CA1298973C - Water-resistant anfo explosive - Google Patents
Water-resistant anfo explosiveInfo
- Publication number
- CA1298973C CA1298973C CA000541295A CA541295A CA1298973C CA 1298973 C CA1298973 C CA 1298973C CA 000541295 A CA000541295 A CA 000541295A CA 541295 A CA541295 A CA 541295A CA 1298973 C CA1298973 C CA 1298973C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- explosive
- mass
- prills
- ammonium nitrate
- powder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000161 Locust bean gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000711 locust bean gum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010420 locust bean gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002981 blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- HZTVIZREFBBQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene;[3-nitrooxy-2,2-bis(nitrooxymethyl)propyl] nitrate Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O HZTVIZREFBBQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Proline Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
- C06B31/28—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate
- C06B31/285—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with fuel oil, e.g. ANFO-compositions
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
"Water-Resistant ANFO Explosive"
The invention provides an ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO-type) explosive in which the ammonium nitrate comprises ammonium nitrate prills and ammonium nitrate powder. The prills form at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate, the powder forms at least 20% by mass of the ammonium nitrate, and the average particle size of the prills is at least 5 times greater than the average particle size of the powder.
"Water-Resistant ANFO Explosive"
The invention provides an ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO-type) explosive in which the ammonium nitrate comprises ammonium nitrate prills and ammonium nitrate powder. The prills form at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate, the powder forms at least 20% by mass of the ammonium nitrate, and the average particle size of the prills is at least 5 times greater than the average particle size of the powder.
Description
~2g~973 "Water-Resistant ANFO Explosive"
This invention relates to an ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive, i.e., a so-called ANFO-type explosive.
According to the invention there is provided an ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive which comprises particulate ammonium nitrate and a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, the ammonium nitrate comprising ammonium nitrate prills and ammonium nitrate powder, the prills forming at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate, the powder forming at least 20% by mass of the ammonium nitrate and the prills having an average particle size which is at least 5 times greater than the average particle size of the powder.
The average particle size of the prills may be 5 - 15 times greater than the average particle size of the powder, the major proportion by mass of the prills having a particle size in the range 1,0 - 2,8 mm, the major proportion by mass of the powder having a particle size in the range 0,1 - 0,35 mm, the prills preferably forming at least 50% by mass of the ammonium nitrate and the powder preferably forming at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate.
The prills are thus substantially larger than the particles of the powder which acts at least partially to fill the voids between the prills. Ideally, the proportion of powder present is sufficient substantially to fill the 25 voids between the prills, without .
- 12g8973 po~r. Tllis ha5 been foun~, depellding on the average p~rticle size and ;~rticle si,e distribution of the prills and powder, ty~ically to occur witll the prol)ortions by mass o the prills and powder in the ranges sl-ecified above, eg for prills whose major proportion is in th~ size 5 r~)ge 1,0 - 2,S mm and powder particles whose major proportion is in the si~e range 0,1 - 0,35 n~l, a prill:powder mass ratio of 6:4 has been found to be suitable.
The hydrocarbon fuel may be ~ly suitable fuel of the type conventionally or usually employed for ~NFO-type explosives, an~ In~y be present in the usual proportions. Thus, the hy~rocarbon fuel may be a hydrocarbon oil such as diesel oil, forming 2 - 6% by mass of the explosive.
The explosive may contain a substance which swells on contact with water, ie a so-called water-swellable or water-blocking agent. This subst~lce may form from 1 - 5% by mass of the e.~plosive and is optiolwlly a men~er of the group consisting of guar gum, locust bean gum, carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof. An effective amount of this su~stance will typically be used, and although it may be present as less than 1% by mass or more than 5% by mass of the explosive, it will usually form 1 - 3% by mass thereof.
The explosive may furtl-er contain a water-repellant substance.
The water-repellant substance may form 1-4~ by mass of the explosive and is optionally a member of the group consisting of calcium stearate, ma~esium stearate, polyvinyl chloride and mixtures thereof. Once again an effective amount of this subst~lce will typically be use~ , and although it may be present as less th~ 1% by mass or more than 4% by mass of the explosive, it will usually fonm 1 - 3~ by mass thereof.
,, lZ9~973 The prills ma~ be porous, with the ~)articles of tlle powder being solidor porous, ie the prills may be so-call~d porous prills, with the powder particles beirlg non-porous, eg dense ammonium ilitrate fines, or porous, eg millcd l)orous ammoni~ itrate prills.
Wi~hout beil-g bound by theory, the l~l)plicant belicves that the particle~ of the powder act at least l)artially to fill the voids between the prills in the explosive, thereby resistill~ the ingress of water betweell the prills wllen the explosive is exposed to water, and acting to iml)rove the water-resistance of the explosive when compared e~ with an ex~losive w}lich has only prills alld no powder, and resisting degradation of the explosive on contact Wit}l water.
lo formulate the explosive, thc ammonium nitrate (prills and powder) are preferably mixed together to form a homogelleous mixture, followed by the hydrocarbon fuel, which is admixed into th~ anDnonium nitrate. The other constituents may then be admixed therein. Instead, all the constituents may be added together simultaneously and mixed until homogeneous.
The explosive will in use be loaded into boreholes, and detonated, eg by means of a suitable booster. In use, the explosive can, within limits, be exposed to water, and can be loaded into a wet borehole provided the borehole has been de-watered, pre~erably inlmediately before loading, the e~plosive then resisting the entry of further water into the borehole to at least a limited degree.
The invention will now be describcd, by way of illustration, with reference to thc followillg non-limiting Ex~nple:
~1:29~ 3 EXAMPLE
A homogeneous mixture was prepared of porous ammonium nitrate prills and solid ammonium nitrate powder, the mass ratio of prills to powder being 60:40 and the prills and powder having the following particle size distributions:
S Prills % by mass retained on a screen having 2,8 mm openings: 2%
% by mass passing through a Ccreen having 1,0 mm openings: 10%
% by mass passing through a screen having 0,71 mm openings: 1%
Powder lO % by mass retained on a screen having 380 micron openings: 5%
% by mass retained on a screen having 180 micron openings: 40-70~
% by mass passing through a screen having 105 micron openings:20%
Diesel oil (fuel) was then admixed into the mixture of prills and powder until homogeneous, and into this ANFO
mixture were then admixed a guar gum water-blocking agent and calcium stearate water-repellant substance, until homogeneous.
The proportions of constituents were as follows:
Consitituent % by mass Ammonium Nitrate (prills:powder 60:40) 92,5 Diesel Fuel Oil 3,5 Guar Gum 2,0 Calcium Stearate 2,0 TotallOO O
The water-resistant ANF0-type explosive so produced was found, when a charge thereof was loaded into a 70 mm internal diameter steel pipe, to be capable of detonation by means of a 150 g pentolite booster, and was found to have a velocity of detonation of 2500 m/sec.
In similar explosives containing ammonium nitrate prills, diesel fuel, a water-blocking agent such as guar gum and a water-repellant substance such as calcium stearate, the bulk of the explosive is in the form of a granular mass, the prills having between them, empty voids and channels forming a porous interconnected network of spaces in the interior of the explosive. Water in or entering a borehole containing the charge of explosive, can move by capillary action into these spaces, adversely affecting the explosive properties of the explosive. In contrast, as the voids between the prills of the explosive of the present invention are in substance filled with powder, ingress of water is resisted and/or retarded and the amount of water which can enter the voids is reduced, thereby reducing or at least retarding deterioration of the explosive on exposure to
This invention relates to an ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive, i.e., a so-called ANFO-type explosive.
According to the invention there is provided an ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive which comprises particulate ammonium nitrate and a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, the ammonium nitrate comprising ammonium nitrate prills and ammonium nitrate powder, the prills forming at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate, the powder forming at least 20% by mass of the ammonium nitrate and the prills having an average particle size which is at least 5 times greater than the average particle size of the powder.
The average particle size of the prills may be 5 - 15 times greater than the average particle size of the powder, the major proportion by mass of the prills having a particle size in the range 1,0 - 2,8 mm, the major proportion by mass of the powder having a particle size in the range 0,1 - 0,35 mm, the prills preferably forming at least 50% by mass of the ammonium nitrate and the powder preferably forming at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate.
The prills are thus substantially larger than the particles of the powder which acts at least partially to fill the voids between the prills. Ideally, the proportion of powder present is sufficient substantially to fill the 25 voids between the prills, without .
- 12g8973 po~r. Tllis ha5 been foun~, depellding on the average p~rticle size and ;~rticle si,e distribution of the prills and powder, ty~ically to occur witll the prol)ortions by mass o the prills and powder in the ranges sl-ecified above, eg for prills whose major proportion is in th~ size 5 r~)ge 1,0 - 2,S mm and powder particles whose major proportion is in the si~e range 0,1 - 0,35 n~l, a prill:powder mass ratio of 6:4 has been found to be suitable.
The hydrocarbon fuel may be ~ly suitable fuel of the type conventionally or usually employed for ~NFO-type explosives, an~ In~y be present in the usual proportions. Thus, the hy~rocarbon fuel may be a hydrocarbon oil such as diesel oil, forming 2 - 6% by mass of the explosive.
The explosive may contain a substance which swells on contact with water, ie a so-called water-swellable or water-blocking agent. This subst~lce may form from 1 - 5% by mass of the e.~plosive and is optiolwlly a men~er of the group consisting of guar gum, locust bean gum, carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof. An effective amount of this su~stance will typically be used, and although it may be present as less than 1% by mass or more than 5% by mass of the explosive, it will usually form 1 - 3% by mass thereof.
The explosive may furtl-er contain a water-repellant substance.
The water-repellant substance may form 1-4~ by mass of the explosive and is optionally a member of the group consisting of calcium stearate, ma~esium stearate, polyvinyl chloride and mixtures thereof. Once again an effective amount of this subst~lce will typically be use~ , and although it may be present as less th~ 1% by mass or more than 4% by mass of the explosive, it will usually fonm 1 - 3~ by mass thereof.
,, lZ9~973 The prills ma~ be porous, with the ~)articles of tlle powder being solidor porous, ie the prills may be so-call~d porous prills, with the powder particles beirlg non-porous, eg dense ammonium ilitrate fines, or porous, eg millcd l)orous ammoni~ itrate prills.
Wi~hout beil-g bound by theory, the l~l)plicant belicves that the particle~ of the powder act at least l)artially to fill the voids between the prills in the explosive, thereby resistill~ the ingress of water betweell the prills wllen the explosive is exposed to water, and acting to iml)rove the water-resistance of the explosive when compared e~ with an ex~losive w}lich has only prills alld no powder, and resisting degradation of the explosive on contact Wit}l water.
lo formulate the explosive, thc ammonium nitrate (prills and powder) are preferably mixed together to form a homogelleous mixture, followed by the hydrocarbon fuel, which is admixed into th~ anDnonium nitrate. The other constituents may then be admixed therein. Instead, all the constituents may be added together simultaneously and mixed until homogeneous.
The explosive will in use be loaded into boreholes, and detonated, eg by means of a suitable booster. In use, the explosive can, within limits, be exposed to water, and can be loaded into a wet borehole provided the borehole has been de-watered, pre~erably inlmediately before loading, the e~plosive then resisting the entry of further water into the borehole to at least a limited degree.
The invention will now be describcd, by way of illustration, with reference to thc followillg non-limiting Ex~nple:
~1:29~ 3 EXAMPLE
A homogeneous mixture was prepared of porous ammonium nitrate prills and solid ammonium nitrate powder, the mass ratio of prills to powder being 60:40 and the prills and powder having the following particle size distributions:
S Prills % by mass retained on a screen having 2,8 mm openings: 2%
% by mass passing through a Ccreen having 1,0 mm openings: 10%
% by mass passing through a screen having 0,71 mm openings: 1%
Powder lO % by mass retained on a screen having 380 micron openings: 5%
% by mass retained on a screen having 180 micron openings: 40-70~
% by mass passing through a screen having 105 micron openings:20%
Diesel oil (fuel) was then admixed into the mixture of prills and powder until homogeneous, and into this ANFO
mixture were then admixed a guar gum water-blocking agent and calcium stearate water-repellant substance, until homogeneous.
The proportions of constituents were as follows:
Consitituent % by mass Ammonium Nitrate (prills:powder 60:40) 92,5 Diesel Fuel Oil 3,5 Guar Gum 2,0 Calcium Stearate 2,0 TotallOO O
The water-resistant ANF0-type explosive so produced was found, when a charge thereof was loaded into a 70 mm internal diameter steel pipe, to be capable of detonation by means of a 150 g pentolite booster, and was found to have a velocity of detonation of 2500 m/sec.
In similar explosives containing ammonium nitrate prills, diesel fuel, a water-blocking agent such as guar gum and a water-repellant substance such as calcium stearate, the bulk of the explosive is in the form of a granular mass, the prills having between them, empty voids and channels forming a porous interconnected network of spaces in the interior of the explosive. Water in or entering a borehole containing the charge of explosive, can move by capillary action into these spaces, adversely affecting the explosive properties of the explosive. In contrast, as the voids between the prills of the explosive of the present invention are in substance filled with powder, ingress of water is resisted and/or retarded and the amount of water which can enter the voids is reduced, thereby reducing or at least retarding deterioration of the explosive on exposure to
Claims (8)
1. An ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive which comprises particulate ammonium nitrate and a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, the ammonium nitrate comprising ammonium nitrate prills and ammonium nitrate powder, the prills forming at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate, the powder forming at least 20% by mass of the ammonium nitrate and the prills having an average particle size which is at least 5 times greater than the average particle size of the powder.
2. An explosive as claimed in Claim 1, in which the average particle size of the prills is 5 - 15 times greater than the average particle size of the powder, the major proportion by mass of the prills having a particle size in the range 1,0 - 2,8 mm, the major proportion by mass of the powder having a particle size in the range 0,1 - 0,35 mm, the prills forming at least 50% by mass of the ammonium nitrate and the powder forming at least 30% by mass of the ammonium nitrate.
3. An explosive as claimed in Claim 1, in which the hydrocarbon fuel is a hydrocarbon oil and forms 2 - 6% by mass of the explosive.
4. An explosive as claimed in any one of Claims 1, 2 or 3, which contains a subsance which swells on contact with water.
5. An explosive as claimed in Claim 4, in which said substance which swells on contact with water forms from 1 - 5% by mass of the explosive and is a member of the group consisting of guar gum, locust bean gum, carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof.
6. An explosive as claimed in any one of Claims 1, 2 or 3 which contains a water-repellant substance.
7. An explosive as claimed in Claim 6, in which the water-repellant substance forms 1 - 4% by mass of the explosive and is a member of the group consisting of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl chloride and mixtures thereof.
8. An explosive as claimed in Claims 1, 2 or 3, in which the prills are porous and the particles of the powder are solid or porous.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA865245 | 1986-07-14 | ||
| ZA86/5245 | 1986-07-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1298973C true CA1298973C (en) | 1992-04-21 |
Family
ID=25578483
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000541295A Expired - Lifetime CA1298973C (en) | 1986-07-14 | 1987-07-03 | Water-resistant anfo explosive |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU597680B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8703586A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1298973C (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2192627B (en) |
| MW (1) | MW4987A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO872905L (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19649763A1 (en) * | 1996-11-30 | 1998-06-04 | Appenzeller Albert | Explosives for civil, especially mining purposes |
| CN103539594B (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2016-04-06 | 湖北帅力化工有限公司 | Powder emulsified special explosive for explosively welding and preparation method thereof |
-
1987
- 1987-06-15 GB GB8713944A patent/GB2192627B/en not_active Expired
- 1987-06-26 MW MW49/87A patent/MW4987A1/en unknown
- 1987-07-02 AU AU75064/87A patent/AU597680B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-07-03 CA CA000541295A patent/CA1298973C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-13 BR BR8703586A patent/BR8703586A/en unknown
- 1987-07-13 NO NO87872905A patent/NO872905L/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8713944D0 (en) | 1987-07-22 |
| NO872905L (en) | 1988-01-15 |
| GB2192627B (en) | 1989-12-13 |
| AU597680B2 (en) | 1990-06-07 |
| GB2192627A (en) | 1988-01-20 |
| NO872905D0 (en) | 1987-07-13 |
| AU7506487A (en) | 1988-01-21 |
| MW4987A1 (en) | 1988-03-09 |
| BR8703586A (en) | 1988-03-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |