CA1300483C - Method and apparatus for generating highly luminous flame - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for generating highly luminous flameInfo
- Publication number
- CA1300483C CA1300483C CA000569540A CA569540A CA1300483C CA 1300483 C CA1300483 C CA 1300483C CA 000569540 A CA000569540 A CA 000569540A CA 569540 A CA569540 A CA 569540A CA 1300483 C CA1300483 C CA 1300483C
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- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- combustible material
- oxidizing gas
- burner
- flame
- combustion tunnel
- Prior art date
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Abstract
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
GENERATING HIGHLY LUMINOUS FLAME
ABSTRACT
Disclosed is a method of combusting combustible material and a burner therefore to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame with low NOx emission. There is a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening and combustible material and two different oxygen-based oxidizing gases are separately supplied to a combustion tunnel. The first oxidi-zing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of the combustible material is separately directed into a combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the portion of combustible material and the first oxidi-zing gas mix within the combustion tunnel to create a flame core. The remainder of the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas is separately directed into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the remainder of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas mix together prior to mixing with the flame core. The mixture of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas is caused to subsequently mix with the flame core to create the final flame pattern.
GENERATING HIGHLY LUMINOUS FLAME
ABSTRACT
Disclosed is a method of combusting combustible material and a burner therefore to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame with low NOx emission. There is a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening and combustible material and two different oxygen-based oxidizing gases are separately supplied to a combustion tunnel. The first oxidi-zing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of the combustible material is separately directed into a combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the portion of combustible material and the first oxidi-zing gas mix within the combustion tunnel to create a flame core. The remainder of the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas is separately directed into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the remainder of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas mix together prior to mixing with the flame core. The mixture of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas is caused to subsequently mix with the flame core to create the final flame pattern.
Description
aoo4s3 j l l , . Il METHOD AND APPARATII.~ FOR
! GENERATING HIGHLY LUMINOUS FLAME
l BACKGROUND OF THE I~VENTION
l ., l, I This invention relates to methods and apparatus for ~enerating highly luminous high temperature, low Nx flames ¦~sing fluid fuels. The method~ and apparatus disclosed may be used as the major source of energy and also a~ an assisting energy ource in melting furnaces, industrial heating and heat treating Ifurnaces~ kilns~ incinerators and other high temperature ~pplications.
Induotri~l furnaoen for high temperature heating (~bove jl800F) and melting applications commonly use gaseous fuels such las natural gas. When ambient air (especially preheated air) is ¦lsed as the oxidizer the gaseous flames are normally blue with ~ery low luminosity thus reducing the heat exchange between the flame and the furnace contents. By comparison, luminous oil flames result, in many cases, with as much as 25% less fuel Iconsumption and a decrease in exhaust gas temperatures.
I Utilization of oxygen to increase the heating efficiency due to higher flame temperature and the lower volume of flue gases lis a well-Xnown combustion approach. However, known methods of li introduction of the oxygen into a combustion process through the ¦linjection of oxygen into the combustion air, commonly called llixygen enrichment, result in even further reduction of flame i';luminosity and an increase of N0x emissions due to oxidation of ! -1-.
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, 13(~0483 Ini~rogen with oxygen inside the higher temperature flame. The ¦ratio control between fuel flow and enriched air flow is similar Ito standard fuel/air ratio control. The ratio of total air to jtotal oxygen i~ normally constant during the heating cycle.
S ¦ U. S. Patent No. 3,729,285 to Schwedersky discloses a ¦staged methQd of gaseous fuel combustion inside the burner tunnel wherein two fuel streams with as~ociated air streams are ¦separately controlled, delivered to the combustion chamber and ¦burned prior to mixing the combu6tion products together to create ¦a low N0x flame. In order to be able to accomplish stable ¦1pyrolysis with air, having approximately 78% N2, ins1de the burner, the ratio of oxidizer to fuel would have to be at least 75% of stoichiometric to insure adequate heat release during the partial combustion of the fuel being pyrolyzed, since heat ~tored in the N2 molecules in the pyrolysis zone will be unavailable for pyrolysis. This diluted flame core reduces flame temperature ~nside said core, and also has a relatively low air deficiency, eliminating the possibility of significant formation of carbon jmicroparticles of the proper sizerequired to provide adequate Iflame luminosity. Thus, this invention cannot practically utilize pyrolys$s, since most fuel is u~ed to create heat, leaving little fuel to be pyrolyzed.
¦ Carbon microparticles required for maximum emissivity are in the size range of 0.05 to 4.0 microns and the formation of particles in this size range has been shown to be optimized at above 3000F, which i8 a temperature that is not achievable without a high concentration of oxygen in the oxidizing gas. In : ' the low temperature conditions of SchwedersXy excessive hydrocarbon fuels will generate predominately more hydrocarbon 1, radicals than particle8 of carbon capable of boosting flame ; -2-::~: . I
; ~
13~0483 luminosity. Also a low flame core temperature significantly reduces the radiative capability of said particles. The flame introduced by the Schwedersky patent has less NOX emissions than other flames, but it also has low radiative heat flux due to the low temperature of the flame envelope.
Because the ratio of total oxygen to total fuel is not variable in such systems, the volume of flue gases per Btu at standard conditions is fixed throughout the entire firing cycle.
The temperature inside the refractory combustion chamber is slightly reduced due to staged combustion. The Schwedersky patent also describes a burner utilizing more than one oxidizing stream to stage combustion, but does not have the ability to utilize pure oxygen, as is made clear by the fact that metal as used in the combustion chamber could not survive the temperature of a flame utilizing pure oxygen, nor does it disclose enrichment by or use of pure oxygen.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention in one broad aspect pertains to a method of combusting combustible material in a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame, comprising the steps o separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen based oxidizing gases to the combustion tunnel, separately directing the first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of the combustible material into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the portion of the combustible material and the first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within the combustion tunnel to create a hot oxygen .
;lean luminous flame core, separately directing the remainder of ~ the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas having a d~ifferent oxygen concentration from the first oxidizing gas into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the ;remainder of the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas at least partially mix within the combustion tunnel to 35~ ~create at least one oxygen rich mixture stream, and mixing the .
; ~3~Q483 oxygen lean flame core with at least one oxygen rich mixture stream to create a final highly luminous flame pattern.
Another aspect of the invention comprehends a burner for combustion of combustible material to generate a high S temperature, high luminosity flame which comprises a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening and means for separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen-based oxidizing gases to the combustion tunnel. First means is provided for separately directing the first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of the combustible material into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the portion of combustible material and the first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within the combustion tunnel to create a flame core. Means is provided for separately directing the remainder of the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the remainder of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas mix together at least partially prior to mixing with the flame core. The mixture of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas is caused to subsequently mix with the flame to create the final flame pattern.
More particularly the invention provides a process in which there is initial control of fuel, oxygen and air flows and the delivery of the oxidizers to a burner as two oxidizing gases having different oxygen concentrations (for example, pure oxygen and air, or oxygen and oxygen enriched air). A first ~;~ oxidizing gas containing a high oxygen concentration is injected as a stream into the central zone of a combustion tunnel (or combustion chamber), and part of the fuel (preferably the major part) is injected into said central pyrolysis zone to mix with said first oxidizing gas (preferably at ratios of fuel to oxygen between 0.8 - 2.5) to create a highly luminous, :: ~
high temperature flame core containing microparticles of carbon of the proper size for maximum luminosity and high ` -4-11 1301~483 jltemperature, and a relativèly small amount of hydrocarbon ladicals. In addition, part of the fuel (preferably the minor part) is injected in a plurality of streams about said flame core l~o mix with a ~econd oxidizing gas (containing a lower oxygen ¦l~oncentration than the first oxidizing ga~) and injecting ~aid ~ econd oxidizing mixture about said flame core and said minor fue:
¦jF1OW to mix with said minor fuel flow (preferably at fuel to ¦oxygen ratio below 0.4). This creates a plurality of fuel lean ¦ltoXYgen rich) flames which are directed toward said luminous flam~
¦Icore to form a final flame pattern having high temperature, high ~uminosity and low N0x content.
¦I The utilization of a high oxygen concentration in the Ifirst oxidizing gas makes it possible to booet the temperature of carbon microparticles and the concentration of these particles lS !(due to low flue gas volume), thus 6ignificantly increasing the radiative flux from the final flame toward the product being heated. Effective pyrolysis of natural gas must take place with the temperature of the entire pyrolytic zone being maintained in excesa of 2400-F. Below this temperature, the methane tends to form benzol8 and other hydrocarbons rather than pure carbon particles. Radiation from pure carbon particles makes a significant contribution to the overall luminosity of the flame produced by the burner described herein. As previously mentioned ~¦these particles must be in the size range of 0.05 - 4.0 microns llfor maximum radiation in the visible and infrared spectrum. This ¦~henomena dominates at higher temperatures (above 3000-F) such as are present in the burner described herein. This radiation is in addition to the radiation of hot C2 and H20 molecules from ~the combustion products, which is typical for hydrocarbon fuel ¦Iflamea. By generating additional heat in the space 6urrounding ¦Ithe pyrolytic zone, the fuel pyroly8is i8 intensified and the .
li ~300483 femperature of the microparticles of carbon is increased to create a higher radiation heat flux from the flame pattern.
¦ The additional heat flux of the highly luminous flame results in reduction of the temperature of the products of 5 combustion prior to their contact with the furnace load, which ~will reduce the oxidation of the load. Therefore, a larger portion of ~he heat released by combustion may be transferred to the load at a given process temperature due to the higher temperature and luminosity of the flame envelope being produced by 10 the above described ~imultaneously occurring parallel stage combustion.
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¦ The low N0x produced by this combustion method is due ~o the very low nitrogen concentration of-the first oxidizing gas I(preferably pure oxygen) present inside the flame core where the 15 high concentration of C0 and hydrocarbons also prevents nitrogen ~xidation. In addition, the plurality of fuel lean flames (diluted, for example, with excess of 2 and N2) surrounding aid central flame core do not have a large enough flame pattern Ito raise the temp-rature inside their individual flame cores above 20 270~-F and thus to trigger N0x formation. The structure of the ~final flame, having a high temperature central core with a very low concentration of nitrogen, prevents the N0x concentration from increasing through the final stage of combustion inside and utside the burner tunnel.
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25 ~ A single fuel source may supply the fuel for both the central fuel-rich and outer fuel-lean flames or mixtures. To mix the fuel wlth the first and second oxidizing gas streams, the fuel ~ay be intrQduced through two separately directed nozzle sets, one ~art being directed to mix with the central flame core, and the ,';: ~ 'i.
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~! ~300483 ether part to mix with the second oxidizing gas surrounding said ¦central zone. The dimensions of the openings introducing the fuel ¦streams and their directions determine their relative volume and the intensity of mixing with the oxidizer. The flame velocity, temperature, and combustion product volume may be varied, for example, at a given heat energy input level through the adjustment !
i¦of the ratio between air and oxygen in the oxidizing gases, ¦¦constantly keeping the two fuel flows at a fixed ratio.
l Fuel (for example, natural gas) may also be supplied to 10¦ the burner as two separate streams and in such case the flame ¦characteristics may be varied by separate control of the fuel ¦flows delivered to the burner by separate conduits. When such ¦separation of fuel occurs two different fuels may be used for 'combu8tion simultaneously. As an example, liquid fuel may be used 15 'in central pyrolysis zone and coke oven gas or natural gas in Iminor fuel flow peripheral zone.
¦ Where it its desirable to have a lower temperature flame for a particular application, the participation of oxygen should be lower than that required for complete pyrolysis of the fuel.
20 In 8uch cases, the pure oxygen supplied for participation in the combustion process is reduced, for example, to a ratio of pure oxygen/air below 0.2. At 8uch conditions, where less oxygen is available for pyrolysis, the energy balance in the pyrolytic zone may become critical and to support adequate temperature conditions 2r in the pyrolytic zone more fuel is directed to the fuel lean zone, ¦thereby reducing the amount of fuel being pyrolyzed so as to increase the temperature in the pyrolytic zone as well as in the 8urrounding zone occupied by the fuel lean flames. Thus, the pre8ent invention may be used in a broad range of applications 30 where a highly radiative flame is desirable.
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1~ i3~0483 I The high radiation flux from the pyrolytic zone may ¦raise the temperature innide the combustion chamber to a level ¦where the exposed metal parts inside the combustion chamber will deteriorate. Therefore, liquid cooling of burner parts so expos~d S 'may be necessary in certain embodiments of the present invention.
i i The burner and method of combustion may also be used for incineration of fluid hazardous waste having high or low caloric ¦¦value. In this case, liquid waste may be introduced instead of ¦lone of the fuel streams, preferably the central stream. Oxygen 10 ¦1utilization in this caee makes the flame pattern hotter and the ioxidizing gas more oxygen concentrated, thus improving the thermal destruction efficiency of the flame pattern. Utilization of this approach for low caloric value uels, such as landfill gas, has ¦Isimilar advantages.
Accordingly this invention seeks in one aspect to provide' a combuetion procees and apparatus for generating a variable high temperature, highly luminous flame with low NOX emisslon by ¦burning gaseous and liquid materials with oxygen and air.
l , 1 Further this invention seeks to provide a 20 ¦ method and apparatus for simultaneously occurring parallel staged ¦ combustion which may be controlled to more efficiently utilize ¦jfuel and oxygen in a heating process.
These and other aspects and advantages will appear from tb- following descriptions with reference to the drawings.
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1 ~3~0483 ! BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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¦ Fig. 1 i8 a side section view through the center of a ¦~burner of a first embodiment of the present invention.
ll Fig. 2 iis a section taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
Il .
I Fig. 3 i8 a section taken along line 3-3 of Fig. 1.
¦, Fig. 4 i~ a side section view of the burner of a isecond embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 iB a side ~ection vi-w through the center of a burner of a third embodiment of the pre~ent invention.
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10 ~ Fig. 6 i8 a side sect~on view through the center of a burner of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
,¦ DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
l!
¦I The preferred embodlments are now described with llreference to the drawings, in which like number indicate like 15 ¦jparts throughout the views.
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I Fig. 1 shows detaile of a preferred embodiment of the invent$on. The burner lO comprises a nozzle assembly 11 which : ~ ~
1~ includes ports which dlrect streams of oxidizer gase~ and fuel -~ ~ lnto the combustion chamber 12 for combustion. The combustion , ~ ~
20~ chamber 12 in Fig. 1 may be within the wall of the furnace or ¦other apparatus for industrial heating.
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Jl` 13~ 483 ,I Specifically, a high oxygen concentration oxidizer is ¦lintroduced through central port 13, along the center line of the ¦~ombustion chamber 12. For instance, pure oxygen or an oxidizing Igas containing a higher percentage of oxygen than in air i9 !~directed through central tube 14 to port 13. Air or an oxidizing ¦gas having a lower oxygen concentration than the first oxidizer iB
,introduced into the combustion chamber as a second oxidizer stream ¦,from air inlet 15 through air inlet port 16, of which there are leight in this embodiment. The air inlet ports 16 are directed lO!!about the central axis of the combustion chamber 12 to promote !rigorous mixing of the second oxidizing gas with the fuel.
¦Furthermore, the air inlet passages may include insulation 17 when ~a preheated second oxidizer gas is used.
Fluid fuel, such as natural gas, is introduced from fuel 15 ,inlet tube 18 which is connected to the fuel ports 19 and 20.
¦Fuel ports 19, of which there are three in this embodiment, are ,ju~ed to introduce streams of the major portion of the fuel toward jthe first oxidizer to provide vigorous mixing. The ports 20 for llthe minor fuel flow serve to direct the minor flow of the fuel 20¦jtoward the lower oxygen concentration second oxidizer streams from ~orts 16. The minor fuel ports 20 will have a smaller llcross-section area than ports 19, such that the relative volumes 1f fuel directed to each oxidizer stream is automatically ',Icontrolled. Preferably, the minor fuel ports 20 are parallel to 25 Ithe center line of the burner.
In this manner, two distinct flame regimes are established: a hot center core comprised of an oxidizer eontaining ~a high 2 concentration and having a rich fuel/oxidizer ratio, surrounded by a lean fuel/oxidizer mixture comprising an oxidizer ~:
:
1 13~J0483 containing a lower 2 concentration mixed with said minor fuel flows.
1.
I Fig. 2 is a cross-section through the various oxidizer ¦¦and fuel inlet passages. The passages are concentric tubeR, with ¦linner inlet tube 14 being the high concentration oxidizer supply, middle tube 18 being the fuel supply, and outer tube 15 being the air ~upply, as discuRsed above.
ll i ¦ Fig. 3 shows a cross-section through the burner face 11 ¦showing the location and relative size of the various ports 10 ~described above. I
Fig. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the burner face which includes water cooling. In high temperature applications where the flame temperature required is very high, or ¦~where the discharge of the products of combustion will be into a 15 ¦Ivery high temperature process, water cooling of the burner lla88embly may be necessary. This is shown in Fig. 4 by a water ¦Icooling inlet 25 communicating with a water cooling outlet 26.
Proper circulation of the water is arranged by appropriate baffles within the nozzle assembly 11.
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In Fig. 5 an embodiment of the burner includes a full ¦Iwater cooled combu8tion tunnel 30, appropriate when an extremely ¦Ihot high velocity flame is created within the combustion chamber or when the furnace on which the unit is installed can transfer a igniflcant amount of heat back to the burner. Additional ~;~ 25 ¦¦feaCures of this embodiment 8hown in this figure are the water cket 31 Qf the combu8tion tunnel 30, the cooling baffle bypass ¦hole 32, a flame detector channel 33, and a spark plug 34 for ignition. The water cooled nozzle 35 is provided to choke the hot ,,1 ' :1 ~3(~)483 flame generated by the burner to create high velocity. Otherwise the burner iB similar to the other configurations previously Idescribed.
¦ In Fig. 6, an embodiment of a dual fuel burner design ~sing air preheat iB shown. This variation provides the ability to fire fuel oil or other liquids. For instance, oil i~
introduced through the tube 40, while atomizing gaQ enters through another tube 41. The oil and atomizing gas flow through the llatomizing nozzle 42, which is cooled by contact with the heat 10 ¦!conducting burner plate 43, which iB in turn cooled by contact ¦Iwith cooling water jacket 44. The conically shaped oil nozzle 42 iand attached tubes 40 and 41, can be removed from the rear of the burner for service and inspection. Oxygen enters through ports 50 jwhich are directed towards the center line of the burner. The !oxygen is provided to ports 50 through inlet tube 47. Gas, or other fuel, in introduced in inlet 48 to fuel port6 51 which are parallel to the center line of the burner and further away from the center line than oxygen ports 50. Air which may be preheated, is introduced in inlet lS and into the burner through ports 16, which direct the air towards the gas within the combustion chamber to form the outer flame cores. Insulation 45 may be provided around the center section of burner to prevent heat 1088 from preheated air due to contact with the cooling water l¦jacket. An internal bleeding path 46 is provided between inlet 25 ¦Itube 47 and inlet 15 for directing some of the pure oxygen into the heated air for oxygen enrichment of the air.
While thi~ invention has been described in detail with particular reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will b- onderstood that variations and modifications can be effected ~', ` ` .
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l~ithin the spirit and scope of the invention as previously S de~cribed a d defined ln the clai~.
! GENERATING HIGHLY LUMINOUS FLAME
l BACKGROUND OF THE I~VENTION
l ., l, I This invention relates to methods and apparatus for ~enerating highly luminous high temperature, low Nx flames ¦~sing fluid fuels. The method~ and apparatus disclosed may be used as the major source of energy and also a~ an assisting energy ource in melting furnaces, industrial heating and heat treating Ifurnaces~ kilns~ incinerators and other high temperature ~pplications.
Induotri~l furnaoen for high temperature heating (~bove jl800F) and melting applications commonly use gaseous fuels such las natural gas. When ambient air (especially preheated air) is ¦lsed as the oxidizer the gaseous flames are normally blue with ~ery low luminosity thus reducing the heat exchange between the flame and the furnace contents. By comparison, luminous oil flames result, in many cases, with as much as 25% less fuel Iconsumption and a decrease in exhaust gas temperatures.
I Utilization of oxygen to increase the heating efficiency due to higher flame temperature and the lower volume of flue gases lis a well-Xnown combustion approach. However, known methods of li introduction of the oxygen into a combustion process through the ¦linjection of oxygen into the combustion air, commonly called llixygen enrichment, result in even further reduction of flame i';luminosity and an increase of N0x emissions due to oxidation of ! -1-.
s~
, 13(~0483 Ini~rogen with oxygen inside the higher temperature flame. The ¦ratio control between fuel flow and enriched air flow is similar Ito standard fuel/air ratio control. The ratio of total air to jtotal oxygen i~ normally constant during the heating cycle.
S ¦ U. S. Patent No. 3,729,285 to Schwedersky discloses a ¦staged methQd of gaseous fuel combustion inside the burner tunnel wherein two fuel streams with as~ociated air streams are ¦separately controlled, delivered to the combustion chamber and ¦burned prior to mixing the combu6tion products together to create ¦a low N0x flame. In order to be able to accomplish stable ¦1pyrolysis with air, having approximately 78% N2, ins1de the burner, the ratio of oxidizer to fuel would have to be at least 75% of stoichiometric to insure adequate heat release during the partial combustion of the fuel being pyrolyzed, since heat ~tored in the N2 molecules in the pyrolysis zone will be unavailable for pyrolysis. This diluted flame core reduces flame temperature ~nside said core, and also has a relatively low air deficiency, eliminating the possibility of significant formation of carbon jmicroparticles of the proper sizerequired to provide adequate Iflame luminosity. Thus, this invention cannot practically utilize pyrolys$s, since most fuel is u~ed to create heat, leaving little fuel to be pyrolyzed.
¦ Carbon microparticles required for maximum emissivity are in the size range of 0.05 to 4.0 microns and the formation of particles in this size range has been shown to be optimized at above 3000F, which i8 a temperature that is not achievable without a high concentration of oxygen in the oxidizing gas. In : ' the low temperature conditions of SchwedersXy excessive hydrocarbon fuels will generate predominately more hydrocarbon 1, radicals than particle8 of carbon capable of boosting flame ; -2-::~: . I
; ~
13~0483 luminosity. Also a low flame core temperature significantly reduces the radiative capability of said particles. The flame introduced by the Schwedersky patent has less NOX emissions than other flames, but it also has low radiative heat flux due to the low temperature of the flame envelope.
Because the ratio of total oxygen to total fuel is not variable in such systems, the volume of flue gases per Btu at standard conditions is fixed throughout the entire firing cycle.
The temperature inside the refractory combustion chamber is slightly reduced due to staged combustion. The Schwedersky patent also describes a burner utilizing more than one oxidizing stream to stage combustion, but does not have the ability to utilize pure oxygen, as is made clear by the fact that metal as used in the combustion chamber could not survive the temperature of a flame utilizing pure oxygen, nor does it disclose enrichment by or use of pure oxygen.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention in one broad aspect pertains to a method of combusting combustible material in a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame, comprising the steps o separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen based oxidizing gases to the combustion tunnel, separately directing the first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of the combustible material into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the portion of the combustible material and the first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within the combustion tunnel to create a hot oxygen .
;lean luminous flame core, separately directing the remainder of ~ the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas having a d~ifferent oxygen concentration from the first oxidizing gas into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the ;remainder of the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas at least partially mix within the combustion tunnel to 35~ ~create at least one oxygen rich mixture stream, and mixing the .
; ~3~Q483 oxygen lean flame core with at least one oxygen rich mixture stream to create a final highly luminous flame pattern.
Another aspect of the invention comprehends a burner for combustion of combustible material to generate a high S temperature, high luminosity flame which comprises a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening and means for separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen-based oxidizing gases to the combustion tunnel. First means is provided for separately directing the first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of the combustible material into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the portion of combustible material and the first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within the combustion tunnel to create a flame core. Means is provided for separately directing the remainder of the combustible material and the second oxidizing gas into the combustion tunnel toward the outlet opening such that the remainder of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas mix together at least partially prior to mixing with the flame core. The mixture of combustible material and the second oxidizing gas is caused to subsequently mix with the flame to create the final flame pattern.
More particularly the invention provides a process in which there is initial control of fuel, oxygen and air flows and the delivery of the oxidizers to a burner as two oxidizing gases having different oxygen concentrations (for example, pure oxygen and air, or oxygen and oxygen enriched air). A first ~;~ oxidizing gas containing a high oxygen concentration is injected as a stream into the central zone of a combustion tunnel (or combustion chamber), and part of the fuel (preferably the major part) is injected into said central pyrolysis zone to mix with said first oxidizing gas (preferably at ratios of fuel to oxygen between 0.8 - 2.5) to create a highly luminous, :: ~
high temperature flame core containing microparticles of carbon of the proper size for maximum luminosity and high ` -4-11 1301~483 jltemperature, and a relativèly small amount of hydrocarbon ladicals. In addition, part of the fuel (preferably the minor part) is injected in a plurality of streams about said flame core l~o mix with a ~econd oxidizing gas (containing a lower oxygen ¦l~oncentration than the first oxidizing ga~) and injecting ~aid ~ econd oxidizing mixture about said flame core and said minor fue:
¦jF1OW to mix with said minor fuel flow (preferably at fuel to ¦oxygen ratio below 0.4). This creates a plurality of fuel lean ¦ltoXYgen rich) flames which are directed toward said luminous flam~
¦Icore to form a final flame pattern having high temperature, high ~uminosity and low N0x content.
¦I The utilization of a high oxygen concentration in the Ifirst oxidizing gas makes it possible to booet the temperature of carbon microparticles and the concentration of these particles lS !(due to low flue gas volume), thus 6ignificantly increasing the radiative flux from the final flame toward the product being heated. Effective pyrolysis of natural gas must take place with the temperature of the entire pyrolytic zone being maintained in excesa of 2400-F. Below this temperature, the methane tends to form benzol8 and other hydrocarbons rather than pure carbon particles. Radiation from pure carbon particles makes a significant contribution to the overall luminosity of the flame produced by the burner described herein. As previously mentioned ~¦these particles must be in the size range of 0.05 - 4.0 microns llfor maximum radiation in the visible and infrared spectrum. This ¦~henomena dominates at higher temperatures (above 3000-F) such as are present in the burner described herein. This radiation is in addition to the radiation of hot C2 and H20 molecules from ~the combustion products, which is typical for hydrocarbon fuel ¦Iflamea. By generating additional heat in the space 6urrounding ¦Ithe pyrolytic zone, the fuel pyroly8is i8 intensified and the .
li ~300483 femperature of the microparticles of carbon is increased to create a higher radiation heat flux from the flame pattern.
¦ The additional heat flux of the highly luminous flame results in reduction of the temperature of the products of 5 combustion prior to their contact with the furnace load, which ~will reduce the oxidation of the load. Therefore, a larger portion of ~he heat released by combustion may be transferred to the load at a given process temperature due to the higher temperature and luminosity of the flame envelope being produced by 10 the above described ~imultaneously occurring parallel stage combustion.
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¦ The low N0x produced by this combustion method is due ~o the very low nitrogen concentration of-the first oxidizing gas I(preferably pure oxygen) present inside the flame core where the 15 high concentration of C0 and hydrocarbons also prevents nitrogen ~xidation. In addition, the plurality of fuel lean flames (diluted, for example, with excess of 2 and N2) surrounding aid central flame core do not have a large enough flame pattern Ito raise the temp-rature inside their individual flame cores above 20 270~-F and thus to trigger N0x formation. The structure of the ~final flame, having a high temperature central core with a very low concentration of nitrogen, prevents the N0x concentration from increasing through the final stage of combustion inside and utside the burner tunnel.
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25 ~ A single fuel source may supply the fuel for both the central fuel-rich and outer fuel-lean flames or mixtures. To mix the fuel wlth the first and second oxidizing gas streams, the fuel ~ay be intrQduced through two separately directed nozzle sets, one ~art being directed to mix with the central flame core, and the ,';: ~ 'i.
~ -6- !
~! ~300483 ether part to mix with the second oxidizing gas surrounding said ¦central zone. The dimensions of the openings introducing the fuel ¦streams and their directions determine their relative volume and the intensity of mixing with the oxidizer. The flame velocity, temperature, and combustion product volume may be varied, for example, at a given heat energy input level through the adjustment !
i¦of the ratio between air and oxygen in the oxidizing gases, ¦¦constantly keeping the two fuel flows at a fixed ratio.
l Fuel (for example, natural gas) may also be supplied to 10¦ the burner as two separate streams and in such case the flame ¦characteristics may be varied by separate control of the fuel ¦flows delivered to the burner by separate conduits. When such ¦separation of fuel occurs two different fuels may be used for 'combu8tion simultaneously. As an example, liquid fuel may be used 15 'in central pyrolysis zone and coke oven gas or natural gas in Iminor fuel flow peripheral zone.
¦ Where it its desirable to have a lower temperature flame for a particular application, the participation of oxygen should be lower than that required for complete pyrolysis of the fuel.
20 In 8uch cases, the pure oxygen supplied for participation in the combustion process is reduced, for example, to a ratio of pure oxygen/air below 0.2. At 8uch conditions, where less oxygen is available for pyrolysis, the energy balance in the pyrolytic zone may become critical and to support adequate temperature conditions 2r in the pyrolytic zone more fuel is directed to the fuel lean zone, ¦thereby reducing the amount of fuel being pyrolyzed so as to increase the temperature in the pyrolytic zone as well as in the 8urrounding zone occupied by the fuel lean flames. Thus, the pre8ent invention may be used in a broad range of applications 30 where a highly radiative flame is desirable.
.1 ~ 7-'-`'~ ''' '~' ` ` ' ' ' .
1~ i3~0483 I The high radiation flux from the pyrolytic zone may ¦raise the temperature innide the combustion chamber to a level ¦where the exposed metal parts inside the combustion chamber will deteriorate. Therefore, liquid cooling of burner parts so expos~d S 'may be necessary in certain embodiments of the present invention.
i i The burner and method of combustion may also be used for incineration of fluid hazardous waste having high or low caloric ¦¦value. In this case, liquid waste may be introduced instead of ¦lone of the fuel streams, preferably the central stream. Oxygen 10 ¦1utilization in this caee makes the flame pattern hotter and the ioxidizing gas more oxygen concentrated, thus improving the thermal destruction efficiency of the flame pattern. Utilization of this approach for low caloric value uels, such as landfill gas, has ¦Isimilar advantages.
Accordingly this invention seeks in one aspect to provide' a combuetion procees and apparatus for generating a variable high temperature, highly luminous flame with low NOX emisslon by ¦burning gaseous and liquid materials with oxygen and air.
l , 1 Further this invention seeks to provide a 20 ¦ method and apparatus for simultaneously occurring parallel staged ¦ combustion which may be controlled to more efficiently utilize ¦jfuel and oxygen in a heating process.
These and other aspects and advantages will appear from tb- following descriptions with reference to the drawings.
;
I
~ `; ~ -8-..... .
1 ~3~0483 ! BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
_ I
¦ Fig. 1 i8 a side section view through the center of a ¦~burner of a first embodiment of the present invention.
ll Fig. 2 iis a section taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
Il .
I Fig. 3 i8 a section taken along line 3-3 of Fig. 1.
¦, Fig. 4 i~ a side section view of the burner of a isecond embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 iB a side ~ection vi-w through the center of a burner of a third embodiment of the pre~ent invention.
I
10 ~ Fig. 6 i8 a side sect~on view through the center of a burner of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
,¦ DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
l!
¦I The preferred embodlments are now described with llreference to the drawings, in which like number indicate like 15 ¦jparts throughout the views.
:
I Fig. 1 shows detaile of a preferred embodiment of the invent$on. The burner lO comprises a nozzle assembly 11 which : ~ ~
1~ includes ports which dlrect streams of oxidizer gase~ and fuel -~ ~ lnto the combustion chamber 12 for combustion. The combustion , ~ ~
20~ chamber 12 in Fig. 1 may be within the wall of the furnace or ¦other apparatus for industrial heating.
~ ~ ; 1`
i .
j ~ _g_ ! ~:
, ~ .
~ . .
Jl` 13~ 483 ,I Specifically, a high oxygen concentration oxidizer is ¦lintroduced through central port 13, along the center line of the ¦~ombustion chamber 12. For instance, pure oxygen or an oxidizing Igas containing a higher percentage of oxygen than in air i9 !~directed through central tube 14 to port 13. Air or an oxidizing ¦gas having a lower oxygen concentration than the first oxidizer iB
,introduced into the combustion chamber as a second oxidizer stream ¦,from air inlet 15 through air inlet port 16, of which there are leight in this embodiment. The air inlet ports 16 are directed lO!!about the central axis of the combustion chamber 12 to promote !rigorous mixing of the second oxidizing gas with the fuel.
¦Furthermore, the air inlet passages may include insulation 17 when ~a preheated second oxidizer gas is used.
Fluid fuel, such as natural gas, is introduced from fuel 15 ,inlet tube 18 which is connected to the fuel ports 19 and 20.
¦Fuel ports 19, of which there are three in this embodiment, are ,ju~ed to introduce streams of the major portion of the fuel toward jthe first oxidizer to provide vigorous mixing. The ports 20 for llthe minor fuel flow serve to direct the minor flow of the fuel 20¦jtoward the lower oxygen concentration second oxidizer streams from ~orts 16. The minor fuel ports 20 will have a smaller llcross-section area than ports 19, such that the relative volumes 1f fuel directed to each oxidizer stream is automatically ',Icontrolled. Preferably, the minor fuel ports 20 are parallel to 25 Ithe center line of the burner.
In this manner, two distinct flame regimes are established: a hot center core comprised of an oxidizer eontaining ~a high 2 concentration and having a rich fuel/oxidizer ratio, surrounded by a lean fuel/oxidizer mixture comprising an oxidizer ~:
:
1 13~J0483 containing a lower 2 concentration mixed with said minor fuel flows.
1.
I Fig. 2 is a cross-section through the various oxidizer ¦¦and fuel inlet passages. The passages are concentric tubeR, with ¦linner inlet tube 14 being the high concentration oxidizer supply, middle tube 18 being the fuel supply, and outer tube 15 being the air ~upply, as discuRsed above.
ll i ¦ Fig. 3 shows a cross-section through the burner face 11 ¦showing the location and relative size of the various ports 10 ~described above. I
Fig. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the burner face which includes water cooling. In high temperature applications where the flame temperature required is very high, or ¦~where the discharge of the products of combustion will be into a 15 ¦Ivery high temperature process, water cooling of the burner lla88embly may be necessary. This is shown in Fig. 4 by a water ¦Icooling inlet 25 communicating with a water cooling outlet 26.
Proper circulation of the water is arranged by appropriate baffles within the nozzle assembly 11.
!
In Fig. 5 an embodiment of the burner includes a full ¦Iwater cooled combu8tion tunnel 30, appropriate when an extremely ¦Ihot high velocity flame is created within the combustion chamber or when the furnace on which the unit is installed can transfer a igniflcant amount of heat back to the burner. Additional ~;~ 25 ¦¦feaCures of this embodiment 8hown in this figure are the water cket 31 Qf the combu8tion tunnel 30, the cooling baffle bypass ¦hole 32, a flame detector channel 33, and a spark plug 34 for ignition. The water cooled nozzle 35 is provided to choke the hot ,,1 ' :1 ~3(~)483 flame generated by the burner to create high velocity. Otherwise the burner iB similar to the other configurations previously Idescribed.
¦ In Fig. 6, an embodiment of a dual fuel burner design ~sing air preheat iB shown. This variation provides the ability to fire fuel oil or other liquids. For instance, oil i~
introduced through the tube 40, while atomizing gaQ enters through another tube 41. The oil and atomizing gas flow through the llatomizing nozzle 42, which is cooled by contact with the heat 10 ¦!conducting burner plate 43, which iB in turn cooled by contact ¦Iwith cooling water jacket 44. The conically shaped oil nozzle 42 iand attached tubes 40 and 41, can be removed from the rear of the burner for service and inspection. Oxygen enters through ports 50 jwhich are directed towards the center line of the burner. The !oxygen is provided to ports 50 through inlet tube 47. Gas, or other fuel, in introduced in inlet 48 to fuel port6 51 which are parallel to the center line of the burner and further away from the center line than oxygen ports 50. Air which may be preheated, is introduced in inlet lS and into the burner through ports 16, which direct the air towards the gas within the combustion chamber to form the outer flame cores. Insulation 45 may be provided around the center section of burner to prevent heat 1088 from preheated air due to contact with the cooling water l¦jacket. An internal bleeding path 46 is provided between inlet 25 ¦Itube 47 and inlet 15 for directing some of the pure oxygen into the heated air for oxygen enrichment of the air.
While thi~ invention has been described in detail with particular reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will b- onderstood that variations and modifications can be effected ~', ` ` .
,~ I
l~ithin the spirit and scope of the invention as previously S de~cribed a d defined ln the clai~.
Claims (37)
1. A method of combusting combustible material in a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame, comprising the steps of:
separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen based oxidizing gases to the combustion tunnel;
separately directing said first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of said combustible material into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said portion of said combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a hot oxygen lean luminous flame core;
separately directing the remainder of said combustible material and said second oxidizing gas having a different oxygen concentration from said first oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said remainder of said combustible material and said second oxidizing gas at least partially mix within said combustion tunnel to create at least one oxygen rich mixture stream; and mixing said oxygen lean flame core with said at least one oxygen rich mixture stream to create a final highly luminous flame pattern.
separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen based oxidizing gases to the combustion tunnel;
separately directing said first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of said combustible material into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said portion of said combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a hot oxygen lean luminous flame core;
separately directing the remainder of said combustible material and said second oxidizing gas having a different oxygen concentration from said first oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said remainder of said combustible material and said second oxidizing gas at least partially mix within said combustion tunnel to create at least one oxygen rich mixture stream; and mixing said oxygen lean flame core with said at least one oxygen rich mixture stream to create a final highly luminous flame pattern.
2. The method of Claim 1, wherein a multiplicty of said oxygen rich mixture streams surround said flame core.
3. The method of Claim 1, wherein said at least one oxygen rich mixture stream is a flame.
4. The method of Claim 1, wherein the oxygen concentration of said first oxidizing gas is higher than the oxygen concentration of said second oxidizing gas.
5. The method of Claim 4, wherein said first oxidizer is pure oxygen.
6. The method of Claim 4, wherein said second oxidizer is air.
7. The method of Claim 1, wherein said first oxidizing gas is directed along the center line of said combustion tunnel and said first portion of combustible material is directed about and toward said first oxidizing gas.
8. The method of Claim 1, wherein said first portion of combustible material is directed along the center line of said combustion tunnel and said first oxidizing gas is directed about and toward said first portion of combustible material.
9. The method of Claim 1, wherein the flow of said first and second portions of combustible material are separately supplied to the combustion chamber.
10. The method of Claim 1, wherein said first portion of combustible material is a different combustible material than said second portion of combustible material.
11. The method of Claim 10, wherein said one of said combustible materials is gaseous and the other is liquid.
12. The method of Claim 4, which further comprises the step of enriching said second oxidizing gas with said first oxidizing gas prior to combustion by bleeding a portion of said first oxidizing gas into said second oxidizing gas.
13. The method of Claim 1, which further comprises the step of cooling a portion of the combustion tunnel with a liquid.
14. The method of Claim 1, wherein said first oxidizing gas has a higher oxygen concentration than said second oxidizing gas.
15. The method of Claim l, wherein said first oxidizer has an oxygen concentration sufficient to cause the flame core temperature to exceed 2400°F.
16. A burner for combustion of combustible material to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame which comprises:
a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening;
means for separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen-based oxidizing gases to said combustion tunnel;
first means for separately directing said first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of said combustible material into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said portion of combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a flame core, means for separately directing the remainder of said combustible material and said second oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said remainder of combustible material and said second oxidizing gas mix together at least partially prior to mixing with said flame core; and means for causing said mixture of combustible material and said second oxidizing gas to subsequently mix with said flame to create the final flame pattern.
a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening;
means for separately supplying combustible material and two different oxygen-based oxidizing gases to said combustion tunnel;
first means for separately directing said first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration and a first portion of said combustible material into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said portion of combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a flame core, means for separately directing the remainder of said combustible material and said second oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said remainder of combustible material and said second oxidizing gas mix together at least partially prior to mixing with said flame core; and means for causing said mixture of combustible material and said second oxidizing gas to subsequently mix with said flame to create the final flame pattern.
17. The burner of Claim 16, wherein said first and second directing means comprise ports through the end of said combustion tunnel opposite the outlet opening for communicating with said combustible material or oxidizer supply means.
18. The burner of Claim 17, wherein said ports communicating with said combustible material supply means have varying cross-sectional areas which determine the proportion of combustible material directed toward said first oxidizing gas and said second oxidizing gas within said combustion tunnel.
19. The burner of Claim 16, wherein said first directing means directs said first oxidizing gas in a central stream with said first portion of combustible material directed about said first oxidizing gas.
The burner of Claim 19, wherein said second directing means directs the mixture of said second oxidizing gas and second portion of combustible material to surround the central flame core formed by combustion of said first oxidizing gas with said first portion of combustible material.
21. The burner of Claim 16, wherein said first directing means directs said first portion of combustible material in a central stream with said first oxidizing gas directed about said first portion of combustible material.
22. The burner of Claim 16, wherein said combustion tunnel comprises a liquid cooled nozzle at its outlet opening.
23. The burner of Claim 16, wherein the portion of said first and second directing means adjacent to said combustion tunnel is liquid cooled.
24. The burner of Claim 16, wherein said combustion tunnel is liquid cooled along its length.
25. The burner of Claim 16, wherein said means for applying combustible material comprises means for supplying two separate flows of combustible material, such that two different combustible materials may be supplied to the burner.
26. The burner of Claim 14, which further comprises means for controlling the supply of combustible material to said first portion of combustible material and said second portion of combustible material.
27. The burner of Claim 16, further comprising means for injecting a portion of said first oxidizing gas into said second oxidizing gas internal to said burner prior to directing said first and second oxidizing gases into said combustion tunnel.
28. A method of combusting combustible material in a burner having a combustion tunnel with an outlet opening to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame, comprising the steps of:
separately supplying a first and second combustible material, a first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration, and a second oxidizing gas having a different oxygen concentration from said first oxidizing gas to the burner;
separately directing said first oxidizing gas and said first combustible material into said combustion tunnel such that said first combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a hot oxygen lean luminous flame core;
separately directing said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel such that said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create at least one oxygen rich mixture stream; and mixing said oxygen lean flame core with said at least one oxygen rich mixture stream to create a final highly luminous flame pattern extending out of said combustion tunnel.
separately supplying a first and second combustible material, a first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration, and a second oxidizing gas having a different oxygen concentration from said first oxidizing gas to the burner;
separately directing said first oxidizing gas and said first combustible material into said combustion tunnel such that said first combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a hot oxygen lean luminous flame core;
separately directing said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel such that said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create at least one oxygen rich mixture stream; and mixing said oxygen lean flame core with said at least one oxygen rich mixture stream to create a final highly luminous flame pattern extending out of said combustion tunnel.
29. The method of Claim 28, wherein a multiplicity of said oxygen rich mixture streams surround said flame core.
30. The method of Claim 28, wherein said first combustible material is directed along the center line of said combustion tunnel and said first oxidizing gas is directed about and toward said first combustible material.
31. The method of Claim 28, wherein said one of said combustible materials is gaseous and the other is liquid.
32. The method of Claim 28, wherein said first oxidizing gas has a higher oxygen concentration than said second oxidizing gas.
33. The method of Claim 28, wherein said first oxidizer has an oxygen concentration sufficient to cause the flame core temperature to exceed 2400°F.
34. A burner for combustion of combustible material to generate a high temperature, high luminosity flame which comprises:
a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening;
means for separately supplying a first and second combustible material, a first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration, and a second oxidizing gas having a different oxygen concentration from said first oxidizing gas to the burner;
first means for separately directing said first oxidizing gas and said first combustible material into said combustion tunnel such that said first combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a flame core;
second means for separately directing said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas mix at least partially together prior to mixing with said flame core; and means for causing said mixture of said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas to subsequently mix with said flame core to create the final flame pattern.
a combustion tunnel having an outlet opening;
means for separately supplying a first and second combustible material, a first oxidizing gas having a given oxygen concentration, and a second oxidizing gas having a different oxygen concentration from said first oxidizing gas to the burner;
first means for separately directing said first oxidizing gas and said first combustible material into said combustion tunnel such that said first combustible material and said first oxidizing gas mix at least partially within said combustion tunnel to create a flame core;
second means for separately directing said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas into said combustion tunnel toward said outlet opening such that said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas mix at least partially together prior to mixing with said flame core; and means for causing said mixture of said second combustible material and said second oxidizing gas to subsequently mix with said flame core to create the final flame pattern.
35. The burner of Claim 34, wherein said first directing means directs said first combustible material in a central stream with said first oxidizing gas directed about said first combustible material.
36. The burner of Claim 34, wherein said first oxidizing gas has a higher oxygen concentration than said second oxidizing gas.
37. The burner of Claim 34, wherein said first oxidizer has an oxygen concentration sufficient to cause the flame core temperature to exceed 2400°F.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000569540A CA1300483C (en) | 1988-06-15 | 1988-06-15 | Method and apparatus for generating highly luminous flame |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000569540A CA1300483C (en) | 1988-06-15 | 1988-06-15 | Method and apparatus for generating highly luminous flame |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1300483C true CA1300483C (en) | 1992-05-12 |
Family
ID=4138213
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000569540A Expired - Lifetime CA1300483C (en) | 1988-06-15 | 1988-06-15 | Method and apparatus for generating highly luminous flame |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1300483C (en) |
-
1988
- 1988-06-15 CA CA000569540A patent/CA1300483C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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