CA1150017A

CA1150017A - Method and apparatus for producing hollow plastic microspheres

Info

Publication number: CA1150017A
Application number: CA000334619A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Leonard B. Torobin
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1978-08-28
Filing date: 1979-08-27
Publication date: 1983-07-19
Also published as: WO1980000426A1; GB2081877A; GB2042963B; GB2083099B; GB2083099A; GB2082190A; EP0018410A1; GB2081877B; GB2042963A; GB2082190B

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
Hollow plastic microspheres made from thermo-plastic or thermosetting plastic compositions are described.
The hollow plastic microspheres are made by forming a liquid film of thermoplastic or thermo-setting plastic composition across a coaxial blowing nozzle, applying a blowing gas at a posi-tive pressure to the inner surface of the plastic film to blow the film and form an elongated cylinder shaped liquid film of plastic. A trans-verse jet is used to direct an entraining fluid over and around the blowing nozzle at an angle to the axis of the blowing nozzle. The entraining fluid as it passes over and around the blowing nozzle fluid dynamically induces a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of the coaxial blowing nozzle. The continued movement of the entraining fluid over the elongated cylinder produces asymmetric fluid drag forces on the cylinder and closes and detaches the elongated cylinder from the coaxial blowing nozzle and the detached cylinder by the action of surface tension forms into a spherical shape.
Quench nozzles where the plastic is thermo-plastic and heating nozzles where the plastic is thermosetting are disposed below and on either side of the blowing nozzle and direct cooling fluid or heating fluid at and into contact with the plastic microspheres to rapidly cool or heat and cure, solidify and harden the plastic to form hard, smooth hollow plastic microspheres.

Description

The hollow plastic microspheres can be used as iller ma,erials in plastics, in plastic foam compositions and in concrete and asphalt compo-sitions. The hollow plastic microspheres can be made from low heat conductivitv plastic compo-sitions and blown with a low heat conductivity gas and used to make improved insulation materials and composites and insula~.ing systems.
The hollow plastic microspheres can be made to con~ain a thin transparent or reflective metal coa,ing deposited on the inner wall surface of the microspheres by adding to the ~lowing gas small dispersed metal particles and/or gases of organo metal compounds and decomposing Lhe organo metal compounds.
The hollot~ plastic microspneres can also ~e made in the form of filamented pLastic micro-spheres with a thln plastic fila~nent connecting adjacent plas-Lic microspheres.

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The present invention relates to hollow microspheres made from organic film forming materials and compositions and particularly to hollow plastic microspheres and to a process and apparatus for making the microspheres.
The present invention relates to hollow plastic micro-spheres for use as a filler material in plastics, in plastic foam compositions and in concrete and asphalt compositions.

~ 7 The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for using a coaxial blowing nozzle to blow microspheres from liquid plastic compositions comprising subjecting the microsphere during its formation to an external pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscillations, said pulsating or fluctuating pressure field acting on said microsphere to assist in its formation and to assist in detaching the microsphere from said blowing nozzle.
The invention more particularly relates to a method and apparatus for blowing the microspheres from organic film forming materials or compositions and particularly to blowing microspheres from liquid plastic compositions using a coaxial blowing nozzle and a blowing gas or a blowing gas containing dispersed metal particles and/or an organo metal coTnpound to blow the liquid plastic to form a hollow plastic microsphere. The metal particles deposit and/or the organo metal compound decomposes to deposit a thin trans-parent or reflective metal coating on the inner wall surface of the microsphere. ~ transverse jet is used to direct an entraining fluid over and around the blowing nozzle at an angle to the axis of the blowing nozzle. The entraining fluid as it passes over`and around the blowing nozzle envelops and acts on the liquid plastic as it is being blown to form the microsphere and to detach the microsphere from the coaxial blowing nozzle. Quench or heating means are disposed close to and below the blowing nozzles to direct a quench or heating fluid onto the microspheres to rapidly cool or heat and cure, solidify and harden the microspheres.
The present invention also relates to hollow plastic microspheres having a thin transparent metal coating deposited on the inner wall surace of the microsphere.

-~ 7 The present invention al.so relates to hollow plastic microspheres having a thin reflective metal coating deposited on the inner wall sur-face of the microsphere.
The present invention specifically relates to the use of the hollow plastic microspheres in the manufacture of improved insulation materials for use in construction of homes, factories and office buildings and in the manufacture of products in which heat barriers are desired or necessary.
The present lnvention specifically relates to the use of the hollow plastic microspheres as filler materials in syntactic foam systems.
The present i~vention also relates to a method and apparatus for making filamented plas-tic microspheres with thin plastic filaments connecting adjacent microspheres and to the filamented microspheres themselves.
The hollow plastic microspheres of t~e pre-sent invention, depending on their diameter and their wall thickness and the particular compo-sition fro~ which they are made, are capable of withstanding relatively high external pressures and/or weight. Hollow plastic microspheres can be made that are resistant to relatively hi~h te~pe~atures and stable to many chemical agents and weathering conditions. These characteristics make the microspheres suitable for a wide variety of uses.

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~ 6 -BACKGROUND OF THE_INVENTION
In recent years the substantial increases in costs of basic materials such as plastics, cement, asphalt and the like has encouraged dev~lopmen~ and use of filler materials to reduce the amount and cost of the basic materials used and the weight o~ the finished materials.
The substantial increases in the energy costs of heating and cooling has encouraged the develop-ment of new and better insulation materials andmany new insulation materials and insulating systems using the new materials have ~een developed in an attempt to satisfy these needs.
One of the newly suggested filler materials and insulating materials utilizes hollow plastic microspheres. The known methods for producing hollow plastic microspheres, however, have not been successful in producing microspheres of uniform size or uniform thin walls which makes it very difficult to produce filler and insu-lation materials of controlled and predictable physical and chemical characteristics and quality. Also, the relatively high cost and the relatively small size of the prior art microspheres has limited their use.
One of the existing methods o~ producing hollow plastic microspheres, for example, as disclosed in the Veatch et al U.S. Patent

2,797,201, is to disperse a liquid or solid gas-phase precursor material in a plastic materialto be blown to form the microspheres. The plastic material containin~ the solid or liquid gas-phase precursor enclosed therein is then heated to convert the solid or liquid gas-phase precursor material into a gas and is further heated to expand the gas and produce the hollow plastic microsphere con-taining therein the expanded 2as. This process is, understandably, difficult to control and inherently produces plastic microspheres of random size and wall thickness, microspheres with walls that have sections or portions of the walls that are relatively thin, walls that have holes, small trapped bubbles, trapped or dissolved solvents or gases, any one or more of which will result in a substantial weakening of the microspheres, and a substantial pro-portion of the microspheres which are not suitable for use and must be scrapped or recycled.
Further, the use of conventional fiberglass insulation is being questioned in the light of the recently discovered possibility that fiber-glass of certain particle size may be carcino-genic in the same or similar manner as asbestos.
The use of polyurethane foams, urea-formaldehyde foams and polystyrene foams as insulating materials have recently been criticized because of their dimensional and chemical instability, for example, a tendency to shrink and to evolve the blowing gases such as Freon and to evolve unreacted gases such as formaldehyde.

In addition, in some applications, the use o~ low density microspheres presents a serious problem because they are difficult to handle ; 30 since they are readily elutriated and tend ~o blow about. In situations of this type, the filamented microspheres of the present invention provide a convenient and safe me~hod of handling the microspheres.

~ 7 Thus, the known methods for producing hollow plastic microspheres have thereore not been successful in producing microspheres of uniform size or uniform thin walls or in producing hollow plastic microspheres of controlled and predictable physical and chemical characteristics, quality and strength or at low cost.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process and an apparatus for making hollow plastic microspheres.
It is another object of the present invention to make hollow plastic microspheres for use as and/or in filler materials.
It is another object of the present invention to produce in an economical simple manner hollow plastic microspheres which are substantially spherical in shape, uniform in size, wall thick-ness, and strength character:istics.
It is another object of ~he present invention to produee hollow~plastic microspheres having uniorm thin walls which wal:Ls are substantially free of trapped gas bubbles or dissolved ~ases which can form bllbbles and/or escape.
It is another object of the present invention to produce hoLlow plastic microspheres which are substantially resistant to heat, chemical agents and alkali materials.
It is still another object of the present invention to utilize the hollow plastic micro-spheres in the manufacture of syntactic foam systems and/or molded forms or shapes.

~ 7 It is another object of the present invention to produce hollow plastic microspheres having thin walls of a low heat conductivity plastic.
It is another object of the present invention to produce hollow plastic microspheres having a low heat conductivity gas contained wi~hin the microspheres.
It is another object of the present inven-tion to produce hollow plastic microspheres having deposited on the inner wall surface thereof a thin transparent metal coating.
It is another object o~ the present inven-tion to produce hollow plastic microspheres having deposited on the inner wall surface thereof a low emissivity reflective metal coating.
It is another object of the present invention to produce hollow plastic filamented microspheres with a thin plastic filament connecting adjacent plastic microspheres.
It is another object of the present invention to utilize the hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention in the manufacture of improved insulating materials and insulating systems.
I~ is still another object of the present inven~ion to utilize the hollow plastic micro-spheres in the manufacture o~ improved insulation materials for use in the construction of formed ~all panels.
It is another object of the present inven-tion to produce hollow plastic microspheres by using apparatus which does not employ moving parts, thereby substantially facili~ating the manufacture of the microspheres at ambient or elevated temperatures and at ambient and ~ 7 elevated pressures under carefully controlled conditions and in an economical manner which lends itself to commercial large scale production of microspheres.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
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The present invention relates to hollow plas-tic microspheres and to a process and apparatus for making ~he microspheres. The present in~en-tion more particularly relates to the use of hollow plastic microspheres in the manufacture of improved filler materials and insulation materials and insulating systems.
The hollow plastic microspheres of the pre-sent invention are made by forming a liquid film of thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic compo-sition across a coaxial blowing nozzle, applying a gas or a gas containing dispersed metal particles and/or a gaseous organo metal compound at a positive pressure to the inner surface o~
the plastic film to blow the film and form an elongated cylinder shaped liquid ilm of plastic which is closed at its outer end. A balancing gas pressure is provided in l:he area o the blowing nozzle into which the elongated cylinder shaped liquid plastic film is blown.
A transverse jet is used to direct an entraining 1uid over and around the blowing nozzle at an angle to the axis of the blowing nozzle. The entraining ~luid as it passes over and around the blowing nozzle and the elongated cylinder fluid dynamically induces a Pulsatin~
or fluctuating pressure fieId at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of the blowing nozzle. The fluctuating ~ 7 pressure field has r~gular periodic oscillations si~ilar to those of a flag flapping in a breeze.
The transverse jet entraining fluid can also be pulsed at regular intervals to assist in controlling the size o~ the ~icrospheres and in separating the microspheres from the blowing nozzle and the distance or spacing between microspheres. The entraining fluid envelops and acts asymmetrically on the elongated cylinder and causes the cylinder to flap, fold, pinch and close-off at its inner end at a point proximate to the coaxial blowing nozzle. The continued movement of the entraining fluid over the elongated cylinder produces asymmetric fluid drag forces on the cylinder and closes and detaches the elongated cylinder ~rom the coaxial blowing nozzle to have it fall ~rom the blowing nozzle. The surface tension forces of the plastic act on the enl:rained elonga~ed cylinder and cause the cylinder to seek a minimum surface area and to ~orm a spherical shape.
Quench nozzles where the plastlc is thermo-plastic and heating nozzles where the plastic is thermoset~ing are disposed below and on either side of the blowing nozzle and direct cooling or heating ~luid at and into contact with the plastic microspheres to rapidly cool or heat and cure and solidify the plastic and form a harden, smooth hollow plastic microsphere.
Where a thermosetting plastic is used, the micro-spheres are heated and cured and the cured Rlas-tic microspheres can be subsequentiy cooled.
The microspheres can ~e ~ade from a low heat conductivity plastic composition and can contain a low heat conductivity gas. The microspheres ~ 7 can also be made to contain a thin metal coating deposited on the inner wall surface of the micro-spheres. The metal coating, depending on its thickness, can be transparent or reflective. The use of a reflective metal coating improves the insulating and heat reflecting characteristics of the microspheres.
The plastic microspheres of t~e present inven-tion can be used to form a heat barrier by using them to fill void spaces between existing walls or other spaces and by forming them into sheets or other shaped forms to be used as insulation barriers. When used to form insulation barriers, the interstices between the microspheres can be filled with a low heat conductivity gas, a foam or other material all of which increase the heat insulation characteristics of the materials made from the microspheres.
In one embodiment of ~he invention, the micro-spheres are coated with an adhesive or foam fillerand flattened to an oblate spheroid or a generally cellular shape. The microspheres are held in the flattened position until the adhesive hardens and/or cures after which the microspheres retain their flattened shape. The use of the flattened microspheres substantially reduces the volume of the inters~ices between the microspheres and signi~icantly improves the thermal insulating characteristics o~ the microspheres.
The microspheres can be made from plastic compositions selected for their desired optical and chemical properties and for the particular gaseous material to--be contained therein.

~ 7 Where a gas containing dispersed metal particles is used to blow the microspher~s, a metal layer is deposited on the inner wall sur-face of the microsphere as a thin metal coating.
Where a gaseous organo metal compound is used to deposit the metal layers, a gaseous organo metal compound is used as or with the blowing gas to blow the ~icrospheres. The organo metal com-pound can be decomposed just prior to blowing the microspheres or after the microspheres are formed by, for example, subjecting the blowing gas or the microspheres to heat and/or an electrical discharge.
The filamented microspheres are made in a manner such that they are-~nected or attached to each lS other by a thin continuous plastic filament. The fila~nted microspheres can be flattened to produce the oblate spheroids. The filaments interrupt and reduce the area of wall to wall contact between the microspheres and reduce the thermal conducti-vity between the walls of the microspheres. Thefilamented microspheres also assist in handling and preventing scattering of microspheres, particu-larly where very small diameter microspheres or low density microspheres are produced. The fila-mented microspheres have a distinct advantageover the simple addition of filaments in that the continuwus ~ilaments do not tend to settle in the systems in which they are used.
THE ADVANTAGES
The present invention overcomes many of the problems associated with prior attempts to produce hollow plastic microspheres. The process and apparatus of the present in~ention allows the production of hollow plastic microspheres having ~ 3~ ~ 7 predetermined characteristics such that improved filler materials and insulating materials and insulating systems can be designed, manufactured and tailor made to suit a particular desired use.
The diameter and wall thickness uniformity, and the thermal, strength and chemical resistance characteristics of the plastic microspheres can be determined by carefully selecting the plastic and constituents of the plastic composition and controlling the blowing gas pressure and tempera-ture, and the temperature, viscosity and thickness of the liquid plastic film ~rom which the micro-spheres are fo~ed. The inner volume of the microspheres may contain an inert low heat con-lS ductivity gas used to blow the microsphere. Thehollow plastic microspheres of the present inven-tion can have a transparent metal coating deposited on the inner wall surface thereof which allows visual light to pass through the microspheres but reflects and traps infrared radiations. The hollow plastic microspheres can also have a low emissivity reflective metal coating deposited on the inner wall surace of the microsphere which ef~ectively r~lects visual light and radiant heat energy.
The process and apparatus of the present invention provide a practical and economical means b~ whi^h hollow plastic microspheres having a high heat insulation efficiency can be utilized to prepare a relatively low cost efficient insu-lating material for common every day uses. The present invention also allows the economic pro-duction of hollow plastic microspheres ~ro~ plas-tic co~positions which incorporates a metallic radiatio~ barrier and can be used as an msulation material.

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The process and apparatus of the present invention, as compared to the prior art processes of using a latent liquid or solid blowing agent, can be conducted at higher. temperatures since there is no included expandible and/or decom-posable blowing agent used. The ability to use higher blowing temperatures results in for particular plastic compositions a lower vis-cosity ~or the plastic composition which allows surface tension forces to produce significantly greater uniformity in wall thickness, sphericity and diameter o the microspheres produced.
The present invention also allows the use of a wide variety o~ blowing gases and/or blowing gas materials. In accordance with the present invention, a wide variety of gaseous material blowing gas can be encapsulated, i.e.
it is no longer required to use a latent liquid or solid blowing agent as the blowing gas.
The apparatus and process of the present invention provide for the production of hollow plastic microspheres at economic prices and in large quantities. The process and apparatus of the present invention allows the production of hollow plastic microspheres having predetermined diameters, wall thicknesses, strength and resistance to chemicaI agents and weathering and gas permeability such that superior systems can be designed, manufactured and tai~or made to suit a particular desired use.

~ $7 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention as illustrated in the attached drawings represent exemplary forms of the method and apparatus for making microspheres for use in and as filler materials and for use in and as insulating materials.
The Figure 1 of the drawings shows in cross-section an apparatus having multiple coaxial blowing noæzle means for supplying the gaseous material for blowing hollow plastic microspheres, a transverse jet providing an entraining fluid to assist in the formation and detachment of the microspheres from the blowing nozzles, and means for supplying a quench or heating fluid to cool or heat the microspheres.
The E'igure 2 of the drawings is an enlarged detailed cross-section of the nozzle means of apparatus sho~n ~n Figure 1.

~ 7 The Figure 3 of the drawings is a detailed cross-section o~ a modified ~orm of the nozzle means shown in Figure 2 in which the lower end of the nozzle means is tapered inwardly.
The Figure 3a of the drawings is a detailed cross-section of a modified transvers~ jet entraining means having a ~lattened orifice opening and the Figure 3 nozzle means.
The Figure 3b o the drawings is a top plane view of the modified transverse jet entraining means and the nozzle means illustrated in Figure 3a of the drawings.
The Figure 3c of the drawings illustrates the use of the apparatus of Figure 3b to make filamented hollow plastic microspheres.
The Figure 4 of the drawings is a detailed cross-section of a modified form of the nozzle means shown in Figure ~ in ~hich the lower por~
tion of the nozzle is enlarged.
The Figure S of the drawings shows a cross-section of an end view of a flat plate solar energy collector using the hollow plastic micro-spheres of the present inve~tion.
The Figure 6 of the drawings shows a cross-section of an end view of a tubular solar energy collector using the hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention.
The Figure 7 of the drawings shows a cross-section of spherical shaped hollow plastic micro-spheres made into a formed panel.
The Figure 7a of the drawings shows a cross-section of oblate spheroid shaped hollow plastic microsph~res made into a formed panel.
The Figure 7b o~ the drawings shows a cross-section of oblate spheroid shaped hollow plastic .

~ 7 filamented microspheres made into a formed panel in which the filaments interrupt the microsphere wall to wall contact.
DETAILED DISCUSSION
OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying Figures of the drawings where-in like numbers designate like parts throughout the several views.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, there is illustrated a vessel 1, made of suitable container material heated, as necessary, by means not shown for holding a liquid plastic 2. The bottom floor 3 of vessel 1 contains a plurality of openings 4 through which liquid plastic 2 is ed to coaxial blowing nozzles 5. The coaxial blowing nozzle 5 can be made separately or can be formed by a downward extension of the bottom 3 of vessel 1. The coaxial blowing nozzle 5 consists of an inner,nozzle 6 having ~n orifice 6a for a blowing gas and an outer nozzle 7 having an orifice 7a for llquid plas~ic. The Lnner nozzle 6 is disposed within and coa~ial to outer nozzle 7 to form annula~ space 8 between nozzles 6 and 7, which annular space provides a flow path for liquid plastic. The orifice 6a of inner nozzle 6 terminates at or a short distance above the plane of orifice 7a of outer nozzle 7.
The liquid plastic 2 at about atmospheric pressure or at elevated pressure flows downwardly through annular space 8 and fills the area between orifice 6a and 7a. The surface tension forces in the liquid plastic 2 from a thin liquid plastic film 9 across orifices 6a and 7a.

~ 7 A blowing gas 10 and/or blowing gas containing dispersed metal particles, which is at or below ambient temperature or which is heated by means not shown to about the tempera~ure of the liquid plastic and which is at a pressure above the liquid plastic pressure at the blowing nozzle, is fed through distribution conduit 11 and inner coaxial nozzle 6 and brought into contact with the inner surface of the liquid plastic film 9.
The blowing gas exerts a positive pressure on the liquid plastic film to blow and distend the film outwardly to form an elongated cylinder shaped liquid film 12 of plastic filled with the blowing gas. The elongated cylinder 12 is closed at its outer end and is connected at its inner end to outer nozzle 7 at the peripheral edge o orifice 7a. A balancing pressure of a gas or of an inert gas, i.eO a slightly lower pressure, is provided in the area of the blowing nozzle into which the elongated cylindex shaped liquid film is blown. The illustrated coa~ial nozzle can be used to produce microspheres having diameters three to five times the size of the inside diameter of orifice 7a and is useful in blowing low viscosity plastic materials.
A transverse jet 13 is used to direct an inert entraining fluid 14, which is at about, below or above the temperature of the liquid plastic 2. The entraining 1uid 14 is ~ed through distribution conduit 15, nozzle 13 and transverse iet nozzle orilice 13a and directed at the coaxial blowing nozzle 5. The transverse jet 13 is aligned to direct the flow of entraining fluid 14 over and around blowing nozzle 7 in the microsphere forming region at and behind the orifice 7a. The entraining fluid 14 as it passes over and arou~d blowing nozzle 5 fluid dynamically induces a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field in the entraining fluid 14 at the opposite or lee side of blowing nozzle 5 in its wake or shadow.
The entraining fluid 14 envelops and acts on the elongated cylinder 12 in such a manner as to and causes the cylinder to flap, fold, pinch and close-off at its inner end at a point 16 proximate to the orifice 7a of outer nozzle ?.
The continued movement of the entraining fluid 14 over the elongated cylinder 12 produces fluid drag forces on the cylinder 12 and detaches it from the oriice 7a of the outer nozzle 7 to allow the cylinder to fall. The surface tension forces of the liquid plastic act on the entrained, falling elongated cylinder 1.2 and ¢ause the cylinder to seek a minimum surface area and to form a spherical shape hollow plastic microsphere 17~
Quench or heating nozzles 18 ha~ing orifices 18a are disposed below and on both sides of coaxial blowing nozæle 5 and direct cooling or heating fluid 19 at and into contact with the liquid plastic microsphere 17 to rapidly cool or heat and cure and solidify the liquid plastic and form a smooth, hardened, hollow plastic micro-sphere. The quench or heating fluid 19 alsoser~es to carry the hollow plastic microspheres away from the coaxial blowing nozzle 5. Sufficient heating and curing time can be provided by using a heated fluidized bed, heated liquid carrier ~.~5~3~:~7 or belt carrier system for the thermosetting hollow plastic micro-spheres to cure and harden the microspheres with substantially little or no distortion or effect on the size or shape of the microspheres. Where the plas~ic is thermosetting, the heated and cured plastic microspheres can be subsequently cooled. The solidified and hardened hollow plastic microspheres are collected by suitable means not shown.
The Figure 3 of the drawings illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the lower portion of the outer coaxial nozzle 7 is tapered downwardly and inwardly at 21.
This embodiment as in the previous embodiment comprises coaxial blowing nozzle 5 which consists of inner nozzle 6 with orifice 6a and outer nozzle 6 with orifice 7a'. The figure of the draw-ings also shows elongated cylinder shaped liquid film 12 with a pinched portion 16.
The use of the tapered nozzle 21 construction was found to substantially assist in the formation of a thin plastic film 9' in the area between orifice 6a of inner nozzle 6 and orifice 7a' of outer nozzle 7. The inner wall surface 22 of the taper portion 21 of the outer nozzle 7 when pr~ssure is applied to liquid plastic 2 forces the liquid plastic 2 to squeeze through a fine gap formed between the outer edge of orifice 6a, i.e., the outer edge of inner nozzle 6, and the inner surface 22 to form the thin liquid plastic film 9' across orifices 6a and 7a'.
The formation of the liquid plastic film 9' does not in this embodiment rel~ solely on the surface tension properties of the liquid plastic. The illustrated coaxial noæzle can be used to produce ,:
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~ 3~7 microspheres having diameters three to five times the size of the diametPr of orifice 7a of coaxial nozzle 7 and allows making microspheres of smaller diameter than those made using the Figure 2 S apparatus and is particularly useful in blowing high viscosity plastic materials.
The diame~er of the microsphere is determined by the diameter of orifice 7a'. This apparatus allows the use of larger inner diameters of outer nozzle 7 and larger inner diameters of inner nozzle 6, both of which reduce the possibility of plugging of the coaxial nozzles when in use.
These eatures are particularly advantageous when the blowing gas contains dispersed metal paxticles and/or the plastic compositions contain additive material particles.
The Figures 3a and 3b of the drawings illu-strate another preferred embodiment of the inven-tion in which the outer por~.ion of the transverse jet 13 is flattened to form a generally rectangular or oval shaped orifice opening 13a. The orifice opening 13a can be disposed at an angle relat-ive to a line drawn through the central axis of coaxial nozzle 5. The preferred angle, however, is that as illustrated in the drawing. That is, at an angle of about 90~ to the central axis of the coaxial nozzle 5.
The use of the flattened transverse jet entraining fluid was found, at a given velocity, to concentrate the efect of the fluctuating pressure field and to increase the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations induced in the region of the formation of the hollow microspheres at the opposite or lee side of the blowlng nozzle 5.

~ 7 By the use of the flattened transverse jet and increasing the amplitude of the pressure fluc-tuations, the pinching action exerted on the cylinder 12 is increased. This action facili-tates the closing off o the cylinder 12 at itsinner pinched end 16 and detaching of the cylinder ~3 from the orifice 7a of the center nozzle 7.
The Figure 3c of the drawings illustrates another preferred embodiment of the present inven-tion in which a high viscosity plastic materialis used to blow hollow plastic filamented micro-spheres. In this~Figure, the elongated shaped cylinder 12 and plastic microspheres 17a, 17b and 17c are connected to each other by thin plastic filaments 17d. As can be seen in tha drawing, as the microsPheres 17a, 17b and 17c progress away from blowing nozzle S surface tension forces act on the elongated cylinder 12 to efect the gradual change of the elongated shaped cylinder 12 to the generally spherical shape 17a, more spherical sh~pe 17b and finally the spherical shape microsphere l/c. The same surface tension orces cause a gradual reduction in the diameter of the connecting filaments i7d, as the distance between the microspheres and filaments and the blowing nozzle 5 increases.
The hollow plastic microspheres 17a, 17b and 17c that are obtained are connected by thin filament portions 17d that are substantially of equal length and that are continuous with the plastic microsphere.
The operation of the apparatus illustrated in Figures 3, 3a, 3b and 3c otherwise ~han dis-cussed above is similar to that discussed with ~ 7 regard to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings.
The Figure 4 of the drawings illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which the lower portion of the coaxial nozzle 7 is provided with :a bulbous member 23 which imparts to the outer nozzle 7 an expanded spherical shape. This embo-diment as in the previous embodiments comprises coaxial blowing nozzle S which consists of inner nozzle 6 with orifice 6a and outer nozzle 7 with oriice 7a. The Figure of the drawings also shows elongated cylinder shaped liquid film 12 with the pinched portion 16.
The use of the bulbous spherical shaped member 23 is found for a given velocity of entraining fluid 14 (Figure 2) to substantially increase the amplitude o the pressure fluctuations included in the region of the formation o~ the hollow micro-spheres at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle 5. By the use of the bulbous member 23 and increasing the amplitude of the pressure fluc-tuations, the pinching action exerted on the elongated cylinder 12 is increased. This action facilitates the closing o of the cylinder 12 at its inner pinched end 16 and detaching the cylinder 12 from the orifice 7a of the outer nozzle 7.
In still another embodiment of the invention which is also illustrated in Figure 4 of the drawings, a beater bar 24 can be used to assist in detaching the cylinder 12 from orifice 7a. The beater bar 24 is attached to a spindle, not shown, which is caused to rotate in a manner such that the beater bar 24 is brought to bear upon ~he pinched portion 16 of the elongated cylinder 12 and to thus facilitate the closing off of the ~ ~ ~r3~ ~ ~
cylinder 12 at its inner pinched end 16 and detaching the cylinder 12 from the orifice 7a of outer nozzle 7.
The embodiments of theinvention illustrated in the Figures 2 to 4 can be used singly or in various combinations as the situation may require.
The entire apparatus can be enclosed in a high pressure containment vessel, not shown, which allows the process to be carried out at elevated pressures.
The Figure 5 of the drawings illustrates the use of the hollow plastic microspheres o the present invention in the construction of a flat plate solar energy collector 29. The drawing -15 shows a cross-section taken from an end view of the solar collector. The outer cover member 30 protects the solar collector from the weather elements. The cover 30 can be made from clear glass or plastic. The cover member 30 can also be made from several layers of light transparent hollow plastic microspheres of this invention bonded together with a transparent polyacrylate or polymethyl acrylate resin to form a trans-parent cover. There is disposed below and parallel to cover 30 a black coated ~lat metal plate absorber 31 to which there is bonded to the bottom surface thereof a multiplicity of evenly spaced heat exchange medium 32 containing tubes 33. The heat exchange medium can, for example, be water and the tubes 33 are interconnected by conventional means not shown to allow for the flow of the heat exchange medium 32 through the tubes 33. In order to minimize heat loss from the solar collector and increase its efficiency, the space between the outer cover 30 and the flat ~ 7 plate absorber 31 can also be filled with a bed of light transparent hollow plastic microspheres 34 of the present invention. The solar collector 29 has an inner cover member 35 by means of which the collector can be attached to a roof 36 of a home. To further decrease the heat loss of ~he solar collector and increase its efficiency, the space between the lower sur~ace of the flat plate absorber 31 and the inner cover member 35 can be filled with reflective hollow plastic microspheres 39 containing on the inner wall surface thereof a visible light and infrared radiation reflective metal coating. The end members 37 and 38 of the solar collector 29 close-off the top and bottom edges of the collector.
The construction and operation of the flat plate solar collector are otherwise essentially the same as the know flat plate solar collector.
The Figure 6 of the drawin~s illustrates the use of the hollow plastic microspheres of the present inven~ion in the construction of a tubular solar energy collector 43. The drawing shows a cross-section taken from an end view of the solar collector. The outer cover member 44 can be made from clea~ glass or plastic. The cover member 44 can also be made ~rom several layers of light transpa~ent hollow plastic microspheres of this invention bonded together with a transparent polyester or polyolefin resin to form a trans-parent cover. There is disposed below and parallelto cover 30 a double pipe tubular member 45.
The tubular member 45 consists o f an inner feed tube 46 and an outer return tube 47. The heat exchange medium 48, for example water, is fed through inner feed tube 467 passes to one end of the tube where it reverses its direction of flow, by means not shown, and the heat exchange medium 49 (return) passes back through the return tube 47. The inner feed tube 46 is coaxial to the outer return tube 47. The outer return tube 47 has on its outer surface a black heat absorbing coating. The heat exchange medium in passing through feed tube 46 and return tube 47 is heated.
The tubular collector 43 has outer parallel side covers 50 and a lower outer curved cover portion 51. The lower curved cover portion 51 is concentric with the inner tube 46 and outer tube 47. The inner surface of the lower porticn 51 is coated with a reflecting material 5~ such that the sun's rays are reflected and concentrated in the direction of the black heat absorbing surace coating of return tube 47. In order to minimize heat loss from the solar collector and increase its eficiency, the. entire area between the outer covers 44, 50 and 51 and the return tube 47 can be filled with aL bed of the visible light transparent hollow pl25tic microspheres 54 of the present invention.
The tubular solar collec:tor 43 is normally mounted in groups in a manner such that they intercept the movement of the sun across the sky.
The sun's rays pass through the transparent micro-spheres 54 and impinged directly on the outer side of the return tube 47 and are reflected by reflector 52 and i~pinged on the lower side of return tube 47.
The construction and operation of the tubular solar collector are otherwise essentially the same as the known tubular solar collectors.

The Figure 7 of the drawings illustrates the use of the hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention in the construction of a formed panel 61. The panel contains multiple layers of uniform sized plastic micxospheres 62. The micro-spheres can have a thin deposited layer 63 of a reflecting metal deposited on their inner wall surface. The internal volume of the microspheres can be filled with a low heat conductivity gas 64 and the interstices 65 between the microspheres can be filled with the same gas or a low heat conductivity foam containing a low heat conductivity gas. The facing surface 66 can be coated with a thin layer of plaster suitable for subsequent sizing and painting and/or covering with wall paper. The backing surface 67 can be coated with the same or different plastic from which the microspheres are made to form a vapor barrier or with plaster or with both materials.
The Figure 7a oE the drawings illustrates ~he use of the hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention in the construction of a ~ormed panel 71. The panel contains multiple layers of uniform sized flattened oblate spheroid or rec-tangular shaped microspheres 72. The oblate spheroid shaped microspheres can have an inner thin deposited layer 73 of a reflective metal.
The internal volume of the microsphere can be filled with a low heat conductivity gas 74. The flattened configuration of the microspheres sub-stantially reduces the volume of the interstices between the microspheres which can be filled with a low heat conductivity foam 75. The ~acing 76 can be coated with a thin layer of plaster suitable for subsequent sizing and painting -, ..

~ ~ ~'r~ ~ 7 and/or covering with wall paper. The backing sur-face 77 can be coated with the same or different plastic from which the microspheres are made to - form a vapor barrier or with plaster or with both materials.
The Figure 7b of the drawings illustrates an embodiment of the formed wall panel of Figure 7a in which filamented hollow plastic microspheres connected by very thin plastic filaments 78 are used. The thin plastic filaments 78 are formed between ad~acent microspheres when and as the microspheres are blown and join the microspheres together. The connecting filaments 78 in the formed panel inte~n~t the wall tQ wall con~act, i.e. the contact between the microspheres and serve to substantially reduce the conduction heat transfer between adja-cent microspheres. The use of filamented micro spheres to provide the interrupting filaments is particularly advantageous and preferred because the filaments are positively evenly distributed, cannot settle, are supplied in the desired controlled amount, and in the formed panel provide an interlocking structure which serves to strengthen the formed panel. The facing 76, as before, can be coated with a thin layer of plaster suitable for subsequent sizing and painting and/or covering with wall paper. The backing surface 77 can be coated with the same or different plastic from which the microspheres are made to form a vapor barrier or with plaster or with both materials.

ORGANIC FILM FOR~IING MATERIAL
AND PLASTIC COMPOSITIONS
The organic film forming material and compositions and particularly the plastic composi~ions from which the hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention are made can be widely varied to obtain the desired physical characteristics for blowing and forming, cooling or heating and curing the microspheres and the desired heat insulating, strength, gas permeability and light trasmission characteristics of the plastic microspheres produced.
The plastic compositions can be selected to have a low heat conductivity and sufficient strength when hardened, solidified and cured to support a substantial amount of external pressure or weight.
The constituents o the plastic compositions can vary widely, depending on their intended use and can include naturally occurring resins as well as synthetically produced plastic materials.
The constituents of the plastic compositions can be selected and blended to have high resis-tance to corrosive gaseous materials, high resis~ance to gaseous chemical agents, high resistance to alkali and weather, low suscepti-bility to diffusion of gaseous materials into and out of thP plastic microspheres, and to be substantially free of trapped gas bubbles or dissolved gases in the walls of the microspheres which can form bubbles and to have sufficien~
strength when cured, hardened and solidified to withstand external pressure and/or weight.
The microspheres of the present invention are capable of contacting adjacent microspheres with-out signiicant wear or deterioration at the points of contact and are resistant to deterior-ation from exposure to moisture, heat ~ 3 and/or weathering.
The plastic compositions that can be used to form microspheres of the present invention include thermosetting and thermoplastic materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly-esters, polyurethanes, plychloro-trifluoro ethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene, polymethyl methacrylate acetyl, phenol-formaldehyde resins and silicone and polycarbonate resins.
The plastic compositions also include organic materials such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and cellulose acetate-propionate.
The plastic compositions may consist essentially of the plastic material or may contain the plastic material dissolved or dispersed in a suitable solvent.
Thermoplastic syrLthetic resins that can be used are polyvinyl resins, i.e. polyvinyl alcohol (water- or organic solvent-soluble), polyvinyl chloride, eopolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polystyrene, poly-vinylidene chloride, acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyallyl, polyethylene, and polyamide (nylon) resins.
Thermosetting resins that can be used are those in the thermoplastic water- or organic solvent-soluble stage of partial polymerization, ~he resins being converted after or during formation o~ the microspheres into a more or less fully polymerized solvent-insoluble stage.
Other useful resins are alkyd, polysiloxane, phenol-formaldehyde, ~rea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins.

~5;~ 7 Natural film forming materials are also included within the scope of the form, including soybean protein, zein protein, alginates, and cellulose in solution as cellulose Xanthate or cuprammonium cellulose.
The plastic compositions disclosed in Veatch et al U.S. Patent 2,797,201 and the Morehouse, Jr. U.S. Patent

3,615,972 can also be used in carrying out the present invention.
There may be added to the plastic compositions chemical agents or additives which effect the viscosity of the compositions or of the surface film of the microsphere in order to obtain the desired viscosities needed to obtain a stable film for blowing the microspheres. Suitable chemical agents are materials that act as solvents for the plastic compositions. The solvents that are used will, of course, depend on the solubility in the solvent of the plastic composition used. ~ater, alcohols, ethers, esters, organic acids, hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons can be used as solvents. To assist in the blowing a~d formation of the plastic microspheres, surface active agents, such as colloidal particles of insoluble substances and viscosity stabilizers can be added to the plastic composition as additives. These additives can affect the viscosity of the surface film of the microsphere to stabilize the film during film formation.
A distinct and advanta~eous feature of the present invention is that latent solid or latent liquid blowing gases are not used or required and that the microspheres that \

' ' are produced are free of latent solid or latent liquid blowing gas materials or gases.
Additional plastic compositions suitable for use in the present invention are:
Thermoplastic resins: Epoxy resins, phenolformaldehyde resins, and Melmac;
Other resin compositions are: Elvanol, silicones, and Teflon.
For a more specific description of the above plastic and resin compositions see Zimmerman and Lavine, "Handbook of Material Trade Names", Vols. I-IV, 1953-1965.
The plastic compositions of the present invention are formulated to have a relatively narrow temperature difference between the liquid temperature and the plastic hardeninq tempera-ture (thermoplastic) or a relatively narrow temperature difference between the liquid temperature and the thermosetting and curing temperature. The plastic compositions are formulated such that they have a high rate of viscosit~ increase with the hardening temperature or the thermosetting temperature such that the micro~
sphere walls will solidify, harden and strengthen before the blowing gas within the sphere decreases in volume and pressure a sufficient amount to cause the microsphere to collapse. Where it is desirous to maintain a positive pressure in the contained volume of the microspheres, the permeabili~y of the contained gases can be decreased in the manner discussed below.
The use of Saran plastic compositions is found to pro-duce microspheres that are useful as filler materials. The poly-styrene plastic compositions can be used to make microspheres for * Trademark .
. .

~ `r~ 7 use as improved insulating materials. The poly-ethylene plastic compositions can be advantageously used to make microspheres for use as filler materials in plastic molding compositi.ons. The polypropylene plastic compositions can be used to make microspheres for use as aggregate in concrete.
The plastic compositions from which ~he hollow plastic microsphere can be made are, depending on the particular plastic materials used, to some degree permeable to the gas materials used to blow the microspheres and/or to the gases present in the medium surrounding the microspheres. The gas permeability of the plastic compositions can be reduced and~or substantially eliminated by the addition, prior to blowing the microspheres, ta the plastic composition of very small inert laminar plane-orientable additive material parti-cles. Suitable additive particles are mica, graphite and aluminum leaf powders. ~hen any one or more of these laminar plane-orientable additive material particles are added to a plastic composition prior to the blowing and formation of the hollow plastic microspheres, the process of making the microsphere aligns the laminar particles, as the plastic film is stretched in passing, i.e. extruded, through the conical blowing nozzle, with the walls of the hollow plastic microsphere and normal to the gas diffusion direction. The presence of the laminar plane particles in the microsphere walls substan-tially diminishes the gas permeability of the ?lastic film. The si es of the additive particles are ~ ~ 5~

advantageously selected to be less than one-half the thickness of the wall of the microspheres. The gas permeability of certain plastics may be further diminished or reduced by subjecting the microspheres to ioni2ation radiation to promote cross-linking of the plastic molecules.
BLOWING GAS
The hollow plastic microspheres used to make insulating materials can be blown with an inert gas or gas containing dis-persed metal particles or a mixture thereof. The gases that are used to blow the microspheres are selected to have a low heat conductivity and generally involve heavy molecules which do not transfer heat readily. Suitable blowing gases can be argon, xenon, Freon gases, nitrogen, sulfur and sulfur dioxide. The blowing gas is selected to have the desired internal pressure when cooled to ambient temperatures. Blowing gases can also be selected that react with the plastic microspheres, e.g~ to assist in the hardening and/or curing of the microspheres or to make the microsphere less permeable to the contained blowing gases.
For certain uses, oxygen or air can be used as or added to the ~0 blowing gas.
A blowing gas containing dispersed metal particles can be used to obtain in the contained volume of the microsphere a deposit of a thin metal coating on the inner wall surface of the hollow plastic microsphere. The thickness of metal coating deposited will determine whether the metal coating is trans-parent or reflective lr~7 of visible light. The blowing gases can also be selected to react with the deposited thin metal layer to obtain desired characteristics in the met~l layer. For example, to reduce the thermal conductivity of the metal layer.
The metal used to coat the inner wall surface of the hollow plastic microsp~eres is selected to have the desired emissivity, low heat conduc-tion characteristics, and to adhere to the inner wall surface o~ the plastic microspheres. The thickness and the nature of the deposited metal coating will depend to some extent upon the metal, the particle size of the metal used, the size of the microsphere and the amount of dispersed metal particles used. O
The dispersed metal particle siæe can be 25A
O O O
to lO,OOOA, preferably 50A to 5,000A and more pre-ferably lOOA to l,OOOA. A sufficient amount of the metal is dispersed in the blowing gas to ob-tain the desired thickness of the deposited metal.
The dispersed metal par~icles can advantageously be provided with an electrostatic charge to assist in depositing them on the inner wall surface of the microspheres.
Metal particles such as aluminum, silver, nickel, zinc, an~imony, barium, cadmium, cesium, bismuth, selenium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and gold can be used. Aluminum, zinc and nickel, however, are preferred. Dispersed metal oxide particles can in a similar manner be usedto obtain similar effects to that of the metals.
In addition, the metal oxide particles can be used to produce a deposited film of lower heat conductivity characteristics.

~ 7 The thin metal coating can also be deposited on the inner wall surface of the microsphere by using as or with blowing gas organo metal compounds that are gases at ambient temperatures or that become gases on heating. Of the organo metal compounds available, the organo carbonyl compounds are preferred. Suitable organo metal carbonyl compounds are nickel and iron.
The organo metal compounds can be decomposed by heating just prior to blowing the microspheres to obtain inelv dispersed metal particles and a decomposi~ion gas or product. Ihe`dec~mposition gas, if present, can be used to assist in blowing the micro-spheres. The dispersed metal particles from decomposition of the organo me~al compound, as before, deposit to ~orm the thin metal layer.
Alternatively, the microsphere, a~ter being ~ormed and containing the gaseous organo metal compound bLowing gas, can~be subjected to "electrical discharge" ~eans which decomposes the organo metal compound to form the ~inely dispersed metal particles and the decomposition gas or product.
The thickness of the deposited metal layer will depend primarily on the partial pressure of the gaseous organo metal blowing gas and the inside diameter o~ the microsphere.
An auxiliary blowing gas, e.g. an inert blowing gas, can be used to dilute the gaseous organo metal compound blowing gas in order to control the thickness of the deposited metal layer. There can also be used as an auxiliary blowing gas~a gas that acts as a catalyst or hardening agent for the plastic compositions. The addition of-the catalyst or hardening agent to the blowing gas prevents contact of the catalyst or hardening agent with the plastic composition until a time just before the microsphere is formed.
The entraining fluid, e.g. an inert entraining fluid, can be a gas at a high or low temperature and can be selected to react with or be inert to the plastic composition. Suitable entraining fluids are nitrogen, air, steam and argon. A
gaseous catalyst for the plastic can also be included in the entraining fluid.
The quench or heating fluid can be a liquid, a liquid dispersion or a gas. Suitable quench or heating fluids are steam, a fine water spray, air~
nitrogen or mixtures thereo~. The selection of a specific quench or heating fluid and quench or heating temperature depends to ~;ome extent on the plastic composition from which the microsp~eres are made and the blowing gas te~lperature and pressure.
PROCESS CC)NDITIONS
The organic ~ilm Eorming materials and/or plastic compositions o~ the present invention are in a liquid-fluid form at the desired blowing temper-ature and during the blowing operation. The liquid plastic composition can be at a temperature of about 0C. to about 400C., preferably 10C.
to 300C. and more preferably 20C. to 200C., depending on the constituents and state of poly-merization of, for example, the plastic composition.
The plastic composition at the blowing temperature is liquid, fluid and flows easily. The li~uid ~ 7 plastic just prior to the blowing operation can have a viscosity of 0.10 to 600 poises, usually 10 to 350 poises and more usually 30 to 200 poises.
Where the process is used to make non-fila-mented microspheres, the liquid plastic just priorto the blowing operation can have a viscosity of 0.1 to 200 poises, preferably 0.5 to 100 poises, and more preferably 5.0 to 50 poises.
Where the process is used to make filamented microspheres, the liquid plastic just prior to the blowing operation can have a viscosity of 50 ; to 600 poises, preferably 100 to 400 poises, and more preferably 150 to 300 poises. The viscosity can be measured by conventional means, e~g. using a Broofield viscometer.
A critical feature of the present invention is that the formation of the hollow plastic micro-spheres can be carried out at low viscosities relative to the viscosi~ies heretofore used in the prior art processes that utilized latent liquid or solid blo~ing agents dispersed throughout or contained in the plastic compositions used to blow the microspheres. Because of the ability to utilize comparatively low viscosities, applicant is able to obtain hollow plastic microspheres, the walls o which are free of any entrapped or dissolved gases or bubbles. With the low vis-cosities used by applicant, any entrapped or dissolved gases diffuse out and escape from the plastic film surface during the bubble formation.
With the high viscosities required to be used in the prior are processes, any dissolved gaseous bubbles are trapped in the walls of the plastic microspheres as they are formed because of the high viscosities required to be used.

~ " ~

~ 7 The liquid plastic fed to the coaxial blowing nozzle can be at about ambient pressure or can be at an elevated pressure. The liquid plastic feed can be at a pressure of l to 20,000 p.s.i.g., usually 3 to lO,000 p.s.i.g. and more usually 5 to 5,000 p.s.i.g.
Where the process is used to make microspheres ~or use as insulating materials and in insulating systems, for use in syntactic foam systems and as filler materials in general, the liquid plastic fed to the coaxial blowing nozzle can be at a pressure of l to l,000 p.s.i.g., preferably at 3 to 100 p.s.i.g., and more preferably at 5 to 50 p.s.i.g.
The liquid plastic is continuously fed to the coaxial blowi~g nozzle during the blowing operation to prevent premature breaking a~d detaching of the elongated cylinder shaped li.quid plastic film as it is being formed by the blowing gas.
20 ~ The blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas will be at about the same temperature as the liquid plastic being blown. ~he blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas te~lperature can, however, be at a higher temperature than the liquid plastic to assist in maintaining the fluidity of the hollow liquid plastic microsphere during the blowing operation or can be at a lower temperature than the liquid plastic to assist in the solidification and hardening of the hollow liquid plastic microsphere as it is formed. The pressure of the blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas is sufficient to ~ 7 blow the microsphere and will be slightly above the pressure or liquid plastic film at the orifice 7a of the outer nozzle 7. The blowing gas pres-sure will also depend on and be slightly above the ambient pressure external to the blowing nozzle.
The temperatures of the gaseous material blowing gases will depend on the blowing gas used and the viscosity-temperature-shear relationship for the plastic materials used to make the micro-spheres.
The pressure of the blowing gas or gaseousmaterial blowing gas is sufficient to blow the microsphere and will be slightly above tha pres-sure of liquid plastic at the orifice 7a of the outer nozzle 7. Depending on the gaseous material to be encapsulated within the hollow plastic microspheres, the blowing gas or the gaseous material can be at a pressure of 1 to 20,000 p.s.i.g., usually 3 to 10,000 p.s.i.g. and more usually 5 to 5,000 p.s.i.g.
The blowing gas or gaseous ~aterial blowing gas can also be at a pressure of 1 to 1,000 p.s.i.g., preferably 3 to 100 p.s.i.g. and more pre~erably 5 to 50 p.s.i.g. ~
/

~ 7 Where the process is used to make microspheres for use as insulating materials and in insulating systems, for use in syntactic foam systems and as filler materials in general, the blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas can be at a pres sure of 1 to 125 p.s.i.g., preferably at 2 to 100 p.s.i.g. and more preferably at 5 to 30 p.s.i.g.
The pressure of the blowing gas containing dispersed metal particles alone and/or in combi-nation with the principle blowing gas is suficient to blow the microsphere and the combined gas pres-sure will be slightly above the pressure of the liquid plastic at the orifice 7a of the outer /

~ 7 nozzle 7. The pressure of the combined mixture of the blowing gases will also depend on and be slightly above the ambient pressure external to the blowing nozzle.
The ambient pressure external to the blowing nozzle can be at about atmospheric pressure or can be at subatmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure. The ambient pressure external to the blowing nozzle will be such that it substantially balances, but is slightly less than the blowir.g gas pressure.
The transverse jet entraining fluid which is directed over and around the coaxial blowing nozzle to assist in the formation and detaching o~ the hollow liquid plastic microsphere from the coaxial blowing nozzle can have a linear velocity in the region of microsphere .~ormation of 1 to 120 ft/sec, usually 5 to 80 t/sec and more usually 10 to 60 ft/sec.
Where the process if used to make non-fila-mented microspheres, the linear velocity of the transverse ~et fluid in the region of microsphere formation can be 30 to 120 ~t/sec, preferably 40 to 100 ft/sec and more preferably 50 to 80 ft/sec.
Where the process is used to make ~ilamented microspheres, the linear velocity of the trans-verse jet fluid in the region of microsphere formation can be 1 to 50 ft/sec, preferably 5 to 40 ft/sec and more preferably 10 to 30 ~t/sec.
Further, it is- found (Figures 2 to 4) that pulsing the transverse jet entraining fluid at a rate of 2 to lS00 pulses/sec, preferably 50 to 1000 pulses/sec and more preferably 100 to 500 ~ 7 pulses/sec assists in controlling the diameter o~ the microspheres and detaching the micro-spheres rom the coaxial blowing nozzle.
The distance between filamented micros~heres depends to some extent on the viscosity of the plastic and the linear velocity of the transverse jet entraining fluid.
The entraining fluid can be at the same temperature as the liquid plastic being blown.
The entraining fluid can, however, be at a higher temperature than the liquid plastic to assist in maintaining the fluidity of the hollow liquid plastic microsphere during the blowing operation or can be at a lower temperature than the liquid plastic to assist in the stabilization of the forming film and the solidification and hardening of the hollow liquid plastic microsphere as it is formed.
The quench or heating fluid is at a tempera-ture such that it rapidly cools or heats the micro-spheres to solidify, harden and strengthen the liquid plastic beore the inner gas pressure decreases to a value at which the plastic micro-sphere would collapse or burst the microsphere.
The quench cooling fluid can be at a te~perature of 0 to 200F., usually 40 to 200F. and more usually 50 to 100F. The heating fluid can be at a temperature o~ 100 to 800F., usually 200 to 600F. and more usually 300 to 500F., depending on the plastic composition.
The quench cooling fluid very rapidly cools the outer liquid plastic surface of the micro-sphere with which it is in direct con~act and more slowly cools the blowing gas enclosed within ~ 7 the microsphere because of the lower thermal conductivity of the gas. This cooling process allows sufficient time for the plastic walls of the microspheres to strengthen before the gas is cooled and the pressure within the plastic microsphere is substantially reduced.
The time elapsed from commencement of the blowing of the plastic microspheres to the cooling and initial hardening of thè microspheres can-be .0001 to 60.0 seconds, preferably .0010 to30~0 seconds and more preferably 0.10 to 10.0 seconds.
Where a thermosetting plastic composition is used to form the microsphere, the time elapsed from commencement of the blowing of the plastic microsphere to the heating and curing of the microsphere or it to have sufficient strength to maintain its size and shape can be 0.10 second to 30 minutes, preferably 1 second to 20 minutes and more preferably 10 seconds to 10 minutes.
The filamented microsphe:re embodiment of the invention provides a means by which the microspheres may be suspended and allowed to harden and/or cure without being brought into contact with any sur~ace. The filamented microspheres are 5imply drawn on a blanket or drum and are suspended between the blowing nozzle and the blanket or drum for a sufficient period of time or them to harden andlor cure.

APPARATUS
Referring to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, the vessel 1 is constructed to maintain the liquid plastic at the desired operating tempera-tures. The liquid plastic 2 is fed to coaxialblowing nozzle 5. The coaxial blowing nozzle 5 consists of an inner nozzle 6 having an outside diameter of 0.32 to 0~010 inch, preferably 0.20 to 0.015 inch and more preferably 0.10 to 0.020 inch and an outer noz71e 7 having an inside diameter of 0.420 to 0.020 inch, preferably 0.260 to 0.025 and more preferably 0.130 to 0.030 inch. The inner nozzle 6 and outer nozzle 7 form annular space 8 which provides a flow path through wh~ch the liqui~ plastic 2 is extrude~. The dis-~nce between the inner nozzle 6 ànd outer nozzle 7 can be0.050 to 0.004, preferably 0.030 to 0.005 and more preferably 0.015 to 0.008 inch.
The orlfice 6a of inner nozzle 6 terminates a short distance above the plane of orifice 7a of outer nozzle 7. The orifice 6a can be spaced above orifice 7a a~ a distance of 0.001 ~o 0.125 inch, preferably 0.002 to 0.050 inch and more preferably 0.003 to 0.025 inch. The liquid plastic 2 flows ~ ardly and is ex~ed ~rough annular space 8 and fills the area between orifice 6a and 7a. The orifices 6a and 7a can be made from stainless steell platinum alloys, glass or fused alumina. Stainless steel, howPver, is preferred. The surface tension forces in the liquid plastic 2 form a thin liquid plastic ~ilm 9 across orifices 6a and 7a which has about the same or a smaller thickness as the distance o orifice 6a is spaced above orifice 7a.

The liquid plastic film 9 can be 25 to 3175 microns, prefe~ably 50 to 1270 microns, and more preferably 76 to 635 microns thick.
The Figure 2 blowing nozzle can be used to blow liquid plastic at relatively low viscosities, ~or example, of 10 to 60 poises and to blow hollow plastic micropsheres of relatively thick wall size, for example, of 20 to 100 microns or more.
A blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas is fed through inner coaxial nozzle 6 and brought into contact with the inner surface of liquid plastic film 9. The blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas exerts a positive pressure on the liquid plastic film to blow and distend the film outwardly and downwardly to form an elongated cylinder shaped liquid film 12 of liquid plastic filled with the inert blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas 10. The elongated cylinder 12 is closed at its outer end and is connected to outer nozzle 7 at the peripheral edge of orifice 7a.
The transverse jet 13 is used to direct an inert entraining fluid 14 through nozzle 13 and transverse ~et nozzle orifice 13a at the coaxial blowing nozzle 5. The coaxial blowing nozzle 5 has an outer cliameter of 0.52 to 0.030 inch, preferably 0.36 to 0.035 inch and more preferably 0.140 to 0.040 inch.
The process o~ the present invention was ~ound to be very sensitive to the distance of the trans-verse jet 13 from the orifice 7a of outer nozzle 7, the angle at which the transverse jet was directed at coaxial blowin~ nozzle 5 and the .

~ 7 point at which a line drawn through the center axis of transverse jet 13 intersected with a line drawn through the center axis of coaxial nozzle 5. The transverse jet 13 is aligned to direct the ~low of entraining fluid 14 over and around outer nozzle 7 in the microsphere forming region of the orifice 7a. The orifice 13a of transverse jet 13 is located a distance of 0.5 to 14 times, preferably 1 to 10 times and more preferably 1.5 to 8 times and still more preferably 1.5 to 4 times the outside diameter of coaxial blowing nozzle 5 away ~rom the point of intersect of a line drawn along the center axis of transverse jet 13 and a line drawn along the canter axis of coaxial blowing nozzle 5. The center axis of transverse jet 13 is aligned at an angle of 15 to 35, preferably 25 to 75 and more preferably 35 to 55 relative to the center axis of the coaxial blowing nozzle 5. The orifice 13a can be circular in shape and have an inside diameter of 0.32 to 0.010 inch, preferably 0.20 to 0.015 inch and more preferably 0.10 to 0.020 inch.
The line drawn through the center a~is of transverse jet 13 intersects the line drawn through the center axis of coaxial blowing nozzle 5 at a point above the orifice 7a of outer nozzle 7 which is .S to 4 times, preferably 1.0 to 3.5 times and more pre~erably 2 to 3 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle 5. The transverse jet entraining fluid acts on the elongated shaped cylinder 12 to ~lap and pinch it closed and to detach it from the orifice 7a of the outer nozzle 7 to allow the cylinder to fall, i.e. be transported away from the outer nozzle 7 by the entraining fluid.

~ 7 The transverse jet entraining fluid as it passes over and around the blowing nozzle fluid dynamically induces a periodic pulsating or - fluctuating pressure field at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of the coaxial blowing nozzle. A similar periodic pulsating or fluctuating pressure field can be produced by a pulsating sonic pressure field directed at the coaxial blowing nozzle.
The entraining fluid assists in the formation and detaching of the hollow plastic microsphere from the coaxial blowing nozzle. The use of the transverse jet and entraining fluid in the manner described also discourages wetting of the outer wall surface of the coaxial blowing nozzle 5 by the fluid plastic being blown. The wetting of the outer wall disrupts and interfers with blowing the microspheres.
The quench or heating nozzles 18 are dis-posed below and on both sides o~ the coaxial blowing nozzle 5 a sufficient distance apart to allow the microspheres 17 to fall between the quench nozzles 18. The inside diameteT of quench nozzle orifice 18a can be 0.1 to 0.75 inch, preferably 0.2 to 0.6 inch and more preferably O.3 to 0.5 inch. The quench nozzles 18 direct cooling or heating fluid 19 at and into contact with the liquid plastic microspheres 17 at a velocity of 2 to 14, preferably 3 to 10 an~ more preferably 4 to 8 ft/sec to rapidly cool or heat and solidify ~he liquid plastic and form a hard, smooth hollow plastic microsphere.

~sr~
The Figure 3 of the drawings illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention. It is found that in blowing high viscosity liquid plastic compositions that it is advantageous to immediately prior to blowing the liquid plastic to provide by extrusion a very thin liquid plastic film for blowing into the elongated cylinder shape liquid film 12. The thin liquid film 9' is provided by having the lower portion of the outer coaxial nozzle 7 tapered downwardly and inwardly at 21.
The tapered portion 21 and inner wall surface 22 thereof can be at an angle~of lS to 75, 30 to 60 and preferably about I~S~ relative to the center axis of coaxial blowing nozzle 5. The orifice lS 7a' can be 0.10 to 1.5 times, preferably 0.20 to 1.1 times and more preferably 0.25 to .8 times the inner diameter of orifice 6a of inner nozzle 6.
The thickness of the liquid plastic film 9' can be varied by adjusting the distance of orifice 6a of inner nozzle 6 above orifice 7a of outer nozzle 7 such that the distance between the peripheral edge of orifice 6a and the inner wall surface 22 of tapered nozzle 21 can be varied.
By controlling the distance between the peripheral edge of orifice 6a and the inner wall surface 22 of the tapered nozzle to form a very fine gap and by controlling the pressure applied to feed the liquid plastic 2 through annula~space 8 the liquid plastic 2 can be squeezed or extruded through the very fine gap to form a relatively thin liquid plastic film 9'.

~ 7 The proper gap can best be determined by pressing the inner coaxial nozzle 6 downward with sufficient pressure to completely block-off the flow of plastic, and to then very slowly raise the inner coaxial nozzle 6 until a stable system is obtained, i.e. until the microspheres are being formed.
The tapered nozzle construction illustrated in Figure 3 is as mentioned above the preferred embodiment of the invention. This embodiment can be used to blow plastic compositions at relatively high viscosities as well as to blow plastic compositions at the relati~ely low viscosities referred to with regard to Figure 2 of the drawings. The Figure 3 embodiment of the invention is of particular advantage in blowing the thin walled microspheres for use in or as insulating materials.
When blowing high or low viscosity plastic compositions, it was found to be advantageous to obtain the very thin liquid plastic film and to continue during the blowing operation to supply liquid plastic to the elongated cylinder shaped liquid ilm as it was for~ed. Where a high pres-sure is used to squeeze, i.e. e~trude, the liquidplastic through the very thin gap, the pressure o~ the inert blowing gas or gaseous material blowing gas is generally less than the liquid plastic feed pressure, but slightly above the pressure of the liquid plastic at the coaxial blowing nozzle.

~ 3~ 7 The tapered nozzle configuration of Figure 3 is also particularly useful in aligning the la~inar plane-orientable plastic addtivie materials.
The passage of the plastic material through the fine or narrow gap serves to align the additive materials with the walls of the microspheres as the ~icrospheres are being formed.
The Figures 3a and 3b of the drawings also illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the transverse jet 13 can be flattened to form a generally rectangular or oval shape.
The orifice 13a can also be flattened to form a generally oval or rectangular shape. The width of the orifice can be 0.96 to 0.030 inch, preferably 0.60 to 0.045 inch and more preferably 0.030 to 0.060 inch. The height of the orifice can be 0.32 to 0.010 inch, preferably 0.020 to 0.015 inch and more preferably 0.10 to 0.20 inch.
With reference to Figure 3c of the drawings which illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in which a high viscosity plastic material is used to blow filamented hollow plastic micro-spheres, there is shown the formation of the uni-form diameter microspheres spaced about equal distances apart~ The numbered items in this drawing have ~he same means as discussed above with reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 3a and 3b.
With reference to Figure 4 of the drawings which illustrates another embodiment of the inven-tion, it was found that in blowing the liquid plas-tic to form the elongated cylinder shaped liquid film 12 that it was advantageous to increase the , ~ , .
. .

~ 7 outer diameter of the lower portion coaxial blowing nozzle 5. One method of increasing the outer diameter o coaxial blowing nozzle 5 is by pro-viding the lower portion of outer nozzle 7 with a bulbous member 23 which impar~s to the lower portion of outer nozzle 7 a spherical shape. The use of ~he bulbous spherical shaped member 23 is found for a given velocity of the entraining fluid to substantially increase the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations induced in the region of the formation of the hollow microspheres. The diameter of the bulbous member 23 can be 1.25 to 4 times, preferably 1.5 to 3 times and more preferably 1.75 to 2.75 times the diameter of the outer diameter lS of coaxial blowing nozzle 5. When using a bulbous member 23, the transverse jet 13 is generally aligned such that a line drawn through the center axis of transverse je~ 13 will pass through the center of bulbous m~mber 23.
The Fi~ure 4 illustrates still another embodiment of the invention in which a beater bar 24 is used to facilitate detaching of the elongated cylinder shaped liquid film 12 rom the orifice 7a o~ outer nozzle 7. The beate.r bar 24 is attached to a spindle, not shown, which is caused to rotate in a manner such that the beater bar 24 is brought to bear upon the pinched portion 16 of the elongated cylinder 12. The beater bar 24 is set to spin at about the same xate as the ormation of hollow microspheres and can be 2 to 1500, preferably 10 to 800 and more preferably 20 to 400 re~olutions per second. The beater bar 24 can thus be used to facilitate the closing off o~ the cylinder 12 at its inner pinched end 16 and to detach the cylinder 12 from the orifice 7a of outer nozzle 7.

~ 5~ ~ ~ 7 DESCRIP~IO~ OF THE MICROSPHERES
.. . .. ... .. _ The hollow microspheres made in accordance with the present invention can be made rom a wide variety of organic film forming materials and com-positions particularly plastic compositions.
The hollow plastic microspheres made in accordance with the present invention can be made from suitable organic film forming compositions which are resistant to high temperatures and chemical attack and resistant to weathering as the situation may require.
The organic film forming compositions that can be used are those that have the necessary vis-cosities, as mentioned above, when being blown to form stable films and which have a rapid change from the molten or liquid state to the solid or hard state with a relatively narrow temperature change or within a relatively short cure time.
That is, they change from liquid to solid within a relative narrowly defined temperature range and/or cure in a relatively short time.
The hollow plastic microspheres are sub-stantially uniform in diameter and wall thickness, and depending on their composit:ion and the blowing conditions are light transparent, trans-lucent or opaque, sot or hard, and smooth or rough. The walls of the microspheres are free or substantially free of any holes, relatively thinned wall portions or sections, trapped gas bubbles, or sufficient amounts of dissolved gases or solvents to form bubbles. The micro-spheres are also free of any latent solid or ~ 7 liquid blowing gas materials or gases. `The pre-ferred plastic compositions are those that are resistant to chemical attack, elevated temperatures, weathering and diffusion of gases into and/or S out of the microspheres; Where the blowing gases may decompose at elevated temperatures, plastic compositions that are liquid below the decomposition temperatures of the gases can be used.
The plastic microspheres-can be made in various diameters and wall ~hickness, depending upon the desired end use of the microspheres. The microspheres can have an outer diameter of 200 to 10,000 microns, preferably 500 to 6,000 microns and more preferably 1,000 to 4,000 microns. The microspheres can have a wall thickness of 0.1 to 1,000 microns, preferably 0~5 to 400 microns and more preferably 1 to 100 microns.
The diameter and wall thickness of the hollow microspheres will o course affect the average bulk density of the microspheres~ The microspheres can have an average bulk density of 0.2 to 15 lb/ft3, usually 0.5 to 12 lb/~t3 and more usually 0.75 to 9 lb/ft3. For ~lse in a preferred embodiment to make low denslty insulating materials, the hollow plastic mlcrospheres can have an average bulk density as low as 0.5 to 1.5, for example, about ~.0 lb/ft3.

The microspheres, because the walls are free or substantially free of any holes, thinned sections, trapped gas bubbles, and/or sufficient amounts of dissolved gases or solvents to form S bubbles and are substantially stronger than the microspheres heretofore produced.
The microspheres made from thermoplastic compositions ater being formed can be reheated to soften the plastic and enlarge the microspheres and/or to improve the surface smoothness of the microspheres. On reheating, the internal gas pressure will increase and cause the microsphere to increase in size. After reheating to the desired size, for example, in a "shot tower", 15 the microspher es are rap idl r coo l e L e - -~ a in /
/

~ '7 the increase in size.
Where the microspheres are formed in a manner such that they are connected by continuous thin plastic filaments, that is they are made in the form of ilamented microspheres, the length of the con-necting filaments can be 1 to 40, usually 2 to 20 and more usually 3 to 15 times the diameter of the microspheres. The diameter, that is the thickness of the connecting filaments, can be 1/5000 to 1/10, usually l/2500 to l/20 and more usually l/1000 to 1/30 of the diameter of the micro~pheres.
The microspheres can contain a gas a~ super-atmospheric pressure, about ambient pressure or at partial vacuum.
Where the microspheres are used as insu-lating materials and in insulating systems, or in syntactic foam systems, or as filler material in general, the microspheres can have an outer diameter of 200 to 5,000, pre~erably 500 to 3,000 and more preerably 7~ to 2000 microns. These micro-spheres can have a wall thickness of 0.1 to 500 microns, preferably 0.5 to 200 microns and more preferably 1 to S0 microns. These microspheres can have an average bulk den.sity of 0.3 to 15 lb/t , preferably a .S to lQ lb/ft3 and more preferably ~.75 to 5.0 Ib/ft3. l~ese microsphe~es can have a contained gas pressure of 12 to 100 p,s.i.a., preferably 15~o 75 p.s.i.a. and more preferably 18 to 25 p.s.i.a.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness of the microspheres is selected such that the microspheres are flexible, i.e. can be deformed under pressure without breaking.

~ 7 The microspheres can contain a thin metal layer deposited on the innex wall surface of the microsphere where the blowing gas contains dis-persed metal particles. The thickness of the thin metal coating deposited on the inner wall surface of the microsphere will depend on the amount and particle size of ~he dispersed metal par~icles or partial pressure of organo metal blowing gas that are used a~d the diameter of the microsphere.
The thickness of the thin metal coating can be 25 to lO,OOOA, preferably 50 to 5,000A and more pre-ferably 100 to l,OOOA.
When it is desired that the deposited metal coating be transparent ~o light, the coating should be less than lOOA and preferably less than 80A.
The transparent metal coated microspheres can have a deposited metal coating 25 to 95A and pre~erably 50 to 80A thick. These microspheres, though trans-parent to visible light, are subs~antially reflec-tive of infrared radiation.
When it is desir~d that the. deposited metalcoating be reflective to light, the coating can be more than lOOA and preferably more than 150A thick.
The reflective metal coated microspheres can have a deposited metal coating lOS to 600A, preferably 150 ~o 400A and more preferably 150 to 250A thick.
The thermal heat conductivity characteristics of heat barriers made from the microspheres can be further improved by partially flattening the microspheres into an oblate spheroid or generally rectangular shape. The thermal conductivity of the ~ 7 oblate spheroids is further improved by mixing with the oblate spheroids thin plastic filaments.
The filaments are preferably provided in the form of the filamented microspheres.
The filamented microspheres can as they are formed be drawn and laid on a conveyor belt or drum.
A sufficient amount of tension can be maintained on the filamented microspheres as they are drawn to stretch them into the oblate spheroid shape.
The filamented microspheres are maintained in that shape for a sufficient period of time to harden and cure. After hardening of the filamented oblate spheroids, they can be laid in a bed, an adhesive a~d/or foam can be added and the filamented microspheres can be made into, e.g. a four by eight formed panel. The panel can be 1/4 to 3 inches in thickness, for example, 1/2, 1, 1 1/2 or 2 inches in thickness.
The thermal properties of the microspheres can also be improved by filling the interstices between the microspheres with a low thermal con d~ctivity gas, finely divided inert particles, e.g. lamp black, a low conductivity foam, e.g.
polyurethane, or polyolefin resin foam.

The hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention can be used to design systems having improved insulating characteristics. Where hollow microspheres are used in which the contained volume has a low heat conductivity gas, sys~ems can be designed in which the thermal conductivity can be R5 to R9, for example, R~ per inch.
Where hollow plastic microspheres are used having a low heat conductivity gas and a low emissivity, reflective metal coating deposited on the inner wall surface thereof are used, systems can be designed in which the thermal conductivity can be R7 to R12, for example, R10 per inch.
Where an insulating system containing fila-mented oblate spheroids and a reflective metal coating deposited on the-inner wall surface of the microsphere are used, systems can be designed in which the thermal conductivity can be ~9 to R16, for e~ample R14 per inch.
The microspheres can also be used as heat barriers by filling spaces between existing walls or other void spaces or can be made into sheets or o~her shaped forms by cementing the micro-spheres together with a suitable resin or otheradhesive or by fusing the microspheres together and can be used in new construction.
When the hollow plastic microspheres are massed together to form a heat barrier, there is reduced heat transfer by solid conduction because ~f the point to point contact between adjacent spheres and the low conductivity of the plastic material used to form the spheres. There is lit~le heat transfer by convection because the characteristic dimensions of the voids between ~ 7 the packed spheres are below that necessary to initiate convection. There is little heat trans-fer by gas conduction within the spheres when there is a low heat conductivity gas in the enclosed volume. Where there is a low emissivity, highly reflective metal layer deposited on the inner wall surface o~ the microspheres, there is substantially little radiant heat transfer because of the highly reflective metal layer on the inner wall surface of the spheres. A primary mode of heat transfer remaining, therefore, is by gas conduction in the interstices or voids between the microspheres. The overall conductivity of the system is lower than that of the voids gas because the voids gas occupies only a fraction of the volume of the total system, and because conduction paths through the voids gas are attentuated by the presence o~ the low conductivity microsphere-s and the filaments. The use of a low heat conductivity gas and/or a foam con~aining a low heat conductivity gas to f:ill the interstices between the microspheres further reduces the thermal conductivity of a bed of the microspheres.
The hollow plastic microspheres o the present invention have a distinct advantage of being strong and capable o supporting a substantial amount of weight. They can thus be used tO make simple inexpensive self-supporting or load bearing systems.
The following e~a~ples are used to illustrate the invention.

~ 7 EXAMPLES
The Examples 1-7 are illustrative of the use of the present invention to make insulating materials and/or systems.
Exam~
A thermoplastic composition comprising ~he following constituents is used to make hollow plastic microspheres:
Polyethylene polymer.
The plastic composition is heated to form a fluid plastic having a viscosity of 10 to-20 poises at the blowing nozzle.
The liquid plastic is fed to the apparatus o~
Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings. The liquid plastic passes through annular space 8 of blowing nozzle 5 and ~orms a thin liquid plastic film across the orifices 6a and 7a. The blowing nozzle 5 has an outside diameter of 0.040 inch and oriice 7a has an inside diameter of 0.030 inch.
The thin liquid molten plastic ilm has a diameter o~ 0.030 inch and a thickness of 0.005 inch.
A heated blowing gas consisting o argon or a low heat conductivity gas at a positive pressure -is applied to the inner surface of the liquid plastic film causing the film to distend downwardly into a elongated cylinder shape with its outer end closed and its inner end attached to the outer edge o orifice 7a.
The transverse jet is used to direct an entraining ~luid which consists o heated nitrogen over and aro~nd the blowing nozzle 5. The transverse jet is aligned at an angle of 35 to 50 rela~ive to the blowing nozzle 5~7 and a line drawn through the center axis of the transverse jet intersects a line drawn through the center axis of the blowing nozzle 5 at a point 2 to 3 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle 5 above the orifice 7a.
The entrained ~alling elongated cylinders assume a spherical shape, are cooled to about ambient temperature by a cool quench fluid consisting of a fine water spray which quickly cools, solidifies and hardens the plastic microspheres.
Uniform sized, smooth, hollow plastic microspheres having a 2000 to 3000 micron diameter, a 20 to 40 micron wall thickness and filled with argon or a low heat conductivity gas are obtained. The microspheres are closely examined and the walls are found to be free of any trapped gas bubbles.
Example 2 A thermosetting plastic co~position comprising a mixture of 50% by weight acrylonitrile and 50%
by weight vinylidene chloride arld a suitable catalyst is used to make hollow plastic microspheres.
The plastic composition mi~ture at the blowing nozzle has a viscosity of ten poises.
The liquid plastic mixture is heated and is fed to the apparatus of Figures 1 and 3 of the drawings. The liquid plastic is passed through annular space 8 of blowing nozzle 5 and into tapered portion 21 of outer nozzle 7. The liquid plastic under pressure is squeezed and e~truded through a fine gap formed between the outer edge of orifice 6a and the inner surface 22 of the tapered portion 21 of outer nozzle 7 and forms a thin liquid plastic film across the ::`

orifices 6a and 7a'. The blowing nozzle 5 has an outside diameter of 0.04 inch and orifice 7a' has an inside diameter of 0.01 inch. The thin liquid plastic film has a diameter of 0.01 inch and thickness of 0.003 inch. A heated blowing gas con-sisting of argon or a low heat conductivity gas at a positive pressure is applied to the inner surface - of the li.quid plastic film causing the film to distend outwardly into an elongated cylinder shape with its outer end closed and its inner end attached to the outer edge of orifice 7a'.
The transverse jet is used to direct an entraining fluid which consists of heated nitrogen over and around the blowing nozzle. The transverse lS jet is aligned at an angle of 35 ot 50 relative to the blowing nozzle and a line drawn through the center axis of the transverse jet intersects a line drawn through the center axis of the blowing nozzle 5 at a point 2 to 3 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle 5 above orifice 7a'.
The entrained alling elongated cylinders filled with the blowing gas quickly assu~e a spherical shape. The microspheres are contacted with a heating fluid consisting of heated nitrogen which solidifies, hardens and begins to cure the liq~id plastic.
Uniform sized, smooth, hollow plastic micro-spheres having an about 800 to 900 micron diameter, a 8 to 20 micron wall thickness and an internal pressure of 12 p.s.i.a. are obtained. The micro-spheres are examined and are found to be free of ~51~3~7 any trapped gas bubbles.
Example 3 A thermosetting composition comprising a mix-ture of 90% by weight methyl methacrylate and 107 by weight styrene and a suitable catalyst is used to make low emissivity, reflective hollow plastic microspheres.
The plastic composition mixture has a visco-sity of ten poises at the blowing nozzle.
The liquid plastic mixture is fed to the appara-tus of Figures 1 and 3 of the drawings. The liquid plastic is heated to and is passed through annular space 8 of the blowing nozzle 5 and into tapered portion 21 of outer nozzle 7. The liquid plastic under pressure is squeezed through a fine gap formed between the outer edge of orifice 6a and the inner surface 22 of the tapered portion 21 of outer nozzle 7 and forms a thin liquid plastic ~ilm across the orifices 6a and 7a'. The blowing nozzle 5 has an outside diameter of 0.05 inch and orifice 7a' has an inside diamet:er of 0.03 inch.
The thin liquid plastic film ha~ a diameter of 0.03 inch and a thickness of O.CIl inch. A heated blowing gas consisting of argon or a low heat conducti~ity gas and containing finely dispersed aluminum particles 0.03 to 0.05 micron size and at a positive pressure is applied to the inner surface of the liquid plastic film causing the film to distend outwardly into an elongated cylinder shape with its outer end closed and its inner end attached to the outer edge o orifice 7a t .
The transverse jet is used to direct an inert entraining fluid which consists of heated nitrogen gas over and around the blowing nozzle.
The transverse jet is aligned at an angle of 35 to 50 relative to the blowing nozzle and a line drawn through the center axis of the trans-verse jet intersects a line drawn through the center axis of the blowing nozæle 5 at a point 2 to 3 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle 5 above orifice 7a'.
The entrained falling elongated cylinders filled with the blowing gas containing the dis-persed aluminum par~icles quickly assume a spheri-cal shape. The microspheres are contacted with a heating fluid consisting of heated nitrogen which quickly solldifies, hardens and begins to cure the liquid plastic. The dispersed aluminum particles are deposited on and adhere to the inner wall surface of the plastic microsphere.
Uniform sized, smooth, hollow plastic micro-spheres having an about 3000 to 4000 micron diameter, a 30 to 40 micron wall thickness and having a low emissivity, reflective aluminum metal coating 600A
to lOOOA thick and an internal~contained pressure o~ 12 p.s.i.a. are obtained~ The microspheres are examined and are found to be free of any trapped gas bubbles.
Example 4 An efficient flat plate solar energy collector, as illustrated in Figure 5 of the drawings, is constructed using the plastic microsphere of the present invention as an improved insulating material.
In accordance with the present invention, the area between the outer cover and the upper surface of the black coated metal absorber plate is filled to a depth o about one inch with transparent plastic microspheres made by the method of Example 2 o about 800 micron diameter, lO micron wall thickness and having an internal contained pressure of 10 ~ 7 p.s.i.a. These microspheres are transparent to visible light.
The area between the lower surface of the black coated metal absorber plate and the inner cover member is filled to a depth of about 1 1/2 inches with the reflective plastic microspheres made by the method of Example 3 of about 3000 micron diameter, 30 micron wall thickness and having a thin low emissivity, reflective aluminum metal coating 700A thick and an internal contained pressure of 12 p.s.i.a.
E ample 5 An efficient tubular solar energy collector, as illustrated in Figure 6 of the drawings, is constructed using the plastic microspheres o the present invention as an improved insulating material.
In accordance with the present invention, the volume between the outer cover, the sides and the lower curved portion and the double pipe tubular member is filled with transparent plastic micro-spheres made by the method of Example 2 to provide an about one inch layer of transparent plastic microspheres completely around the double pipe tubular member. The transparen~. plastic micro-spheres are 800 microns in diameter, have a wall thickness of 10 microns and an internal contained pressure of 12 p.s.i.a. These microspheres are transparent to visible light.

3~7 Example_6 The Figure 7 of the drawings illustrates the use of the hollow plastic microspheres of the pre-sent invention in the construc~ion of a one-inch thick formed wall panel. The wall panel contains multiple layers of uniform size plastic micro-- spheres made by the method of Example 3 of the invention. The microspheres have an about 3000 micron diameter, 30 micron wall thickness and a thin, low emissivity aluminum metal coating 700A
thick deposited on the inner wall surface of the microsphere. The internal volume of the micro-spheres is filled with a low heat conductivity gas, e.g. Freon-ll, and thë interstices between the mic~o-spheres is filled wit~ a low heat condhctivity foa~ cont~l~ngFreon-il gas. The microspheres are treated with a thin adhesive coating of a similar composition to that from which the plastic microspheres were made and formed into a 7/8 inch thick layer. The adhesive is allowed to cure to form a semi-rigid wallboard.
The facing surface of the wallboard is coated with an about 1/8 inch thick pla~;ter which is suitable ~or subsequent sizing and painting and/or covering with wall paper. The bac~ing surface of the panel is coated with an about 1/16 inch coating of the same plas~ic composition from which the microspheres are made. The final panels are allowed to cure. The cured panels orm strong wall panels which can be sawed and nailed and readily used in construction of new homes.
Several sections of the panels are tested and found to have a R value o 12 per inch.

~ 7 Example 7 The Figure 7b of the drawings illustrates the use of the hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention in the construction of a formed wall panel one-inch thick. The wall panel con-tains hollow plastic microspheres made by the method of Example 3. The microspheres have a diameter of about 3000 micron, 30 micron wall thickness and a low emissivity aluminum metal coating 700A thick deposited on the inner wall surface of the microsphere. The microspheres are coated with an adhesive of similar composition to that from which the microspheres arP made.
A layer of microspheres about two inches thick is pressed and flattened between two flat plates to form the microspheres into an oblate spheroid or a general rectangular shape in which the ratio of the height to length of the fla~tened micro-spheres is 1:3. The flattened microspheres form a layer about 7/8 inch thick and are held in this position until the adhesive coating on the microspheres cure after whic~ microspheres retain their flattened shape. The internal volume of the microspheres is filled with a low heat con-ductivity gas, e.g. Freon-ll. The flattened configuration of the microspheres substantially reduces the volume of the interstices between the microspheres and a~ volume that re~ains is filled with a low heat conductivity foam contai~ing Freon-ll gas. The facing surface of the wallboard is about 1/8 inch plas~er which is suitable for subsequent sizing and painting and/or covering with wall paper. The backing of the wall panel is about a 1/16 inch coating of the plastic from which the microspheres are made. The panels are cured and form strong wall panels which can be sawed and nailed and readily used in construction of new homes. One of the important effects of compressing the microspheres is to significantly reduce the volume of the interstices between the microspheres to sub-stantially reduce the heat loss by convectionO
Several sections of the panel are tested and ound to have a R value of 1~ per inch.
The formed panel of Examples 6 and 7 can also be made to have a density gradient in the direc-tion of the ront to back of the panel. Where the panel is used indoors the surface facing the room can be made to have a relatively high density and high strength, by increasing the pro-portion of resin or other binder to microspheres.
The surrace facing the outside can be made to have relatively low density and a high insulation barrier e~fect by having a high proportion of microspheres to resin or binder. For example) the front one third of the panel can have an average density o about two to three times that of the avera~e density of the center third o the panel.
The density of the back one third o the panel can be about one-half to one-third that of the center third of the panel. Where the panels are used on the outside of a house, the sides of the panel can be rever~ed, i.e. the high density side can ace outward.

-UTILITY
The hollow plastic microspheres of the present invention have many uses including the manufacture of improved insulating materials and the use o~
the microspheres as a filler or aggregate in cement, plaster and asphalt and synthetic construc-tion board materials. The microspheres can also be used in the manufacture of insulated louvers and molded objects or forms.
The microsphere can be used to form thermal insulation barriers merely by filling spaces between the walls of refrigerator trucks or train cars, household refrigerators, cold storage building facilities, homes, factories and office buildings.
The hollow microspheres can be produced from high melting temperature and/or ~ire resistant plastic compositions and when used as a co~ponent in building construction retard the development and expansion o~ fires. The hollow plastic micro-spheres, depending on the plastic composition, are stable to many chemical agents and weathering conditions.
The microspheres can be bonded together by sintering or resin adhesives and molded into sheets or other forms and used in new constructions which require thermal insulation including homes, factories and office buildings. The construction materials made from the microspheres can be pre-~ormed or made at the construction site.
The microspheres may be adhered together withknown adhesives or binders to produce semi- or rigid cellular type materials for use in manu-facturing various products or in construction.
The microspheres, because they can be made from ~ 7 very stable plastic compositions, are not subject to degradation by outgassing, aging, moisture, weathering or biological attack. The hollow plas-tic microspheres when used in manufacture of improved insulating materials can advantageously be used alone or in combination with fiberglass, styrofoam, polyurethane oam, phenol-formaldehyde foam, organic and inorganic binders.
The microspheres of the present invention can be used to make insulating material tapes and insu-lating, wallboard and ceiling tiles. The micro-spheres can also advantageously be used in plastic or resin boat construction to produce high strength - hulls and/or hulls which themselves are buoyant.
The plastic compositions can also be selected to produce microspheres that will be selectively permeable to specific gases andlor organic mole~
cules. These microspheres can then be used as semi-permeable membranes to separate gaseous or liquid mixtures.
The process and apparatus of the present invention can be used to blow microspheres from any suitable plastic material having suf~icient viscosity at the temperature at which the micro-~5 spheres are blown to orm a stable elongatedcylinder shape of the material being blown and to subsequently be detached to for~ the spherical shaped microspheres.
The plastic compositions can be transparent, translucent or opaque. A suitable coloring material can be added to the plastic compositions to aid in identification of microspheres of specified size and~r watl thickness~

In carrying out the process of the present invention, the plastic material to be used to form the microspheres is selected and can be treated and/or mixed with other materials to adjust their viscosity and surface tension characteristics such that at the desired blowing temperatures theyare capable of forming hollow microspheres of the desired size and wall thick-ness.
The process and apparatus of the invention can also be used to form hollow microspheres from metals such as iron, steel, nickel, gold, copper, zinc, tin, brass, lead, aluminum and magnesium. In order to form microspheres from these materials, suitable additives are used which provide at the surface of a blown micro-sphere a sufficiently high viscosity that a stable microsphere can be formed.
The process o the present invention can also be carried out in a centri~uge apparatus in which the coaxial bl.owing nozzles are disposed in the outer circumferal surface of the centri~uge.
Liquid plastic is fed into the centrifuge and because o~ centri~ugal forces rapidly coats and wets the inner wall surface of the outer wall of the centrifuge. The liquid plastic is fed into the outer coaxial nozzle. The inlet to the inner coaxial nozæle is disposed above the coating of liquid plastic. The blowing gas is as before fed into the inner c~axial nozzle. The trans-verse jet entraining fluid is provided by trans-verse jets mounted on the outer surface of the rotating bowl.

~ 7 An external gas can be directed along the longi-- tudinal axis of the centrifuge to assist in removing the microspheres from the vicinity of the centrifuge as they are formed. Quench and heating fluids can be provided as before.
These and other uses of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the ar~
from the foregoing description and the following appended claims.
It will be understood that various changes and modifications may be made in the invention and that the scope thereof is no-t to be limited except as set forth in the claims.

Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN
EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A method for making hollow microspheres from an organic film forming material which comprises forming a liquid film of said material across an orifice, applying a blowing gas at a positive pressure on the inner surface of the liquid film to blow the film and form the microsphere, subject-ing the microsphere during its formation to an external pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscillations, said pulsating or fluctuating pressure field acting on said microsphere to assist in its formation and to assist in detaching the microsphere from said orifice.

2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the liquid film of organic film forming material is formed across the orifice of a coaxial blowing nozzle, said blowing nozzle having an inner nozzle to convey said blowing gas to the inner surface of the liquid film, and an outer nozzle to convey said material to said orifice and pulsating or fluctuating pressure inducing means is directed at an angle to said coaxial blowing nozzle to induce a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field at the opposite or lee side of said coaxial blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of said coaxial blowing nozzle.

3. The method of Claim 1 wherein an entraining fluid is directed at an angle to a coaxial blowing nozzle having an orifice, an inner nozzle and an outer nozzle, the liquid film of organic film forming material is formed across the orifice, the blowing gas is conveyed to the inner surface of the liquid film through said inner nozzle, the organic film forming material is conveyed through said outer nozzle to said orifice, and the entraining fluid passes over and around said coaxial nozzle to fluid dynamically induce the pulsating or fluctuating pressure field at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of the coaxial blowing nozzle.

4. The method of Claim 3 wherein the lower portion of the outer nozzle is tapered inwardly to form with the outer edge of the orifice of the inner nozzle a fine gap and the organic film forming material is fed under pressure and extruded through said gap to form a thin film of organic film forming material across the orifice of the blowing nozzle.

5. The method of Claim 3 wherein said entraining fluid is directed at said coaxial blowing nozzle at an angle of 15 to 85° relative to a line drawn through the center axis of said coaxial blowing nozzle and said outer nozzle.

6. The method of Claim 3 wherein said entraining fluid intersects said coaxial blowing nozzle at a point 0.5 to 4 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle above the orifice of said blowing nozzle.

7. The method of Claim 3 wherein quench means direct a quench fluid into contact with said microsphere to rapidly cool and solidify said microsphere.

8. The method of Claim 3 wherein the organic film forming material has a viscosity of 0.10 to 600 poises.

9. The method of Claim 3 wherein the organic film forming material has a viscosity of 0.5 to 100 poises.

10. The method of Claim 3 wherein the organic film forming material has a viscosity of 100 to 400 poises.

11. The method of Claim 3 wherein said entraining fluid has a linear velocity in the region of microsphere formation of 1 to 120 ft/sec and entrains and transports the microspheres away from the blowing nozzle.

12. The method of Claim 11 wherein said entraining fluid has a linear velocity in the region of microsphere formation of 40 to 100 ft/sec.

13. The method of Claim 11 wherein said entraining fluid has a linear velocity in the region of micro-sphere formation of 5 to 40 ft/sec.- -

14. A method for making hollow plastic micro-spheres which comprises forming a liquid film of plastic across an orifice, applying a blowing gas at a positive pressure on the inner surface of the liquid film to blow the film and form a microsphere, subjecting the microsphere during its formation to a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscilla-tions, said pulsating or fluctuating pressure field acting on said microsphere to assist in its formation and to assist in detaching the microspheres from said orifice.

15. The method of Claim 14 wherein said liquid film of plastic is formed across the orifice of a coaxial blowing nozzle, said blowing nozzle having an inner nozzle to convey said blowing gas to the inner surface of the liquid film, and an outer nozzle to convey said plastic to said orifice and pulsating or fluctuating pressure inducing means is directed at an angle to said coaxial blowing nozzle to induce a pulsating or fluctuating pres-sure field at the opposite or lee side of said coaxial blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of said coaxial blowing nozzle.

16. A method for making hollow plastic micro-spheres which comprises forming a liquid film of plastic across an orifice of a coaxial blowing nozzle, said blowing nozzle having an inner nozzle to convey a blowing gas to the inner sur-face of the liquid film and an outer nozzle to convey said plastic to said orifice, applying said blowing gas through said inner nozzle at positive pressure on the inner surface of the liquid film to blow the film downwardly and outwardly to form the micro-sphere, continuously feeding said plastic to said outer nozzle while said microsphere is being formed, directing an entraining fluid at said coaxial blowing nozzle at an angle relative to a line drawn through the center axis of said coaxial blowing nozzle, said entraining fluid passing over and around said coaxial blowing nozzle to fluid dynamically induce a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscillations at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of said blowing nozzle, said entraining fluid acting on the microsphere to pinch and close-off the microsphere at a point proximate to the coaxial blowing nozzle and said entraining fluid acting to detach the microsphere from the coaxial blowing nozzle, surface tension forces causing the detached microsphere to form a spherical shape, and cooling and solidifying said microsphere.

17. The method of Claim 16 wherein the lower portion of the outer nozzle is tapered inwardly to form with the outer edge of the orifice of the inner nozzle a fine gap and feeding the plastic under pressure through said gap to form a thin film of plastic across the orifice of the blowing nozzle.

18. The method of Claim 16 wherein said entraining fluid intersects said coaxial blowing nozzle at a point 0.5 to 4 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle above the orifice of said blowing nozzle and said entraining fluid is directed at said coaxial blowing nozzle through a transverse jet disposed a distance of 0.5 to 14 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle away from the point of intersect of a line drawn along the center axis of the transverse jet and a line drawn along the center axis of the coaxial blowing nozzle.

19. The method of Claim 16 wherein the blowing gas is a low heat conductivity gas and the microsphere is cooled, hardened and solidified.

20. The method of Claim 16 wherein the blowing gas is an organo metal compound, the microsphere is cooled, hardened and solidified and a thin metal coating is deposited on the inner wall surface of the microsphere.

21. The method of Claim 16 wherein the plastic microspheres are 200 to 10,000 microns in diameter.

22. The method of Claim 16 wherein the plastic microspheres have a wall thickness of 0.1 to 1,000 microns.

23. A method for making hollow plastic micorspheres which comprises forming a liquid film of plastic across an orifice of a coaxial blowing nozzle, said blowing nozzle having an inner nozzle to convey blowing gas to the inner surface of the liquid film and an outer nozzle to convey plastic to said orifice, the lower portion of said outer nozzle being tapered inwardly to form with the outer edge of the inner nozzle a fine gap, feeding the plastic under pressure through said gap and forming said thin film of plastic across said orifice of the blowing nozzle, applying said blowing gas through said inner nozzle at positive pressure on the inner surface of the liquid film to blow the film downwardly and outwardly to form the microsphere, continuously feeding said plastic to said outer nozzle while said microsphere is being formed, directing an entraining fluid at said coaxial blowing nozzle at an angle relative to a line drawn through the center axis of said coaxial blowing nozzle, said entraining fluid passing over and around said coaxial blowing nozzle to fluid dynamically induce a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscilla-tions at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of said blowing nozzle, said entraining fluid acting on the microsphere to pinch and close-off the microsphere at a point proximate to the coaxial blowing nozzle and said entraining fluid acting to detach the microsphere from the coaxial blowing nozzle, surface tension forces causing the detached microsphere to form a spherical shape, and cooling, solidifying and hardening said microsphere to obtain microspheres of 500 to 6,000 microns diameter and 0.5 to 400 microns wall thickness. 79

24. The method of Claim 23 wherein the micro-spheres are partially flattened to form oblate spheroids.

25. The method of Claim 23 wherein the blowing gas contains an organo metal compound or dispersed metal particles, the microspheres are of substantially uniform diameter and wall thickness and there is deposited on the inner wall surface of the microspheres a thin transparent metal coating less than 100°A thick.

26. The method of Claim 23 wherein the blowing gas contains an organo metal compound or dispersed metal particles the microspheres are of substantially uniform diameter and wall thickness and there is deposited on the inner wall surface of the microspheres a thin reflective metal coating more than 100°A
thick.

27.A method for making filamented, hollow plastic microspheres which comprises forming a liquid film of plastic across an orifice of a coaxial blowing nozzle, said blow-ing nozzle having an inner nozzle to convey blowing gas to the inner surface of the liquid film and an outer nozzle to convey plastic to said orifice, the lower portion of said outer nozzle being tapered inwardly to form with the outer edge of the inner nozzle a fine gap, feeding the plastic under pressure through said gap and forming said thin film of plastic across said orifice of the blowing nozzle, applying said blowing gas through said inner nozzle at positive pressure on the inner surface of the liquid film to blow the film downwardly and outwardly to form the microsphere, continuously feeding said plastic to said outer nozzle while said microsphere is being formed, directing an entraining fluid at said coaxial blowing nozzle, at a linear velocity in the region of microsphere formation of about 1 to 50 feet per second to obtain connecting plastic filaments between microspheres, and at an angle relative to a line drawn through the center axis of said coaxial blowing nozzle, said entraining fluid passing over and around said coaxial blowing nozzle to fluid dynamically induce a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscillations at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of said blowing nozzle, said entraining fluid acting on the microsphere to pinch and close-off the microsphere at a point proximate to the coaxial blowing nozzle and said entraining fluid acting to detach the microsphere from the coaxial blowing nozzle, surface tension forces causing the detached microsphere to form a spherical shape, and cooling, solidifying and hardening said microsphere to obtain microspheres of 500 to 6,000 microns diameter and 0.5 to 400 microns wall thickness, said microspheres being connected by thin filamented protions that are continuous with the plastic microspheres.

28. The method of Claim 27 wherein the microspheres are partially flattened to form oblate spheroids.

29. The method of Claim 27 wherein the length of the connecting filaments is substantially equal and is 2 to 20 times the diameter of the microspheres.

30. The method of Claim 27 wherein the length of the connecting filaments is substantially equal and the diameter of the connecting filaments if 1/2500 to 1/20 the diameter of the microspheres.

31. The method of Claim 27 wherein the blowing gas contains an organo metal compound or dispersed metal particles, the microspheres are of substantially uniform diameter and wall thickness, and there is deposited on the inner wall surface of the microspheres a thin metal coating less than 100°A thick and transparent to visible light.

32. The method of Claim 27 wherein the blowing gas contains an organo metal compound or dispersed metal particles, the microspheres are of substantially uniform diameter and wall thickness, and there is deposited on the inner wall surface of the microspheres a thin metal coating more than 100°A thick and reflective of visible light.

33. An apparatus for blowing hollow organic film forming material microspheres comprising a coaxial blowing nozzle comprising an inner nozzle having an inner orifice at the lower end thereof for a blowing gas and an outer nozzle having an outer orifice for said liquid material, said inner nozzle orifice being disposed proximate to said outer orifice, there being disposed extermal to said blowing nozzle means cooperating with said blowing nozzle by which there is induced a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscillations at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of said blowing nozzle.

34. The apparatus of Claim 33 wherein the lower portion of the outer nozzle is tapered inwardly to form with the outer edge of the orifice of the inner nozzle a fine gap.

35. An apparatus for blowing hollow plastic microspheres comprising a coaxial blowing nozzle comprising an inner nozzle having an inner orifice at the lower end thereof for a blowing gas and an outer nozzle having an outer orifice for the liquid plastic, said inner nozzle orifice being disposed proxi-mate to said outer orifice, there being disposed external to said blowing nozzle a transverse jet cooperating with said blowing nozzle by which an entraining fluid is directed at said coaxial blowing nozzle at an angle relative to a line drawn through the center axis of said coaxial blowing nozzle such that said entraining fluid dynamically induces a pulsating or fluctuating pressure field having periodic oscillations at the opposite or lee side of the blowing nozzle in the wake or shadow of said blowing nozzle.

36. The apparatus of Claim 35 wherein the lower portion of the outer nozzle is tapered inwardly to form with the outer edge of the orifice of the inner nozzle a fine gap.

37. The apparatus of Claim 35 wherein a line drawn along the center axis of the transverse jet intersects a line drawn along the center axis of the coaxial blowing nozzle at a point 0.5 to 4 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle above the orifice of said outer nozzle and said transverse jet is disposed a distance of 0.5 to 14 times the outside diameter of the coaxial blowing nozzle away from the point of intersect of a line drawn along the center axis of the transverse jet and a line drawn along the center axis of the coaxial blowing nozzle.

38. The apparatus of Claim 35 wherein said transverse jet is directed at said coaxial blowing nozzle at an angle of 25 to 75° relative to said coaxial nozzle.

39. The apparatus of Claim 35 wherein the lower portion of the outer nozzle is enlarged by a bulbous member such that the lower portion of the outer nozzle is generally spherical in shape.

40. The apparatus of Claim 35 wherein the trans-verse jet has a flattened orifice.