CH-) 3020, 1670, 1310, 980 (double bond) 1730, 1270 (aromatic esters) 1715, 1240 (>C=O) 1730, 1180 (acetates) 855 (epoxy rings) 520 (bromo compounds) 1H sNMR in CDC13 (300 MHz) : 1 . 94 (d, 3H, -COC (Br) CH3 -5" ) (ppm;side chain protons only) 1.98 (d,3H, -HC(Br)CH3 -4") 4.63 (qt, 1H, >CH(Br) -3") 13C NMR (300 MHz) 170.21 and 170.25 (C-1') (in ppm; side-chain C only) 72.76 and 72.90 (C-2') 172.26 and 172.32 (C-1") 54.34 and 54.52 (C-3') 69.71 and 69.88 (C-2") 30 55.13 and 55.35 (C-3") 30.39 and 30.77 (C-4") 27.21 and 27.62 (C-5") EI-MS 568,551,509,491,449,431,405,391,386,329, (m/z) (the main fragments) 326,308,278,264,245,217,200,188,159,149, 122,105,91,83,77,55,43.
DCI-MS(m/z) (the main fragments) 569,552,510,492,474,450,432, 424,392,387,370,329,327,309,279,265 10 264,246,218,200,188,167,149,125,124, 106,101,100,91,83,69.
FAB' - MS: 1030 (M + K]'; 1014 [M + Na]'; 992 (positive ion mode) (M + H]'(See Elem. Anal.); 974 (M-H20]';
(m/z) 932 [M-AcOH]'; 914 (M-AcOH-H20]'; 912 15 [M-HBr]'; 870 (M- BzOH]'; 854 (870-HZO-2H] ; 832 (M2-HBr]'; 705 [M-243-Ac] '; 569 (T]'; 551 (T-H20] ; 509 (T-AcOH]'; 491 [T-AcOH-H20]'; 448 [T-BzOH] '; 429; 424 (SHZ] '; 413 ; 405 [S-20 H20] '; 391 [S-0-H20] ';
387 [T-AcOH-BzOH]'; 376; 347 [S-0-CO-HCHO]'; 338:327 [387-T-AcOH]';
315; 284 [327-Ac]', 279; 264 [832-T] ' or [424-2HBr]'; 246 [264-Hz0]'; 231; 218 25 [264-HCOOH]';188; 167[S-CSHe0NBr2]';
149 (167-H20]'; 133; 122 [BzOH]';
113:105 [Bz]'; 91 [C,H,]'; 83; 77 [C6H6]';
76; 57; 55;
(T=taxane ring in the compound; S-30 acid (side) chain in the compound.) HPLC:
Condition 1: Column CN 10~,(250x4.6mmn) Solvent System CH3CN:H20 (40:60) Flow Rate 1 mL/min 35 Detector Waters 490uv at 227nm Injection volume 20~,L
RTz n , 3 ~ -dibromocephalomannine 2 6 . 0 6 min .

~i i~

Condition 2: Column Curosil G~ 6~ (250x3.2mm) Solvent System CH,CN:HzO (45:55) Flow Rate 0.75 mL/min Detector Waters 490uv at 227 nm Injection Volume 20 ~.L
RT2,,,.,_dibromocephalomannine 2 diastereomeric forms:
RTI = 23.53 RTII = 24.50 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): 28°C (100.0%),100°C
(99.64%), (Temp. and % decomposition) 150°C (98.88%),175°C, (95.35%) , 180°C
(86.74%),200°C
(60.38%) , 250°C (45 . 03%) .
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): 173.76°C, 187.73°C.
As demonstrated from the following analysis, bromination of the crude paclitaxel mixture shows surprisingly high selectivity for the 2", 3~~, positions of the unsaturated side chain of cephalomannine, while leaving paclitaxel untouched.
The fractions from #26 to #68 which had a single spot in TLC (Rf 0.49, the same as the authentic sample of paclitaxel) and a single peak in the HPLC, were combined, concentrated and dried, (40°C, high vacuum lmm to 2mm) to yield 6.10 g of a white solid. This material was crystallized from 60 ml of a mixture of acetone/hexane mixture (50:50), filtered, washed with the same ratio of cooled solvents and dried under high vacuum at 40°C (24 hrs.) to obtain 4.84 g (92%) of a white crystalline solid identified by comparison to an authentic sample as paclitaxel.

i ~i Analysis is as follows:
m.p.. 214 - 216°C
Rf:0.49 (in the presence of the authentic sample) Silica gel 60 FzSa~ plate (Merck #5554 Solvent system: acetone/CH2Clz (20:80) Spary Reagent: Vanillin/Sulfuric Acid in Methanol Elemental Analysis:
C4,H51014N : %C %H %N
Calculated 66.11 6.02 1.64 Found 65.97 5.89 1.63 [«]D~5=-51.104°(c 0.33, MeOH) W Spectrum in CH30H:
(Amax in nm, (e) 227.2 (29824.1) 208.0 26256.3) IR Spectrum (KBr)(cm-1) 3500, 1105, 1070 (tert. & sec. OH) 3430, 1650, 1580 (-CONH-) 1610, 1520, 780, 710 (monosub.
aromatic rings) 2950, 2910, 1480, 1450, 1370 (-CH3, -CHZ-, >CH-groups) 3020, 1315, 980(double bond)1725, 1270 (aromatic esters)1710, 1240 (>C=O) 850 (epoxy rings) 1H NMR Spectrum : 1.88 (S,lOH,C-1); 5.66 (d,lH, C-2);
(300 MHz; CDC13) 3.82 (dd,lH,C-3); 2.38 (S,3H, CH3C00 (ppm) at C-4); 4.94 (dd,lH,C-5); 1.88 (ddd,lH,C-6); 2.48(ddd,lH,C-6);
2.53(d,lOH,C-7); 4.38 (dd,lH,C-7);
6.27 (S,1H,C-10); 2.23 (S,3H,CH3C00 at C-10); 6.20 (qt,lH,C-13); 2.27 (ddd,lH,C-14); 2.33 (dd,lH,C-14);
1.13(S,3H,C-19); 1.23 (5,3H, C-18);1.78(S,3H,C-18); 1.68(S,3H, C-19);4.20(dd,lH,C-20); 4.30(5,1H, C-20);3.77(S,1H,C-2'); 4.78(ddd,lH, C-2'),5.20(ddd,lH,C-3'),7.10(d,lH,N-1);

7.30-7.53(m,lOH,p-&m-protons at aromatic rings Al, B1, & C1) ;
5 7.64(t,lH,A1-p);7.72(dd,2H, C1-o) ; 8 . 11 (dd, 2H,A1-o) .
13C NMR Spectrum 79.1(C-1);75.1(C-2);45.8(C-3);81.2 (300 MHz, CDC13) (C-4);84.4(C-5); 35.6(C-6);72.1 (ppm) (C-7);56.7(C-8);203.6(C-9);75.6(C-10);
133.3(C-11);141.9(C-12);72.3 (C-13);35.7(C-14);43.2(C-15);
21.8(C-16);26.9(C-17);14.7(C-18);
9.5(C-19); 76.5(C-20); 73.3 15 (C-2');55.1(C-3');20.7(CH3C0) at C-10; 22.6(CH3C0 at C-4);170.3(CH3C0 at C-10); 171.1(CH3C0 at C-4);167.0 (ArCO-Al) ; 167. 0 (ArCO-C1) ;
172.7(PhISCO-);129.3(aC-Al);133.8 (aC-B1) ; 138. 1 (aC-C1) ; 130 .3 (o-C,Al) ; 127.0 (o-C,B1) ; 127. 0 (o-C, C1) ; 128 .7 (m-C,Al) ; 128 . 6 (m-C, B1) ; 129 . 0 (m-C, C1) ; 133 . 6 (p-C, Al) ;
131 . 9 (p-C, B1) ; 128 . 3 (p-C, C1) .
25 EIMS : [M} '=853 568 [T] '; 550 [T-H20] '; 508 [T-AcOH] '; 490 (m/z, the main [T-AcOH-H20] '; 448 (T-2AcOH]' or fragments) [T-BzOH]';386[T-AcOH-BzOH]';
326 (T-BzOH-2AcOHJ '; 308 [326-Hz0]'; 286 (M-T] ' or [S]';280;268 [S-0]';240 [S-O-CO]';
30 210 [S-O-CO-HCOH] '; 122 [BzOH] ';
105 [8z]'; 91 [C.,H,]';
77 [C6H5] '; 51; 43 [Ac]'.

i DC/MS:(M + H]'=854 569;551;509;492;449;387;327;
(m/z; the main 311;287;269;240;224;222;210;165;
fragments) 149;123;105;92;71.
FAB MS:(positive ion mode):
(m/z; the main 892 [M+K]'; 876 [M+Na)'; 854 [M+H]'; 569; 551; 523 ;
fragments) 509;495;369;327;286;240;210;177;155;149;
119;105;85;69.
FAB MS:(negative ion mode):
852 - (M - H]
HPLC:
Column: ~Bondapak" Phenyl Solvent System: CH3CN:CH,OH:H20-132:20:48 Flow Rate: 1mL/min Detector: Waters 490uv at 227 nm Injection volume: 20~,L
TGA: 50°C (100.0%),205oC (99.86%),215'C (99.10%),220°C
(92.19%), 250°C (56.66%),275°C (45.92%).
DSC: 210°C.
Water content (%H20): 0.90%(Karl Fischer) ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF
2",3"-DIBROMOCEPHALOMANNINE DIASTEREOMERS
4.1 Raw materials 5 Batches of crude plant extracts from Taxus yunnanensis having approximately 15-40% cephalomannine, 50-70 % paclitaxel, and approximately 20-35 % other taxane/non-taxane components were obtained either from Seattle, Oregon, Western yew (T. brevifolia), or from the Peoples Republic of 10 China (T. yunnanensis or T. wallachiana). Bromine reagent was obtained from Fisher Scientific. Silica gel used was ICN
Silitech, 32-63 um, 60 P., ICN Biomedicals, Inc., Aurora, OH.
All solvents used were either HPLC or ACS grade and were obtained from Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. Purified water 15 used was deionized in-house.
4.2 Bromination of Crude Plant Extract Crude plant extract (10.0 g, 26.4 % cephalomannine) was dissolved in chloroform so that a total of 250 ml solution was obtained. To the solution cooled in an ice bath and 20 continually stirred with a magnetic stirrer was added carbon tetrachloride (4750 ml). To the cooled solution (4°C) was added dropwi.se 0.1 M bromine in carbon tetrachloride (40 ml).
HPLC analysis of this mixture indicated a ratio of paclitaxel to cephalomannine peak areas 2.6 to 1. The reaction mixture 25 was stirred in the dark with the temperature gradually rising to 15°C. After 7 hrs of reaction, an additional 7 ml 0.1 M
bromine in carbon tetrachloride was added and the reaction continued at 15°C. After an additional 8 hrs of reaction, the final portion of 7 ml O.1 M bromine in carbon tetrachloride 30 was added and the reaction continued at 15'C overnight (14 hrs). Subsequent HPLC analysis of the mixture showed a ratio of paclitaxel to cephalomannine peak areas 11 to 1. This ratio increased to 12.3 to 1 after another 7 hrs of reaction. The mixture was then washed with 5000 ml 0.2% aqueous sodium i i i ~ I

sulfite solution. The pH of the aqueous layer was 8Ø This was followed by two washes with water (2x5 1).
The pH of the first and second water washes were 6.5 - 7.0 and 6.0 - 6.5 respectively. The combined aqueous layer was reextracted with 5 1 chloroform. The organic layers were combined, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (500 g>, and evaporated to dryness using a rotary vacuum evaporator at 40'C.
The solid residue (13.64 g) was purified by chromatography.
4.3 Chromatographic Purification of Brominated Material The thus obtained brominated material (13.64 g) was ' purified by medium pressure chromatography using a column (6.9 cm i.d., 70 cm long) packed with silica gel (ICN Silitech, 32-63 um, 60 A) by the slurry method using 1.5% methanol in 1,2-dichloroethane. The sample dissolved in the same solvent was loaded and eluted at the rate of 50 ml/min. Total 55 fractions (500 ml each) were collected. The fractions were analyzed by TLC, with the TLC plates developed with 10%
methanol in 1,2-dichloroethane and detected with I% vanillin in 50/50 sulfuric acid-methanol. Dibromo-7-epi-cephalomanrines eluted in fractions 10-14 and yielded 1.42 g solids following evaporation of solvents. Likewise, the dibromocephalomannines eluted in fractions 24-28 and yielded 1.64 g solids following evaporation of solvent. Individual diastereomers of dibromocephalomannine and the corresponding 7-epi-cephalomannine were subsequently separated and isolated by semi-preparative HPLC, discussed below in 4.4.
Evaporation of medium pressure chromatographic fractions 34-54 yielded 4.79 g pure paclitaxel, m.p. 214 -216°C, with analytical data determined by L1V, IR, HPLC, MS.
NMR, which is the same as presented in C1.S. Patent No.
5,840,748.

4.4 Separation of 2°, 3" -Dibromocephalomannine and 2", 3" -Dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine Diastereomers The final purification of dibromocephalomannine and dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers from other impurities was accomplished bf semi-preparative HPLC (WatErs Deltaprep" 3000) using 3 waters Deltapak C18 column, 100A, mcr. x 30 cm with 50% acetonitrile in water as the mobile phase at a flaw rate of 15 ml/min. Peak elution was monitored using a waters Lambda Max Model 481 W detector set at 227 nm.
l0 Portions of 200 mg of material dissolved in methanol (2 m1>
were injected into the column. Elution of dibromocephaloman-nine diastereomer I peaked approximately at 54 min, and diastereomer II at 56 min. Likewise, the dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomer III peaked at approximately 104 min. and the corresponding diastereomer IV peaked at 112 min.
respectively. Fractions collected from repeated injections were pooled and evaporated at 40'C under reduced pressure to remove the organic solvent. The crystallized solids were filtered, washed with water, and dried in a vacuum oven at 40'C
2o to yield pure dibromocephalomannine and dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers. The preparation, separation and structures of the obtained diastereomeric dibromo compounds, (I) (2"R, 3"S)-dibromocephalomannine, (DiBr-I) (2"R, 3"R)-dibromocephalomannine;
(II) (2"S, 3"R)-dibromocephalomannine, (DiBr-II) (2"S, 3"S)-dibromocephalomannine;
(IhI) (2"R, 3"S)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine, (DiBr-III) (2"R, 3"R)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine;
(IV) (2"S, 3"R)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine, (DiBr-IV) (2"S, 3"S)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine are shown in scheme VI:

~i _7C,~
S=heme VI:
wro o ~.o A.o o ,. - "
r ,, O ~ r~( I r r ~ ~i r r n "
., " , ° . . o 1 . ' r 1 " . ' r r r n n , . PH " , 1 r 1W ~ , ,,~ HC~~ As0 " H° Ae0 M0 ° ~ N o m r~ ° r~
Prditaxe! Cephabnuaaiae 7 - epi - crphdomaaninc B rZ
(CCW
(CHCIy) (C~il~
(CiE~~3 s1o o ,"p " " ~ ~ , r r " . " ~~ r° "
1 r r " 1 r , 1 11 1 ~ p , , 1 1 ~

r r r " r ~ " -~ /~ r r ~ ' " .t. of , 1 .
, ~ ,. H A.o , H, A.o "
o~ i( ° n Paditsxel 3", 3" - dlbrvmn - ceplalomudas Z", 7" - Nbr~ ~ 7 -,eoi -aplaleamalae Separation Analogue I x2"R , 3"S) - dibromocephalomaonine AnalogneI I(2"S , 3"R) -dibromocephalomaanine - (2"R,3"R)-dibromocephalomannine - (2"S,3"S)-dibromocephalomannine Paclitaxel ~
Analogue~$(3"fit , 3"S) - dlbromo-?-epi-cephalomanoine Malogu~.~2"S , 3"R) -dibromo-~.epi~ephalomannine - (Z"R,3"R)-dibroroo-7-epi-cephalomannine - (2"S,3"S)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine Paclitaael Analogues {Brominated) ~i i i~ i Analytical characterization of the diastereomers is as follows:
FIG. 1 is a TLC separation of 2",3"-dibromocephalomannine and 2",3"-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers (DiBr-I-IV) as summarized below in Table 1.

lane Coae~ouad (1) DiBr-I
(2) DiBr-II
(3) DiBr-III
(4) DiBr-IV
(P) pac-litaxel plate: silica gel 60 Fzsa' (Merck #5554) solvent system: a) 10% CH,OH in 1,2-dichloroethane b) hexane/chloroform/EtOAc/CH30H

reagent: a) W light b) vanilin/HZSO, in methanol FIG. 2 is an HPLC chromatogram of a mixture of diastereomers (I) DiBr-I; (II)DiBr-II; (III)DiBr-III; and (IV)DiBr-IV. Equipment and conditions employed in generating this chromatogram are the following:
Column: ES Industries FSP (pentafluorophenyl) 4.6 mm ID x250 mm, 5 um particle size, 60 A pore size Solvent System: water/acetonitrile/methano1,41:39:20 Flow Rate: 0.50 ml/min., isocratic Detector: Waters 990T" photodiode array detector, monitored at 227 nm Injection Volume: 20u1 FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the W spectra for diastereomers DiBr-I, DiBr-II; DiBr-III and DiBr-IV in CH30H.
The spectra are summarized below in Table 2.

i I 1 I ,R ~ max(nm) Di8r-I 226.0 14732 DiBr-II 226.0 12415 DiBr-III 219.4 37900 DiBr-IV 218.4 20013 FIG. 4 shows a comparison of the IR spectra for diastereomers DiBr-I, DiBr-II, DiBr-III and DiBr-IV in KBr, which are summarized below in Table 3.

Band, cm'' Fmnc~tinnal Groins 3500, 1105, 1070 tert. and sec. OH

3420, 1670, 1580 -CONH-3110, 3060, 1605 monosubs. aromatic 1505, 770, 710 rings 2915, 2870 -CH,-; -CH2-; -CH- in , aliphatic or cylic 1465,1370 comps.

3020, 1670, 1310 double bonds 730, 1270 aromatic esters 1715, 1240 ~c=o 1730, 1180 acetates 855 oxetane rings FIG. 5 is an EI mass spectrum of diastereomer DiBr-I which is the same fragmentation pattern for diasteromers DiBr-II; DiBr-III and DiBr-IV, and is summarized below.

~i _ 28 _ FIG. 5 EI-MS; (M]'=992 !m/z; the main fragments) 568 (T] '; 550 [T-H~OI '; 508 [T-AcOH] ';

490 [T-AcOH-HZO]'; 448 (T-2AcOH]';

or [T-BzOH]'; 390 (S-0-HZO]';

386 [T-AcOH-BzOH]'; 348 (S-0-CO-HCHO]';

326 [T-BzOH-2 AcOH]'; 308 [T-326-HZO]';

284 [327-Ac]'; 264 [832-T]'; or (424 - 2HBr]'; 246 [264-HZO]';

218 [264-HCOOH]'; 188, 167 [S-CSHa0NBr2]';

148 [167-Hz0]'; 122 [BzOH]'; 105 [8z]';

91 [C.,H,] '; 83 [C,H,C~O] '; 77 [C6H5]
'; 57, 55 .

(T = taxane ring in the compound;

S = acid (side) chain in the compound.) FIG. 6 is a FAB+ mass spectrum of diastereomer DiBr-I which is the same fragmentation pattern for diasteromers DiBr-II; DiBr-III and Di.Br-IV, and is summarized below.
FIG. 6 FAB' - MS: (positive ion mode)tm/z) 1030 (M + K] '; 1014 [M + Na] '; 992 [M + H] ' (See Elem. Anal.); 974 [M-HZO]'; 932 [M-AcOH] ' ;
914 [M-AcOH-Hz0] ' ; 912 [M-HBr] ' ; 870 [M-BzOH]'; 854 [870-Hz0-2H]; 832 [M-2HHr]';
705 (M-243- Ac]'; 569 [T]'; 551 [T-Hz0] ;
509 [T-AcOH] '; 491 [T-AcOH-Hz0]'; 448 [T-BzOH]';
429; 424 [SH2] +; 413; 405 [S- HZO]'; 391 [S-0-Hz0] '; 387 [T-AcOH-B20H] '; 376 ; 347 (S-0-CO-HCHO]'; 338:327 [387-T-AcOH]';
315; 284(327-Ac]',279; 264[832-T]' or (424-2HBr]'; 246 (264-HZO]'; 231; 218 [264-HCOOH] ';
188; 167 [S-CSHBONBrz]'; 149 [167-H20]';
133; 122 [BzOH]'; 113:105 [Bz]'; 91 (C,H,]';
83; 77 (C6H5]'; 76; 57; 55;
(T=taxane ring in the compound; S-acid (side) chain in the compound.) i i i ~ i FIG. 7 is the 'H NMR spectrum for diastereomer DiBr-I.
FIG. 8 is the 1H NMR spectrum for diastereomer DiBr-II.
FIG. 9 is the 1H NMR spectrum for diastereomer DiBr-III.
FIG. 10 is the 1H NMR spectrum for diastereomer DiBr-IV.
FIG. 11 shows the 1'C-NMR spectrum for diastereomers DiBr-I, II, III and IV. The 1H NMR and 1jC-NMR spectra for each diastereomer is summarized below:
lii DIBr-I 'H-I~t in CDCL, (300 hgizin DDm: side chain and s ig~ortanr r..r,r.,ws only) Chem icalShift om) Ass~g~menre (n 3.36 (d,1H)- (~Q - C - C= O)(HO - 2'a) r 15 i 4 . (d,1H) - (#j - C - C = O) (HO - Zp' ) 74 r r i . (d,1H) - (N - ~ - ) (H - 3' ) 68 i 4 .62 (qt, 1H) (>~ - Br) (H -3") -1.81 (s,3H)- (Br - C -i ~3) (3H-4") r 1 . (d,3H) - (Br - C - Q~~) (3H-5" ) 78 r r 25 - C = O

2.35 (s,3H) - (- 0 - C - ~~) (3H-4) 2.68 (m,1H) (-S~ -) (H - 6a) 1 .98 (m,1H) - (- ~ -) (H - 6a) 4.41 (m,1H)- (- ~ -) (H - 7a) OH

2.46 (d,1H) - I- C - ) (H - 7b) ...

35 6 .28 (s,1H) - (- g~ - O - OCCH~) (H - 10) r 2.22 (m,2H)- (- ~ - )(2H - 14, a, b) 2 . (s,3H) - (- ~) (3H - C - H) 4.22 (qt,2H) (- g~ - )(2H - 20a, b) DIBr-I 1'C-NMR
300 Ngiz in ppm; side chain and some important carbons only Chemical Shift (ppm) Assicrnments 5 170.3 - (C - 1'; C = O) 73.0 - (C - 2') 54.6 - (C -3') 172.4 - (C - 1"; C = O) 70.1 - (C - 2") 10 55.4 - (C - 3") 22.7 - (C - 4") 27.6 - (C - 5") 203.5 - (C - 9; C = O) DIBr-II 1H-Nl~t in CDCL3 (300 l~iz in ppm: side chain and some important protons only Chemical Shift (ppm) Assictnments i i 3 (d,1H) - (HO - C - C = O) (HO - 2' . a) 42 i i 4.74 (d,1H) - (- HC - C - O) (H - 2b) i i i i i i 5.68 (d,1H) - (- N - CH) (H-3' ) i i 4.62 (qt, 1H) - (>CH - Br)(H- 3") i i 5 .81 s, H) - (Br - C - CH3) (3H- 4") i i 1. (d,3H) - (Br - C - CH3) (3H- 5" ) 78 i i - C = O

2.35 (s,3H) - (O - II - CH3) (3H- 4) O

2.68 (m,1H) - (-CHZ -) (H - 6a) 1.98 (m , 1H) - (- CHZ -) (H - 6a) i 4.41 (m,1H) - (- CH) (H - 7a) i i OH

2.48 (m,1H) - ( C - ) (H - 7b) i OH

6.28 (s,1H) - (- CH - O - OCCH3 (H- 10) i i 2.22 (m 2 H) - ( - CHz -) (2H - 14a, b) , 2.01 . 3H) - (- CH3 -) (3H - C -18) (s , 4.22 (qt2H) - (- CH2 - ) (2H - 20a,b) , DIBr-II 1'C-NMR
j300 N~iz in ppm; side chain and some important carbons only Chemical Shift (ppm) Assicrnments 170.3 - (C - C = O) 1';

72.9 - (C -2') 54.6 - (C -3') 172 . 4 ~ - (C - C = O) 1"
) 70.1 - (C -2") 55.2 - (C -3") 22.7 - (C -4~~).

27.9 - (C -5") 203.5 - (C - C = O) 9;

DIBr-III 1H-NMR in CDCL3 (300 N~iz in npm; side chain and some important protons onlv Chemical Shift (pt~m) Assignments i i 3.23 (d, 1H) - (HO - C - C = O)(HO 2'a) 4.76 (d, 1H) - (- HC - C - 0) (H - 2b) i i i i i i 5.65 (d, 1H) - (- N - CH) (H-3' ) i ii i t 4.62 (qt, 1H) - (>CH - Br) (H- 3") i i 15 1.98 (s, 3H) - (Br - C - CH3) (3H- 4") i i 1.28 (s, 3H) - (Br - C - CH3) (3H- 5") i i - C = O
2.45 (s, 3H) (0 ~~ CH3) (3H- 4) O
1.72 (t, 2H) - (- CHz-) (H - 6a,b) 3.72 (m, 1H) - ( - CH -) (H - 7a) 25 i OH
4.62 (s,1H) - (- C -) (H - 7b) t i OH

6.79(s,1H) - (- CH-) - OCCH3)(H-i 10) i 2.42 (m,1H) - (- CHZ -) (2H - 14a, b) 2.05 (m,1H) - (- CH2 -) (2H - 14a, b) 2.18 (s,3H) - (-CH, - ) (3H - C -18) 4.38(s,2H) - (- CHZ - ) (2H - 20a, b) DIBr- I I I 1'C-NMR

(300 NIFia in perm: side chain some important carbons only) Chemical Shift (ppm) Assignments 169.3 - (C - 1' ; C = O) 72.9 - (C - 2') 54.0 - (C - 3') 172 . 5 - (C - 1" ) C = O) 57.7 - (C - 2") 54.5 - (C - 3") 22.6 - (C - 4") 29.4 - (C - 5") 207.1 - (C - 9; C = O) DIBr- IV 1H-NMR in CDCL3 (300 I~iz in ppm; side chain and some important protons only) Chemical Shift (ppm) Assignments S i i 3 . 23 (d, 1H) - (HO - C - C = O) (HO - 2' a) 4.76 (d, 1H) - (-HC - C = O)(H - 2b) 10 i 5.65 (d, 1H) - (-N - CH) (H-3' ) i ii i i 4.62 (qt, 1H) - (>CH - Br)(H- 3") i i 15 1.98 (s, 3H) - (Br - C - CH3) (3H-4") i i 1.28 (s, 3H) - (Br - C - CH3) (3H- 5" ) i i - C = 0 20 2.45 (s, 3H) (0 ~~ CH3) (3H- 4) O
1.72 (t, 2H) - (- CHz -) (H - 6a, b) 3.72 (m, 1H) - (- CH -) (H - 7a) 25 i OH
4.62 (s,1H) - (- C -) (H - 7b) 6.79 (s,1H) - (- CH-O - OCCH3)(H-i 10) i 2.42 (m,1H) - (- CHZ - ) (2H - 14a, b) 2.05 (m,1H) - (- CHZ - ) (2H - 14a, b) 35 2.18(s,3H) - (-CH3 - ) (3H - C -18) 4.38 (s,2H) - (- CHz - ) (2H - 20a, b) DIBr-IV 13C-NMR
(300 Ngiz in ppm; side chain and some important carbons only) Chemical Shift (ppm) Assicrnments 5 169.2 -( C-1'; C=O ) 72.1 -( C-2' ) 54.1 -( C-3') 172.5 -( C-1" ; C=O ) 57.8 -( C-2" ) 54.3 -( C-3" ) 22.6 -( C-4" ) 29.4 -( C-5" ) 207.1 -( C-9 ; C=O ) Physico-chemical properties of dibromocephalo-15 mannine/7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers of this invention are summarized below in Table 4:

Physico-Chemical Properties of Bromo-Analogues of Paclitaxel Property DiBr-I Di-Br-II DiBr-III DiBr-IV

Appearance Off-white Off-white Off-white Off-white to to to to slightly slightly slightly slightly yellowish yellowish yellowish yellowish crystals crystals crystals crystals Melting 185-187C 171-173'C 166-168C 163-165C

point Molecular Cq5H53014NBr2Cq5H53~1qNBr2Cq5H53~1qNBrzCq5H53~1q~r2 formula Molecular 991.7 991.7 991.7 991.7 weight []D -41.3 -44.4 IR*(cm-1) 3500, 1105, 1070; 3420, 1670, 1580;
3110, 3060, 1605, 1505, 770, 710;
2960, 2915, 2870, 1465, 1370; 3020, 1670, 1310, 980; 1730, 1270; 1715, 1240; 1730, 1180; 855;

W ~,~X;(E) 226.0 nm; 226.Onm; 219.4 nm; 218.4 nm;

TLC** (Rf) solvent systems: 0.34 0.37 0.63 0.65 A

. B

0.28 0.30 0.54 0.57 HPLC***

(RT) condition 1: 43.81 min. 45.01 min. 69.68 min. 71.92 min.

condition 2: 46.65 min. 48.39 min. 69.66 min. 72.60 min.

* The IR spectra of DiBr-I-IV are superimposable.

I I ~I I

** Solvent System A: Methanol-1,2,-Dichloroethane-either (1:9) or (1:10).
Solvent System B: Hexane-Chloroform-Ethyl Acetate-Methanol-(2:6:1.5:0.5) *** Condition 1: Column: ES'~ Industries FSP
(Pentafluorophenyl) 4.6 mm ID x 250 mm, 5 um particle size, 60A pore size; mobile.phase - water - acetonitrile - methanol - (41:39:20); flow rate 0.50 ml/min; separation mode -isocratic; detector - Waters 990T"photodiode Array Detector;
elution monitored at 227 nm; injection volume - 20 u1.
Condition 2: Column: Phenomenex 4.6 mm ID x 250 mm, 5 um , particle size, 80A pore size; mobile ghase - water -acetonitrile - methanol - (45:40:15); flow rate - 0.50 ml/min;
separation mode - isocratic; detector - Waters 490 programmable multiwavelength detector, elution monitored at 227 nm; injection volume - 80 ~1 total mixture.

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Showing Antitumor Efficacty of A Mixture of Dibromo Cephalomannine/Dibromo-7-epi-Cephalomannine Diastereomers Which Correlate to Known Paclitaxel Antitumor Efficacy As is known, paclitaxel and its derivative Taxotere' (Rhone-Poulenc Rhor) exhibit highly desirable antitumor efficacy against a number of tumors. These antineoplastic drugs act in a unique manner by preventing depolymerization of tubulin forming microtubules of the mitotic spindle which is essential for cell division, and thus cause cell division to cease along with tumor cell proliferation. The mechanism of action of paclitaxel, its pharmacology, etc. is described, for example, in Rowinsky et a1. Taxol: A Novel Investigational Antimicrotuble Agent, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 82:1247 (1990).
In accoradance with this invention, a mixture of novel dibromocephalomannine/dibromo-7-epi-cephalommanine diastereomers has been found to exhibit strong paclitaxel-like antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo.

i i i ~ i 5.1 Ia Vitro Studies (NCI) The following in vitro studies were conducted by the National Cancer Institute's Developmental Therapeutics Program, which demonstrate strong antitumor efficacy of the inventive dibromocephalomannine diastereomers which efficacy correlates closely to that of paclitaxel.
The Developmental Therapeutics Program provides as a service to the public an in vitro anticancer drug discovery screen using a panel of sixty different human tumor cell lines over which candidate drugs are tested at defined ranges of concentrations. See Boyd et al., Drug Development Research 34:91-109 (1995). As discussed in Boyd et al., the screen is designed and operated in such a manner that both relative and absolute sensitivities of each of the cell lines comprising the screen are reproducible to the degree that a characteristic profile ("fingerprint") of a respective cell lines' response to a drug candidate can be generated. Recent studies of the in vivo counterpart of the NCI in vitro screen have indicated the in vitro screen to be an effective selector of compounds with in vivo anticancer efficacy. See Greyer et al., Proc. Am. Assoc.
Cancer Res. 35:369 (1994). Operation and interpretation of the screen are discussed in detail in Boyd et al., as well as in several other articles cited therein and thus need not be repeated here, except comparative results obtained from the screen between the novel 2"3"- dibromocephalomannine/dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomic mixture represented as compound "XCLY-401759 analog" and that of the known antitumor compound, paclitaxel. Table 5A-5F shows the data sheets of in vitro testing results of a mixture of dibromocephalomannine diastereomers-I and -II in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines. Figures 12A-12F
are mean graphs of dose response of a mixture of dibromocephalomannine diastereomers-I and -II in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines. Figures 13A-13F are means graphs of dose response of paclitaxel in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines.

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5.1.1 Discussion of Results (NCI) In the NCI in vitro anticancer drug screen the effect of an antitumor candidate, i.e. XCLY-401759 of the present invention, on a cell line, percentage growth (PG), and calculated response parameters are discussed in detail in Boyd et al., Data display and analysis strategies for the NCI -disease -oriented in vitro antitumor drug Screen, Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs: Models and Concepts for Drug Discovery and Development, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 11-34 l0 (1992), and Monks et al. Feasibility of a high-flux anticancer drug screen utilizing a diverse panel of human tumor cell Lines in culture, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83:?57-766 (1991), In general, in the screening data report, Tables 5A-5F, and mean graphs, FIGS. 12A-12F and 13A-13F, "GISO" represents the 50~ growth inhibition factor, "TGI" represents a total growth inhibition, or cytostatic level of effect, and "LCso"
represents a lethal concentration, or net cell killing or cytotoxicity parameter. Values accompanied by a "<" signify that the dosage level or real value is a value that is something less than the lowest tested concentration, and values accompanied by a ">" sign indicate that the effective dosage or real value is a level greater than the highest tested concentration.
The mean graphs are obtained from Glso, TG.I and LCSo concentrations obtained for compounds tested against each cell line in the NCI in vitro screen. A detailed discussion of mean graph construction is provided in Boyd et al. (1995). In interpreting the mean graphs, in general a bar projecting to the right represents sensitivity of a particular cell line to an anticancer candidate in excess of the average sensitivity of all tested cell lines, while bars extending to the left represent cell lines which are less sensitive on average to the anticancer candidate. The bar scales are logarithmic, such that a bar which extends, for example, 2 or 3 units to the right of the vertical reference line in, say a GIso mean graph, indicates that the anticancer candidate achieved a response parameter for a particular cell line at a i ~ I

concentration one-hundredth to one-thousandth of the mean concentration required over all cell lines, thereby indicating that the particular tumor cell line is unusually sensitive to the tested candidate.
Turning now to FIGS. 12A-AF, XCLY-401759 shows a relatively high magnitude of effect in TGI, for example, on Leukemia cell line HL-60(TB); Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer line NCI-H522; Colon Cancer cell lines COLD 205 and HT 29; CNS
Cancer cell lines SF-539 and SNB-75; Ovarian Cancer Cell line OVCAR-3; Renal Cancer cell line RXF-393; and Breast Cancer cell lines MCF7, MDA-MB-231/ATCC, HS 578T, MDA-MB-435 and MDA-N.
In comparison with FIGS. 13A-13F, anaylsis of paclitaxel, XCLY-401759 demonstrates an unusually high magnitude of response such as that of paclitaxel to Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cell line NCI-H522 (<-8 v. <-10 for XCLY-401759 and paclitaxel, respectively). Compare also the respectively high magnitude of response of both XCLY-401759 and paclitaxel on Colon Cancer Cell line COLO 205 (<-8 v. -7.97); on CNS cancer cell line SNB-75 (-7.30 v. -9.18), and, for example, on Breast Cancer Cell line HS 5787 (-7.61 v. -9.91).
The high magnitude of effect of XCLY-401759 on many cell lines is perhaps more pronounced in GIso in which XCLY-401759 demonstrates a high response level in many of the same cell lines as does paclitaxel, such as, for example, with various tested colon cancer cell lines, melanoma cell lines, ovarian cancer cell lines, and renal cancer cell lines, and thus falls within the footprint of paclitaxel-like antitumor activity thereby reproducibly demonstrating the high antitumor efficacy of the novel XCLY-401759 mixture.
The strong paclitaxel-like antitumor efficacy of XCLY-401759 is further shown in correlation data generated by the NC1, as summarized below in Table 6:

i ~ I

NCI

COhD?ARB-CORK-GI50 OOM (BV) XCLY-401759/LCONC-4.

CORR.

NSC LCONC (MAX COBPF. (N) C1~M-NAi48 X) 1) 125973 -4.60 21 0.825 60 PACLITAXEL

2) 999991 0.00 1 O.All 10 t4DR RHOD30 3) 49842 -5.60 127 0.755 60 VINBLASTINE

SULFATE

4) 3053 -6.60 71 0.713 60 ACTINOMYCIN
D

5) 328426 -5.60 19 0.699 60 PHYLLANTHOSIDE

6) 337766 -3.60 10 0.686 60 BISANTRENE
HCL

7) 330500 -3.30 12 0.663 59 MACHECIN II

158) 165563 -3.70 14 0.618 60 HRUCEANTIN

9) 58514 -4.00 8 0.604 60 CHROMOMYCIN

10) 267469 -3.70 13 0.590 60 DEOXY-DOXORUHICIN

11) 83265 -3.90 15 0.586 60 S-TRITYL-L-NCI

COMPARB-CORR-TCiI

XCLY-401759/LCONC-4.OOM (BV) 2 CORK .

NSC LCONC (MAX COSPF. (N) (~I-l~Dll~
X) 1) 125973 -4.60 20 0.830 59 PACLITAXEL

2) 49842 -5.60 128 0.727 59 VINBLASTINE

O

3) 332598 -9.00 9 0.605 59 RHIZOXIN

4) 153858 -4.00 15 0.598 59 MAYTANSINE

5) 67574 '3.00 62 0.527 59 VINCRISTINE

SULFATE

3 6) 330500 -3.30 12 0.501 59 MACBECIN II
S

7) 328426 -5.60 19 0.493 59 PHYLLANTHOSIDE

8) 83265 -3.90 15 0.484 59 S-TRITYL-L-CYSTEINE

9) 325014 -3.65 11 0.451 59 BACTOBOLIN

4 10) 79037 -3.30 58 0.430 59 CCNU

i1) 349156 -3.65 11 0.422 59 PANCRATIASTATIN

*NSC-Test number LCONC-Log of the highest concentration tested 45 MARX-Total tests number of COEFF.-Pearson lation coefficient corre CORR.-(N)-Total cell lines number of See Paul1 NCI (1989) 81:1088-1092 et al., J.

5.2 IN VITRO STUDIES (SOUTf~RN RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Additional in vitro studies were performed by the Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, an independent research group, of the biological anti-cellular 5 activity of XCLY-401759 on four human tumor lines, MX-1 (breast carcinoma), RXF-393 (renal cell carcinoma), NCI-H522 (lung adenocarcinoma) and OVCAR-3 (ovarian carcinoma).
In these studies, the XCLY-401759 analog was shown to yield a range of activity comparable to paclitaxel.
l0 This testing was conducted using the aforementioned human tumor cell lines employing standard tissue culture techniques with semi-automated dye conversion assays. Selection of the human cell lines for testing was based at least in part on the following 15 criteria: (1) histogenesis of clinical import, (2) adequate growth characteristics, and (3) the Institute's experience with particular cell lines. The materials, methods and results of this study follow.
5.2.1 Materials and Methods 20 5.2.1.1 Cell culture.
In the Southern Research Institute Study, human cell lines were propagated under sterile conditions in RPMI
1640 (Hyclone) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma Chemical), 2 mM L-glutamine, and sodium bicarbonate 25 (complete medium) and incubated at 37°C in HEPA-filtered Sterilcult COZ tissue culture incubators (Forma) with 5% COZ
and 95% humidity. The cell lines were subcultured weekly to bi-weekly and used in experiments. All lines were screened for mycoplasma contamination using GeneProbe""
30 (Fischer) and positive cultures were cured of contaminants over three passages using constant treatment with BM-Cyclin"" antibiotic combination (Boehringer Mannheim). Only lines confirmed as mycoplasma free were used in testing compounds for anticellular activity.

I II I

5.2.1.2 Anticellular activity experimental design.
For all experiments, cells were harvested and pelleted to remove the medium and then suspended in fresh complete medium. Samples were taken to determine cell density. The cell count was determined with a Coulter Model Z1"cell counter and viability was measured with propidium iodide staining followed by analysis on a Coulter EPICS Elite'Flow cytometer. The cell samples were adjusted with complete medium to a density of 5 x 10' cells/ml.
Tissue culture cluster plates (96 well, cat No. 3595 Costar) were seeded with 100 u1 cells (5 x 103) and incubated as described.
On the day of treatment analog XCLY-401759 was dissolved in 100% ethanol, and then serially diluted in medium. The 0 dose control was mock treated with medium.
The appropriate wells (columns of e) were treated with 5 concentration levels (10-°, 10-5, 10-6, 10'', and 10-8 M) . The highest dose of initial vehicle (ethanol in media) was <
0.2% ethanol. A vehicle control was prepared at 0.2% to 2o determine the effects of vehicle on the cell lines.
Paclitaxel supplied by XECHEM, Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey, was dissolved in DMSO, serially diluted in medium and then added to the wells to achieve doses of 1 x 108 and 1 x 10-9 M. Each cluster plate contained a cell control (8 wells, mock-treated with complete medium), a medium control (7 wells with medium used to substract out signal generated by medium conditions) and an air blank (1 well, for calibrating the plate reader). Once dosing was completed, the plates were stacked and wrapped in plastic film to reduce evaporation and incubated as described. Replicate sets of cluster plates had either 1 hour or 72 hour drug exposure. For the appropriate drug exposure, the plates were aseptically blotted on sterile towels and gently washed three times with medium. The samples were then fed with fresh medium, and the plates were wrapped in plastic wrap. The plates of both exposure sets were incubated to day 7 and then processed to analyze for anticellular activity using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) procedure.

~i~ , 5.2.1.3 Results In the 1 hour exposure XCLY-401759 concentration dependent activity was demonstrated in all the tested cell lines. OVCAR-3 ovarian and NCI-H522 lung cell lines were 5 the most sensitive to XCLY-401759. Paclitaxel activity was minimal at the two concentrations tested for MX-l, RXF 393 and OVACAR-3 tumor cell lines, with NCI-H522 showing sensitivity to paclitaxel. All cell lines showed increased sensitivity to both XCLY-401759 and paclitaxel when the 10 exposure time was increased to 72 hours. MX-1 was relatively less sensitive than other lines to paclitaxel and XCLY-401759.
In summary, according to the Southern Research institute's Study, XCLY-401759 yielded a range of 15 anticellular activity comparable to paclitaxel in four human tumor cell lines of tested various neoplastic disease criginans.
The results are summarized below in Tables 7 and 8.

SODTfH;RN RESEARCH INSTITUTE

1 HIt AFTER Rx; PLATES READ ON DAY 7 2 5 t INHIBITION

TRBATI4HZiT CELL LINECELLS PLATEDS.OS+03CSLIS/WSLL) ( AG~1T 1M) R7CP 393 h~C-1 OVG\R-3 NCI-H522 XCLY-401759 1.0E-08 2.5 3.2 23.1 7.9 1. OE-07 16.0 3.7 81.2 24.8 30 1. OE-06 23.8 0.0 97.2 95.2 1. OE-05 42.9 1.7 98.1 99.4 1. OE-04 38.1 42.7 98.3 99.5 VEHICLE CONTROL 0.0 0.8 7.0 4.5 PACLITAXEL 1.0E-09 3.7 1.6 1.2 8.3 35 1. OE-08 13.8 4.0 7.1 35.1 ~i SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TREATh~NT DAY 1 POST PLATING-PLATES WASHED
72 HRS AFTER Rx; PLATES READ ON DAY 7 t INHIBITION

TTtSATMHrIT CBLL LINE HLZS PLATBn5.08+03CBLLS/WBLL) (C

AG~1T (M) RXF 393 MR-1 OVCAR -3 HCI-H522 XCLY-401759 1. OE-08 64.8 29.4 98.7 97.2 1. OE-07 80.7 45.4 99.1 98.6 1. OE-06 85.1 76.5 99.2 98.4 1. OE-05 81.6 75.4 98.8 98.3 1. OE-04 100.0 98.3 100.0 100.0 VEHICLE CONTROL 4.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 PACLITAXEL 1. OE-09 41.5 10.6 98.1 96.1 1. OE-08 73.3 41.1 99.3 98.7 5.3 IN VIVO STUDIES
In vivo hollow fiber assays were performed by the NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program on the anti-cellular 20 efficacy of the inventive XCLY-401759 analog on several neoplastic tumor cell lines.
This testing was performed by the Biological Testing Branch of the Developmental Therapeutics Program.
In these assays, human tumor cells as indicated were 25 cultivated in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fibers, and a sample of each cell line implanted into each of two physiologic compartments (intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) in mice. Each test mouse received a total of six fibers (3 intraperitoneally and 3 subcutaneously) representing 3 30 distinct cancer cell lines.
Three mice were treated with potential antitumor compounds at each of 2 test doses by the intraperitoneal route using a QD x 4 treatment schedule. Vehicle controls consisted of 6 mice receiving the compound diluent only.
35 The fiber cultures were collected on the day following the .last day of treatment.

i To determine antitumor efficacy, the viable cell mass was determined for each of the cell lines using a formazan dye (MTT) conversion assay. From this, the % T/C
was calculated using the average optical density of the 5 compound treated samples divided by the average optical density of the vehicle controls. The net increase in cell mass was determined for each sample.
The XCLY-401759 diastereomeric mixture/compound was tested against a minimum of 12 human cancer cell lines, amounting to a total of 4 experiments as each experiment contains 3 cell lines. The data are reported as °sT/C for each of the 2 compound doses against each of the cell lines , with separate values calculated for the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous samples.
15 The results of this in vivo assay are summarized below in Tables 9-12.

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PREPARATION OF 2",3"-DICHLOROCEPHAhOMANNINE
DIASTEREOMERS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY STUDIES
5 6.1 Raw Materials Batches of crude plant extracts from Taxus yunnanensis or from Taxus wallachiana containing approximately 15-40% cephalomannine, approximately 50-70%
10 paclitaxel, and approximately 20-35% other taxane/non taxane components were obtained from The People's Republic of China. Chlorine gas was obtained from , Matheson Ltd. Silica gel used was ICN Silitech, 32-63 um, 60 A, ICN Biomedicals, Inc., Aurora, OH. All 15 solvents used were either HPLC or ACS grade and were obtained from Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. Purified water used was deionized in-house.
6.2 Chlorination of Crude Plant 20 Extract in Oxidized Chloroform 6.2.1 Preparation of Oxidized Chloroform Chlorine (3.12 g) was added dropwise to 25 chloroform (4 1) in order to neutralize a stabilizer, amylene, present in the commercially available solvent.
The solution was mixed vigorously and left standing at room.temperature overnight, and then washed once with 1.5% sodium sulfite solution (1.0 1), and twice with 30 water (2x1.0 1). Hydrogen peroxide solution (3%, 10 ml) was then added, mixed vigorously, and allowed to stand for 3-5 days. Chlorine content in the solvent was determined by volumetric analysis. Next, to the solvent sample (5 ml) was added 1.0 N HC1 (10 ml) and water (50 35 ml. To this mixture was then added KI (2 g), mixed well to dissolve, and the resulting dark brown solution titrated with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate solution. As the color of solution turned light brown, 3-4 drops of starch indicator solution (0.5%, USP) were added. The dark blue - purple solution was further titrated until the solution turned colorless. The volume of sodium thiosulfate solution used to arrive at the end point was noted and chlorine content calculated. The desired chlorine 5 content was in the range of 0.01 - 0.1%. The solvent was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (100 g) and used for the following chlorination reaction.
6.2.2 Chlorination 10 Crude plant extract (5.0 g, 28.8% cephaloman-nine, 62.2% paclitaxel) was dissolved in oxidized chloro-form (1 1) in a 31 flask cooled to 4°C using an ice bath.
HPLC analysis of the mixture after 1 hour showed a paclitaxel to cephalomannine ratio of 8:1. The reaction 15 mixture was then stirred at 15°C for 9 hrs. HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture at this point showed a paclitaxel to cephalomannine ratio of 19:1. The reaction mixture 5 ml sample washed with 5 ml deionized water had a pH of about 2Ø The mixture was then washed with 500 ml 1.0%
20 aqueous sodium sulfite solution, and the pH of the aqueous layer was 7.5. This was followed by two washes with water (2x500 ml). The pH values of first and second water washes were 7.0 and 6.5, respectively. The combined aqueous layer was re-extracted with 150 ml 25 chloroform. The organic layers were combined, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (85 g), and evaporated to dryness. The solid residue (5.85 g) was purified by chromatography. LCMS analysis of the chlorinated material indicated formation a diastereomer mixture of 30 dichlorocephalomannine as the product of reaction along with paclitaxel present in the starting material.

6.3 Chromatographic Purification of Chlorinated Material The chlorinated material (5.85 g) was 5 chromatographically purified using a column (4.1 cm i.d., 62 cm long) packed with silica gel (300 g) by the slurry method using 10% acetone in 1,2-dichloroethane. The sample was dissolved in 10% acetone in 1,2-dichloroethane. Following the first two 700 and 350 ml 10 fractions, all subsequent fractions were limited to 50 ml each. The fractions were analyzed by TLC (TLC plates were developed with 20% acetone in 1,2-dichloroethane, detected with 1% vanillin in 50/50 sulfuric acid-methanol). Dichlorocephalomannines eluted in fractions 15 8-13 and yielded 1.6 g solids (-90%) following evaporation of solvents. This material was finally purified by semi-preparative HPLC.
6.4 Chlorination of Crude Plant 20 Extract in 1,2-Dichloroethane 6.4.1 Preparation of Chlorine Solution in 1,2-Dichoroethane 25 A solution of chlorine in 1,2-dichloroethane was prepared by slow bubbling of chlorine into 1,2-dichloroethane (1 1) precooled to 0 - 4°C using an ice bath. The bubbling was continued for several min.
(approx. 10 min.) until the desired concentration of 30 chlorine in 1,2-dichloroethane was achieved. Samples of the solvent were withdrawn periodically and analyzed for dissolved chlorine content as follows: To the solvent sample (5 ml) in a 250 ml erlenmeyer flask were added 1.0 N HC1 (10 ml) and water (50 ml). To this mixture was 35 added KI (2 g), mixed well to dissolve, and the dark brown solution was titrated with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate solution. As the color of solution turned light brown, 3-4 drops of starch indicator solution (0.5%, USP) were added. The dark blue - purple solution was further titrated until the solution turned colorless. The volume of sodium thiosulfate solution used to arrive at the end point was noted and chlorine content was calculated. The desired chlorine content was in the range of 0.01-0.1%.

6.4.2 Chlorination Crude plant extract (5.0 g) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (200 ml) was cooled to -4°C and added dropwise to the stirred solution of chlorine (0.06%) in 10 1,2-dichloroethane (1250 ml) cooled to 4°C by using an ice bath. Following complete addition, the mixture was stirred at 4°C for 1 hr and a sample was analyzed by HPLC.
HPLC analysis indicated that the cephalomannine peak was nearly completely eliminated. The mixture was washed 15 with 1.0% sodium sulfite solution (1 1) and water (2 x 1 1). The pH values of the aqueous layers were as follows:
sodium sulfite wash, 7.5-8.0; first water wash, 6.0-6.5;
second water wash, 5.5. The aqueous layers were extracted with 1,2-dichloroethane (200 ml). The organic 20 layers were combined, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (50 g) and evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 40°C.
The residual solids were dried in vacuum oven at 40°C for 2 hrs to yield 5.3 g chlorinated material. HPLC analysis of this material showed dichlorocephalomannine as the 25 product of the reaction together with paclitaxel present in the starting crude plant extract.
6.5 Separation of Chlorinated Material From Paclitaxel by Crystalization The chlorinated product mixture from 6.4.2 (5.30 g) was dissolved in acetone (50 ml) in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. To this solution was added hexanes (65 ml), mixed well, and let stand at room temperature until 35 crystallization began to occur. The flask was then stored at 4°C for 60 hrs. The crystals were filtered, washed with cold 20% acetone in hexanes, and dried in iv vacuum oven at 40'C for 3.5 hrs to yield 3.10 g paclitaxel (- 95%, crystals I). The combined filtrate and washings were evaporated, and the residual solids dried in a vacuum oven at 40°C for 2 hrs to yield 1.96 g mother 5 liquor material (mother liquor I). The crystals I (3.10 g) were next dissolved in acetone (32 ml). To this solution was added hexanes (40 ml) and the mixture stored at room temperature,for 5 hrs and then at 4°C overnight.
The crystals were filtered, washed with 20% acetone in 10 hexanes, and dried in vacuum oven at 40°C for 3 hrs to yield 2.49g paclitaxel, 98.5% (crystals II). The filtrate and washings were combined and evaporated. The residual solids were dried in a vacuum oven at 40°C for 2 hrs to yield 0.65 g mother liquor material (mother liquor 15 II). The crystals II (2.49 g) were again dissolved in warm acetone (25 ml). To the solution was added hexanes (25 ml) and the mixture stored at room temperature for 5 hrs and then at 4°C overnight. The crystals were filtered, washed with 20% acetone in hexanes, and dried 20 in a vacuum oven at 40°C to yield 2.01g paclitaxel (99.5%, crystals III). The filtrate and washings were combined and evaporated. The residual solids were dried in a vacuum oven at 40'C for 2 hours to yield 0.478 mother liquor material (mother liquor III). The mother liquors 25 I, II, and III containing dichlorocephalomannines were then pooled and further separated by semi-preparative HPLC.
6.6 Final Purification of 2", 3" -30 Dichlorocephalomannine and 2",3"-Dichloro-'7-epi-cephalomannine Diastereomers The final purification of dichlorocephaloman-35 nine and 7-epi-dichlorocephalomannine diastereomers from other impurities was accomplished by semi-preparative HPLC (Waters Deltaprep" 3000) using a Waters Deltapak° C18 column, 100 P. l9mm x 30 cm with 45% acetonitrile in water I
i I ~ i as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 15 ml/min. Peak elution was monitored using a W detector set at 227 nm.
P~~rions of 200 mg material dissolved in methanol (2 ml) were injected. Elution ~~i ciichl~rocephalor,4~nnine 3iastereomer I peaked approximately at 86 min. and diastereomer II at 98 min. Likewise, the dichloro-cephalomannine diastereomer III peaked at approximately 118 min and the corresponding diastereomer IV peaked at 124 min respectively. Fractions collected from repeated injections were pooled and evaporated at 40°C under reduced pressure to remove the organic solvent. The , crystallized solids were filtered, washed with water, and dried in vacuum oven at 40°C to yield pure dichloro-cephalomannine.
15 diastereomers. The dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer I
isolated in this manner was associated with a- contaminant and was repurified by collecting smaller fractions during peak elution following the described HPLC procedure.
The preparation, separation and structures of the obtained diastereomeric dichloro compounds, (I) (2"R, 3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine, (DiCl-I) (2"R, 3"S)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine;

(II) (2"S, 3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine, (DiCl-II) (2"S, 3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine;

(III) (2"R, 3"R)-dichloro-cephalomannine, (DiCl-III) (2"R, 3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine;

(IV) (2"S, 3"S)-dichloro-cephalomannine, (DiCl-IV) (2"S, 3"S)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine are shown in scheme VII:

i.

S =heme VI I , "~o o .~0 0 - » .
a » . , r r ° " ' , , »
II 11 1 1 r r , ~ r r r a ~ , O Aa0 s . " g p AcD
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own o~n Paditascl Cep6aiomanoiae 7 . tFi . c~,Y,manntoe ' <CC1J
((~~
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,_ ~.p o ..o o" ~ »
p ° O ° ° ., ~ , a " ~ ~ , r, » , s ~ s r " , a r . , w r ~ ~ ° ~ , H ~ , ~ p ~ ~o ooh own ° n Paditasd I"r 3" -dfelisro ~ aptrabaVnei~e Z", 3" ~ dkhloro ~ 7. cpi .
apfaalamaeoiae Separation Analogues (2"R , 3"S) - did~lorocepdalomannine Anaiogue I T(I"S , 3"R) -diehMrvcephalomannine - (2"R,3"S)-dichloro-?-epi-cephalomannine - (2"S,3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine Analogue (2"R , 3"R ) dic6loro .cephalomanninc Analogue~~(Z"S , 3"S ) dichloro-:-cephalomannioe - (2"R,3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine - (2"S,3"S)-dichloro-7-ep1-cephalomannine Paclitaael Aaalogues (Chlorinated) ~i i _ 59 _ Analytical characterization of these diastereomers follows.
Fig. 14 shows TLC separation of 2",3"-dichlorocephalomannine and 2',3'-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine stereoisomers (DiCl-I-DiCl-IV). A key to Fig. 14 is set forth below in Table 13.

Lane No. Stereoisomer 1 DiCl-I
2 DiCl-II
Paclitaxel 3 DiCl-III
4 DiCl-IV

Plate: silica gel 60 F254' (Merck #5554) Solvent System: a) 10% CH30H in 1,2-dichloroethane b) hexane/chloroform/EtOAc/CH,OH
20:60:15:5 Reagent: a) W light b) vanilin/HzSOa in methanol FIG. 15 is an HPLC chromatogram of a mixture of the dichlocephalomannine and dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine diastereomers of this invention, with peaks identified below in Table 14.

Peak No. ~tereoisomer I DiCl-I

II DiCl-II

III DiCl-III

IV DiCl-IV

f i I i Equipment and conditions employed in generating this chromatogram are as follows:
column: ES' Industries FSP' (pentafluorophenyl); 4,6mm ID x 250 mm; 5 um; 60 A
solvent system: water/acetonitrile/methanol, 41:39:20 flow rate: 0.50 ml/min.; isocratic detector: waters 990="'photodiode Array Detector, monitored at 227 nm injection volume: 20 ~tl .
FIG. 16 shows a comparison of the W spectra for diastereomers DiCl-I, DiCl-II; DiCl-III and DiCl-IV in CH30H.
Spectra results are summarized ~~slow in Table 15.

Peak No. Stereoisomer Amax, nm I DiCl-I 226.6 14,813 II DiCl-II 227.2 14,990 III DiCl-III 228.2 17,252 TZ~ DiCl-IV 229.4 1n,694 FIG. 17 shows a comparison of the IR spectra for diastereomers DiCl-I, DiCl-II, DiCl-III and DiCl-IV, which are summarized below in Table 16.

Band- cm-1 Functional Groys 3500,1105,1070 tert, and sec. OH
3420,1670,1580 -CONH-3110,3060,1605 mono sub. aromatic rings 1505,770,710 2960,2915,2870 -CH3-; -CHZ-; -CH-groups 1465,1370 tin aliphatic or cyclic compounds) --- 3020,1670,1310 double bonds '., i ~~. ~ ~i 1730,1270 aromatic esters 1715,1240 >=0 groups 1730,1180 acetates 855 oxetane rings FIG. 18 is the NMR spectrum diastereomer 1H for DiCl-I.

FIG. 19 is the NMR spectrum diastereomer 1H for DiCl-II.

FIG. 20 is the NMR spectrum diastereomer 'H for DiCl-III.

FIG. 21 is the NMR spectrum diastereomer 1H for DiCl-IV.

FIG. 22 shows 13C-NMR spectrum the for diastereomers DiCl-I, II, III The 'H NMR and C-NMR spectra and " for IV.

each diaste reomer follows:
is summarized below as DILL-I 'H-Nl~t in ~CL, (300 I~iz in ppm;
side chain an d some ortant Drotons ne ~~
imfl o Chemical Shift Ass ianm nrs (~~m) 2. 54 (m,1H) - (H - 6a) 1.92 (t,1H) -(H - 6b) 2 .32 (m,2H) - (H - 14a) 2.32 (m,2H) -(H - 14b) 4.58 (q,1H) -(>CH - C1 - C3") 1.55 (d,3H) - (HC - CH3 - C,") CL

i i 1 .70 (s, 3H) ( II C CH, - CS" ) DILL-I 13C-NMR in CDCL3 (300 Ngiz in ppm; side chain and some important carbons onl S Chemical Shift tppm) Assignments 170.2 -(C - 1' ; C = O) 73.1 -(C - 2') 55.0 -(C - 3') 172.0 -(C - 1') C = 0) 15 70.8 -(C - 2") 58.7 -(C - 3") 21.8 -(C - 4") 27.5 -(C - 5") 203.6 -(C - 9; C = O) DICL-II 1H-NMR in CDCL3 (300 I~iz in ppm; side chain and some important protons only) Chemical Shift (ppm) Assignments 2 . 56 (m,1H) - (H - 6a) 1.94 (t,1H) -(H - 6b) 2.34 (m,2H) -(H - 14a) 2.34 (m,2H) -(H - 14b) 4 . 58 (q,1H) - ( >CH - C1 - C3"
) 1 . 55 (d,3H) - (HC - CH3 - C4"
) i i Cl i i 1.70 (s,3H) - (-~~ - C - CH3 -CS
i i (300 Ngiz in ppm; side chain and some important carbons only) Chemical Shift (ppm) Assignments 170.2 -(C - 1' ; C =
O) 72.6 -(C - 2') 55.0 -(C - 3') 172.6 -(C - 1") C = O) 70.6 -(C - 2") 58.7 -(C - 3") 21.8 -(C - 4") 27.7 -(C - 5") 203.5 -(C - 9; C =
O) DILL-III 1H-NMR in CDCL3 (300 I~iz in ppm; side chain and some importantprotons only) S Chemical Shift (ppm) Assignments 2.35 (m, 2H) - (H - 6a) 2.35 (m, 2H) -(H - 6b) 2.54 (m, 1H) -(H - 14a) 2 . 35 (m, 1H) - (H - 14b) 15 4.50 (qt, 1H) -(>CH - C1 - C3") 1 . 52 (d, 3H) - (HC - CH3 - C4" ) i i i 1.28 (s, 3H) - (-CII- C - CH3 - CS") i i (300 MHz in ppm; side chain and some important carbons onlv) Chemical Shift (ppm) Assignments 170.2 -(C - 1' ; C = O) 35 73.0 -(C - 2') 54.8 -(C - 3') 172.2 -(C - 1") C = O) 62.7 -(C - 2") 55.3 -(C - 3") 45 21.6 -(C - 4") 29.3 -(C - 5") 203 . 5 - (C - 9; C = 0) DICL-IV lA-NMR in CDCL3 (300 NIfIz in ppm;side chain and some importantprotons only) Chemical Shift (ppm) Assicrnments 2.35 (m, 2H) -(H - 6a) 2.35 (m, 2H) - (H - 6b) 2 . 54 (m, 1H) - (H - 14a) 2.35 (m, 1H) -(H - 14b) 15 4.50 (q, 1H) -(>CH - C1 - C3") 1 . 52 (d, 3H) - (HC~ - CH3 - C4" ) -i i 1 .28 (s, 3H) ( ~~ C CH3 - CS" ) i i DICL-IV1'C-NMR

(300 I~iz in ppm; chain side and some important carbons only) 30 ' Chemical Shift (ppm) Assignments 170.2 -(C - 1' ; C = O) 35 72.9 -(C - 2') 53.9 -(C - 3') 172.2 -(C - 1") C = O) 62.5 -(C - 2") 55.0 -(C - 3") 45 21.7 -(C - 4") 29.3 -(C - 5".) 203.5 -(C - 9; C = O) i ~ s FIG. 23 is an EI mass spectrum of the DiCl-IV
diastereomer, which is the same fragmentation pattern for diastereomers DiCl-I, DiCl-II and DiCl-III.
FIG. 24 is a FAB' mass spectrum of diastereomer DiCl-II, which is the same spectrum for diastereomer DiCl-I, DiCl-III
and DiCl-IV. Data from Fig. 23 and Fig. 24 are summarized below.
E1-MS; [M'] =902 568 [T]'; 550 [T - Hz0]';
508 [T-AcOH] +; 490 (T-AcOH-H20)';
(m/z, the main 480; 448 (T-2AcOH)+ or [T-BZOH]'; 386 fragments) (T-AcOH-BZOH]'326 (T-BZOH-2AcOH]'; 308 (T-326-Hs0]'; 264 [832-T] +;
246 [264-H=O]'; 188; 148; 122 [BZOH)'; 105 (g=] '; 91 (C,H.,)': 83 (C,H,C=O) ; 77 (C6H5]';
57; 55; 43 DiCl-I, DiCl-II, DiCl-III and DiCl-IV (m/z, the main fragments), 940 ( [M+K]') ; 924 ( (M+Na] ') ; 902 ( (M+1H]') ;
842 ( [M-60'] ) ; 832 ( [cephal) ) ; 824 ( [M-60-18)') ;
569 ( [T]') ; 551 ( [T-18]') ; 527 ( (T-43]') ;
509 ( (T-60]') ; 491 ( [T-60-18]') ; 449/448 ( [T-122]') ; 405 ( [S-18] ) ;
387([T-60-122]'); 327([387-60]');
309 ( [327-18]') ; 264 ( (832-T]') ;
246 ( (264-18]') ; 218 ( (264-46]') ;
105 ( [C~HSCO] ') ; 91 ( [C,H,] ') ; 77 ( (C6H5] ') ;

I i Physico-chemical properties of the dichlorocephalomannine di~.~-ereomers ef this invention are summarized in Table 17.

Phvsico Chemical Properties of Chloro-Analorn~es of Paclitaxel Property DiCl-I Di-Cl-II DiCl-III DiCl-IV

Appearance white to White to White to White to off-white off-white off-white ' crystals crystals crystals off-white crystals Melting 190-192'C 186-188C 178-182'C 160-162C

point Molecular Cq5H53~14NC12Cq5H53~14NC12C45H53014NC1ZCq5H53O:qNCl~
( i5 formula Molecular 902.8 902.8 902.8 902.8 weight (~) D -56 . 9' -45. 9 -38 . 8 IR*(cm-1) 3500, 1105, 1070; 3420, 1670, 1580;
3110, 3060, 1605, 1505, 770, 710;
2960, 2915, 2870, 1465, 1370; 3020, 1670, 1310, 980; 1730, 1270; 1715, 1240; 1730, 1180; 855;

W ~."ax; 226.6 nm; 227.2nm; 228.2 nm; 229.4 nm;
(e) 4813 14990 17252 14694 TLC** (Rt) solvents A; 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.49 g, 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.44 HPLC***

(RT) condition 1; 38.50 min. 41.75 min. 48.29 min. 49.74 min.

condition 2; 37.75 min. 41.83 min. 45.98 48.01 min.

*The IR spectra of DiCl-I-IV are superimposable.

f i~ t **Solvent System A: Methanol-1,2,-Dichloroethane-(1:10).
Solvent System H: Hexane-Chloroform-Ethylacetate-Methanol-(2:6:1.5:0.5?
*** Condition 1: Column: ES~ Industries FSP
(Pentafluorophenyl) 4.6 mm ID x 250 mm, 5 um particle size, 60~ pore size; mobile ~has~ - water - acetonitrile - methanol - (41:39:20); flow rate 0.50 ml/min;
seoaratiQn mode - isocratic; detgstor - Waters 990"
Photodiode Array Detector; elution monitored at 227 nm;
infection volume - 20 u1.
Condition 2: C : Phenomenex 4.6 mm ID x 250 mm, S ~m particle size, 80 pore size; mobile phase - water -acetonitrile - methanol - (45:40:15); flow rate - 0.50 ml/min; separation mode - isocratic; ~etesaor - Waters 490 programmable multiwavelength detector, elution monitored at 227 nm; infection volume - 80 u1 total mixture.

In Vitro NCI Studies Showing Antitumor Efficacy of (2"R, 3"S) -aad !2"S,3"R)-Dichloro-Cephalomannine Diastereomers.
In this NCI study, isolated and purified (2"R,3"S) and (2"S,3"R) diastereomers of dichloro-cephalomannine are shown to exhibit strong paclitaxel-like antitumor efficacy in vitro in the NCI's sixty human tumor cell line screen.
7.1 Discussion of Results The results of the NCI in vitro study are summarized below. Tables 18A-18F show data sheets of in vitro testing results of diastereomer (2"R, 3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine (I) obtained from this invention in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines. Figures 25A-25F
represent mean graphs of dose response of (2"R, 3'S) dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer (I) obtained from this invention in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines. Tables 19A-19F show data sheets of in vitro testing results of the (2"S, 3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer (II) obtained from this invention in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines. Figures 26A-26F represent mean graphs of dose response of the (2"S, 3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine diastereomer (II) obtained from this invention in a screen of sixty human tumor cell lines. Figures 25A-25F and Figures 26A-26F show strong antitumor efficacy for both of these compounds.

i - 68a -The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical formulation which comprises any one or more of the dibromo or dichloro diastereomers of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers excipients or diluents therefor.

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Claims

We claim:

1. A compound of the formula:

wherein R, R1 and R2 are selected from:
(2"R, 3"S)-dihalocephalomannine (2"S, 3"R)-dihalocephalomannine (2"R, 3"S)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"S, 3"R)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dihalocephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dihalocephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine and X is halogen.

2. A pharmaceutical formulation which comprises a compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents therefor.

3. Use of a compound according to claim 1 for treating animal or human tumors.

4. A method for the production of dihalocephalomannine and/or dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine comprising halogenating cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine under conditions effective to selectively halogenate the 2", 3" unsaturated side chain portion of cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine to produce 2", 3"-dihalocephalomannine and/or dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine is present in any amount in a mixture comprising paclitaxel and other taxane ring-containing compounds, and the resulting 2", 3"-dihalocephalomannine is then separated from the mixture.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the halogenation reaction is carried out in the dark at a temperature range of between -20°C to 20°C.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the temperature range is between -5°C to 5°C.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the halogenation reaction is carried out using a stoichiometric amount of halogen, relative to cephalomannine concentration.

9. A compound of the formula:

wherein R, R1 and R2 are selected from:

(I) (2"R, 3"S)-dibromocephalomannine (2"S, 3"R)-dibromocephalomannine (2"R, 3"S)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"S, 3"R)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"S, 3"S>-dibromocephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dibromocephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine

10. A pharmaceutical formulation which comprises a compound according to claim 9 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents therefor.

11. Use of a compound according to claim 9 for treating animal or human tumors.

12. The use as claimed in claim 11, wherein the compound is R = R1=OH; R2=H.

13. The use as claimed in claim 11 wherein the compound is R= R1=OH; R2=H.

14. The use as claimed in claim 11 wherein the compound is R= R1=H; R2=OH.

15. The use as claimed in claim 11 wherein the compound is R= ; R1=H; R2=OH.

16. A method for the production of a compound of the formula, wherein R, R1 and R2 are selected from:
(2"R, 3"S)-dibromocephalomannine R= R1=OH R2=H;

(II) (2"S, 3"R)-dibromocephalomannine (III) (2"R, 3"S)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine (IV) (2"S, 3"R)-dihalo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dibromocephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dibromocephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dibromo-7-epi-cephalomannine comprising brominating cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine under conditions effective to selectively brominate the 2", 3" unsaturated side-chain portion of cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein a mixture of diastereomeric compounds I, II, III and IV is produced, and further comprising separating each of compounds I, II, III, IV from the mixture.

18. The method of claim 16 wherein the cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine is present in a mixture in any amount comprising paclitaxel and other taxane ring compounds.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein the bromination reaction is carried out in the dark at a temperature range of between -20°C to 20°C.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the temperature range is between -5°C to 5°C.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the bromination reaction is carried out using a stoichiometric amount of bromine, relative to cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine concentration.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein the bromination reaction is carried out using a solution of bromine in a chlorinated solvent selected from the group consisting of CC14, CHCl3, ClCH2CH2Cl and CH2Cl2.

23. A compound of the formula, wherein R, R1 and R2 are selected from:

(2"R, 3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine (I) (2" S, 3"R) -dichlorocephalomannine (II) (III) (2"R, 3"S)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine (IV) (2"S, 3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine

24. A pharmaceutical formulation which comprises a compound according to claim 23 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents thereof.

25. Use of a compound according to claim 23 for treating animal or human tumors.

26. The use as claimed in claim 25 wherein the compound is

27. The use as claimed in claim 25 wherein the compound is

28. The use as claimed in claim 25 wherein the compound is

29. The use as claimed in claim 25 wherein the compound is

30. A method for the production of a compound of the formula, wherein R, R1 and R2 are selected from:
(2"R, 3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine 2"S, 3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine (III) (2"R, 3"S)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine (IV) (2"S, 3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dichlorocephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dichlorocephalomannine (2"S, 3"S)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine (2"R, 3"R)-dichloro-7-epi-cephalomannine comprising chlorinating cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine under conditions effective to selectively chlorinate the unsaturated 2", 3" side chain portion of cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein a mixture of diastereomeric compounds I, II, III and IV is produced, and further comprising separating each of compounds I, II, III, IV from the mixture.

32. The method of claim 30 wherein the cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine is present in a mixture in any amount comprising paclitaxel and other taxane ring compounds.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the chlorination reaction is carried out at a temperature range of between -20°C to 20°C.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein the chlorination reaction is carried out at a temperature range of between -5°C to 20°C.

35. The method of claim 32, wherein the chlorination reaction is carried out in the dark.

36. The method of claim 32, wherein the chlorination reaction is carried out using a stoichiometric amount of chlorine relative to cephalomannine and/or 7-epi-cephalomannine concentration.

37. The method of claim 32, wherein the chlorination reaction is carried out using a solution of chlorine in a chlorinated solvent selected from the group consisting of CCl4, CHCl3, ClCH2CH2Cl and CH2Cl2.