CA1140784A - Conductive powder coated electrostatographic carriers - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract of the Disclosure Electrostatographic conductive coated carrier particles for use in the development of electrostatic latent images are provided by preparing a fluid mixture of insulating resinous material and an electrically conductive agent, converting the fluid mixture to a solid state, and comminuting the solid mixture to dry, powdered particles having a particle size of 1 to 100 microns.
The powdered particles are mechanically or electrostatically applied to the surface of carrier cores having aparticle size of 30 to 1,000 microns. The resultant aggregation is heated to melt and fuse the powdered particles to the surface of the carrier cores. The conductive carrier particles are mixed with finely-divided toner particles to form developer mixtures.

Description

~4(37~4 CONDUCTIVE POWDER COAT~D ELECTROSTATOGRAP~IIC CARRIERS

This invention is generally concerned with electrostatographic imaging systems and, more specifically, to improved imaging materials, their 5 manufacture, and use.
It is well known to form and develop images on the surface of photoconductive materials by electrostatic methods sueh as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,297,691; 2,277,013; 2,551,582; 3,220,324; and 3,220,833. In summary, these processes as described in the aforementioned 10 patents involve the formation of an electrostatic latent charged image on an insulating electrophotographic element and rendering the la~ent image visible by a development step whereby the charged surface of the photoconductive element is brought into contact with a developer mixture. As described in U.S.
Patent 2,297,691, for example, the resulting electrostatic latent image is 15 developed by depositing thereon a finely-divided electroscopic material referred to in the art as toner, the toner being generally attracted to the areas of the layer which retain a charge thus forming a toner image corresponding to the electrostatic latent image. Subsequently, the toner image can be transferred to a support surface such as paper and this transferred image can 20 be permanently a~fixed to the support surface using a variety of techniques including pressure fixing, heat fixing, solvent fixing, and the like.
Many methods are known for applying the electroscopic particles to the latent image including cascade development, touchdown and magnetic brush as illustrated in U.S. Patents 2,618,552; 2,895,847 and 3,245,823. One of 25 the most widely used methods is cascade development wherein the developer material comprising relatively large carrier particles having finely-divided toner particles electrostatically clinging to the surface of the carrier particles is conveyed to and rolled or cascaded across the elect~ostatic latent image-bearing surface. Magnetic brush development is also known and involves the 30 use of a developer material comprising toner and magnetic earrier particles which are carried by a magnet so that the magnetic field produced by the magnet causes alignment of the magnetic carriers in a brush-like configura-tion. Subsequently, this brush is brought into contact with the electrostatic latent image-bearing surface causing the toner particles to be attracted from 35 the brush to the eleetrostatic latent image by electrostatic attraction, as more specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,874,063.

~L4~7~il4 Carrier materials used in the development of electrostatic latent images are described in many patents including, for example, U.S. Patent 3,590,000. The type of carrier material to be used depends on many factors such as the type of development used, the quality of the development desired, 5 the type of photoconductive material employed and the like. Generally, however, the materials used as carrier surfaces or carrier partieles or the coating thereon should have a triboelectric value commensurate with the triboelectric value of the toner in order to generate electrostatic adhesion of the toner to the carrier. Carriers should be selected that are not brittle so as10 to cause flaking of the surface or particle break-up under the forces exertedon the carrier during recycle as such causes undesirable effects and could,for example, be transferred to the copy surface thereby reducing the quality of the final image.
There have been recent eforts to develop carriers and particularly 15 coatings for carrier particles in order to obtain better development quality and also to obtain a material that can be recycled and does not cause any adverse effects to the photoconductor. Some of the coatings commercially utilized deteriorate rapidly especially when employed in a continuous process whereby the ~entire coating may separate from the carrier core in the form of chips or 20 flakes as a result of poorly adhering coated material and fail upon impact and abrasive contact with machine parts and other carrier particles. Such carrier parffcles generally cannot be reclaimed and reused and usually provide poor print quality results. Further, the triboelectric values of some carrier coatings have been found to fluctuate when changes in relative humidity occur and thus 25 these carriers are not desirable for use in electrostatographic systems as they can adversely affect the quality of the developed image.
The coating materials employed for carrier particles are generally resins having electrically insulating properties and are usually applied by solution or spray-drying techniques. However, it has been found that when 30 attempts are made to apply an insulating resin coating to porous carrier core materials by solution-coating techniques that the products obtained are undesirable. This is so because most of the coating material is found to reside in the pores of the carrier cores and not at the surface thereof so as to be available for triboelectric charging when the coated carrier particles are 35 mixed with finely-divided toner particles. Attempts to resolve this problem by increasing carrier coating weights, for example, to as much as up to about 3 ~14~7~

-3~

percent or greater to provide an effective triboelectric charging coating to thecarrier particles necessarily involves handling excessive quantities of solventsand usually results in low product yields. It has also been found that ~oner impaction, i.e., where toner particles become welded to or impacted upon the 5 carrier particles, remains high with thus coated carrier particles producing short developer useful lifetimes. Further, solution-coated porous carrier particles when combined and mixed with finely-divided toner particles provide triboelectric charging levels which are too low for practical use. In addition, solution-coated metallic carrier particles have a high incidence of electrical 10 breakdown at low applied voltages leading to shorting between the carrier particles and the photoreceptor.
Further, when attempting to provide carrier materials having conductive properties such as by partially coating conductive carrier cores with an electrically insulating resin, the amount of coating material applied 15 must be carefully controlled so that enough uncoated areas remain on the carrier cores to provide conductive paths between the carrier material and the photoreceptor. Such partially coated carrier materials are extremely difficult to reproducibly control and manufacture, they produce bimodal triboelectric charging sites, and they have narrow toner concentration latitudes quickly 20 yielding insulating developers and short developer life.
~ urther, in particular electrostatographic reproduction systems, in order to develop a latent image comprised of negative electrostatic charges, an electrostatic carrier and toner powder combination must be selected in which the toner is triboelectrically charged positively relative to the granular25 carrier. Likewise, in order to develop a latent image comprised of positive electrostatic charges such as where a selenium photoreceptor is employed, an electroscopic toner powder and carrier mixture must be selected in which the toner is triboelectrically charged natively relative to the carrier. Thus, wherethe latent image is formed of negative electrostatic charges such as when 30 employing an organic electrophotosensitive material as the photoreceptor, it is highly desirable to develop the latent image with a positively charged electroscopic powder and a negatively charged carrier material. Thus, there is a continuing need for a better electrostatographie carrier material and an improved method for its preparation.
3~ Summary of the Invention~ af~
,~ It is, therefore, an object of~l~?his i~vention to provide a carriermanufacturing technique and a resul~ing product which overcome the above-: noted deficiencies.

~14(~7i~14 _4_ It is an object of an aspect of this invention to provide carrier beads having conductive characteristics, greatly increased useful life, and which substantially eliminate photoreceptor shorting problems.
It is an object of an aspect o~ this invention to provide a method for altering triboelectric values of a carrier material without markedly changing the physical and chemical properties of the original carrier material.
It is an object of an aspect of this invention to provide a carrier manufacturing technique for producing carriers having uniform triboelectric properties.
An object of an aspect of this invention is to provide improved developer materials~ especially improved coated carrier materials, which may be used in electrostato-graphic development environments where the photoreceptor is negatively charged.
An object of an aspect of this invention is to provide carrier beads having triboelectric properties superior to known carrier beads.
The foregoing objects and others are accomplished, generally speaking, by providing coated carrier particles having electrically conductive properties. More specifically, the carrier particles of this invention comprise a core particle having an average diameter of from between about 30 microns and about 1,000 microns coated with from between about 0.05 percent and about 3.0 percent by weight, based on the weight of the carrier particles, of a mixture of thermoplastic insulating resinous material and at least one agent possessing electrically conductive properties.
Generally speaking, the coated carrier particles of thisinvention are provided by preparing a fluid mixture of thermoplastic insulating resinous material and at least one electrically conductive agent, applying said mixture in the form of dry, powdered particles having a particle size of between about 1 micron and about 100 microns to the aforementioned carrier core, and then heating the result-ant aggregation to a temperature of between about 260F
and about 650F for between about 20 minutes and about 7~3~
-4a-120 minutes so that the mixture of thermoplastic insuIating resinous material and electrically conductive a~ent fuse to the carrier core particle.
Thus, one aspect of this invention is as follows:
A process for preparing coated carrier particles having conductive properties useful in electrostatographic .
developer mixtures for the development of electrostatic latent images wherein the improvement comprises the steps of preparing a fluid mixture of insulating resinous material and at least one electrically conductive agent, converting said fluid mixture to a solid state, comminuting said mixture in said solid state to dry, powdered particles having a particle size of between about 1 micron and about 100 microns, applying said powdered particles to the surface of carrier cores having an average particle diameter of from between about 30 microns and about 1,000 microns, and heating the resultant aggregation to a temperature of between about 260F and about 650F for between about 20 minutes and about 120 minutes so that said powdered particles fuse to said carrier cores.
In the initial step of preparing the compositions of this invention, any suitable means may be employed to produce the conductive material-powdered resin mixture. Thus, for example, an insulating resinous material is heat-melted or dissolved in a suitable solvent to bring the resinous material to :~LiL4C~78~

a fluid or tacky state. To the fluid or tacky resinous composition is added a suitable amount of conductive material and mixed therewith until a uniform mixture is obtained. The resultant resinous composition and conductive material mixture is then processed to provide dry, powdered particles having a 5 particle size of between about 1 micron and about 100 microns, preferably between 1 micron and about 50 microns. Some of the means which may be employed to provide these dry, powdered resin-conductive material particles include spray-drying the foregoing fluid or tacky mixture or a dispersion thereof, precipitation of a resin-conductive material dispersion, freeze-drying 10 a resin-conductive material dispersion, air or fluid attrition of a resin-conductive material dispersion, direct polymerization such as emulsion polymerization of conductive material in a monomer followed by crushing, grinding, or milling and any other suitable means to obtain the aforedescribed particles.
Following preparation of the dry, powdered resin-conductive material parti¢les described above, the powdered particles are applied to the surface of a carrier core material by, for example, dry-mixing the powdered resin-conductive material particles and the carrier core material until the powdered particles adhere to the carrier core material by mechanical 20 impaction and/or electrostatic attraction. Any suitable means may be employed for this purpose. Typical means for this purpose include combining the carrier core material and the powdered particles mixture by caseade roll-milling or tumbling, mulling, shaking, electrostatic powder cloud spraying, employing a fluidized bed, electrostatic disc processing, and an electrostatic 25 curtain. Following application of the coating material powder particles to the carrier core material, the mixture of carrier material and powdered particles is heated to permit flow-out of the coating material powder parffcles over the surface of the carrier core material. After fusion of the eoating particles to the carrier core particles, the coated carrier particles are cooled and 30 classified to ths desired particle size. The resultant coated carrier particles may have a fused coating over between about 15 percent and up to about 85 percent of their surface area. As will be appreciated~ the concentration of coating material powder particles as well as the conditions of the heating step may be selected as to form a continuous film of the coating material on the 35 surface of the carrier core material or leave selected areas of it uncoated.
Where selected areas of the carrier core material remain uncoated or e~posed, 1~4Q~34 the carrier material will possess more strongly electrically conductive properties when the core material comprises a metal. Thus, when such partially coated carrier materials are provided, these earrier materials may possess both electically insulating and electtricaIly conductive properties. Due5 to the electrically conductive properties of these carrier materials, the carrier materials provide desirably high triboelectric charging values when mixed with finely-divided toner particles.
Further, the dry, powdered resin-conductive material compositions and coating technique of this invention have been found to be especially 10 effective in coating porous carrier cores to obtain coated carrier particles capable of generating high and useful triboelectric charging values to finely-divided toner particles and carrier particles and which possess significantly increased resistivities. In addition, when carrier particles are prepared by thepowder coating technique of this invention, the majority of the coating 15 material particles are fused to the carrier surface and thereby reduce the number of potential toner impaction sites on the carrier material.
Any suitable solid material having an average particle diameter of between about 30 microns and about 1,000 microns may be employed as the carrier core in this invention. However, it is preferred that the carrier core 20 material be selected so that the coated eore material acquire a charge havinga polarity opposite to that of the toner particles when brought into close contact therewith so that the toner particles adhere to and surround the carrier particles. In employing the carrier particles of this invention, it is also preferred that the carrier particles be selected so that the toner particles 25 acquire a positive charge and the carrier particles acquire a negative triboelectric charge. Thus, by proper selection of the developer materials in accordance with their triboelectric properties, the polarites of their charge when mixed are such that the electroscopic toner particles adhere to the surface of the carrier particles and also adhere to that portion of the 30 electrostatic image-bearing surface having a greater attraction for the toner particles than the carrier particles.
In accordance with this invention, it is preferred that the carrier core material comprise low density, porous, magnetic or magnetically-attraetable metal particles having a gritty, oxidi2ed surface and a high surface35 area, i.e, a surface area which is at least about 200 cm2/gram and up to about 1300 cm gram of carrier material. Typical satisfactory carrier core materials ~L4Q789L

include iron, steel, ferrite, magnetite, nickel and mixtures thereof. For ultimate use in an electrostatographic magnetic brush development system, i~
is preferred that the carrier core materials have an average particle size of between about 30 microns and about 250 microns. Excellent results have been obtained when the carrier core materials comprise porous, sponge iron or steel grit. The carrier core materials are generally produced by gas or water atomiæation processes or by reduction of suitable sized ore to yield sponge powder particles. The powders produced have a gritty surface, are porous, and have high surface areas. By comparison, conventional carrier core materials usually have a high density and smooth surface characteristics.
~ny suitable thermoplastic insulating resinous material which can be rendered in powdered form may be employed in this invention. Typical insulating coating materials include vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, styrene-acrylate-organosilicon terpolymers, natural resins such as caoutchouc, lS carnauba, colophony, copal, dammar, jalap, storax; thermoplastic resins including the polyolefins such as chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, and copolymers and mixtures thereof; polyvinyls and polyvinyli-denes such as polymethyl-styrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, 2û polyvinyl pyridine, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl ethers, and polyvinyl ketones;
fluorocarbons such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyli-dene fluoride; and polychlorotrifluoroethylene; polyamides such as polycapro-lactam and polyhexamethylene adipamide; pol~esters such as polyethylene terephthalate; polyurethanes; polysulfides, thermosetting resins including phenolic resins such as phenol-formaldehyde, phenol-Iurfural and resorcinol formaldehyde; amino resins such as urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formal-dehyde; polyester resins; and the like. Many of the foregoing and other typical carrier eoating materials are described by L.E. WaLcup in U.S. Patent ~o.

2,618,551; B.B. Jacknow et al in U.S. Patent NQ. 3,526,433; and R.J. Hagenbach et al in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,533,835 and 3,658,500. The preferred powdered coating materials of this invention are selected from fluorinated ethylene, fluorinated propylene and eopolymers, mixtures, combinations or derivatives thereof such as fluorinated ethylene-propylene commercialIy available from E.I. l~upont Co., Wilmington, Delaware, under the tradename FEP; trichloro-fluoroethylene, perfluoroa1~oxy tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and the ~inc and sodium salts of ionomer resins such as those containing ~14Q784 carboxyl groups which are ionically bonded by partial neutralization with strong bases such as sodium hydroxide and zinc hydroxide to create ionic crosslinks in the intermolecular structure thereof and the like. Other preferred powdered coating materials are polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene 5 and styrene copolymers or terpolymers, epoxy resins, polycarbonates, polysul-fones, polyphenylene oxide, silicones, vinyI chloride and vinyl chloride copolymers, halogenated resins including homopolymers, copolymers, and terpolymers thereof. For use of the coated carrier particles in electrostato-graphic development systems employing organic photoreceptors, it is preferred 10 that the resinous coating material be of the type capable of providing negative triboelectric charging values to the carrier particles wherein the toner particles obtain a positive triboelectric charge for attraction of the toner particles to a negatively charged photoconductive surface.
Any suitable organic or inorganic electrically conductive material 15 may be employed in this invention. Typical electrically conductive materials include metals, metal oxides, sulfides, halides, carbon, graphite, phthalo-cyanines, charge transfer complexes, quaternary ammonium compounds, and other conductive materials such as those described in U.S~ Patent No.

3,533,835. ~ny suitable concentration of conductive material in the carrier 20 coating may be employed. Typically, a loading of between about 3% to about 75% by weight, based on the weight of the carrier coating composition, i.e. the powdered particles, provides adequate electrical conductivity to the carrier particles. Coating compositions having a volume resistivity of less than about 101~ ohm-cm at 23 C are considered conductive. Some of the factors 25 affecting the quantity of conductive material to be employed in the coating compositions include: the separation in the triboelectric series between the toner particles and the carrier material, the average diameter of the carrier particle; and the conductivity of the conductive material.
Any suitable inely-divided toner material may be employed with 30 the carrier materials of this invention. Typical toner materials include, forexample, gum copal, gum sandarac, rosin, asphaltum, phenol-formaldehyde resins, rosin-modified phenol-formaldehyde resins, methacrylate resins, polystyrene resins~ polystyrene-butadiene resins, polyester resins, polyethyleneresins, epoxy resins and copolymers and mixtures thereof. The particular type 35 of toner material to be used depends to some extent upon the separation of the toner particles from the coated carrier particles in the triboelectric series.
;

~4~
g Patents describing typical electroscopic toner compositions include U.S.
2,659,670; 3,079,342; Reissue 25,136 and 2,788,288. Generally, the toner materials have an average particle diameter of between about 5 and 15 microns. Preferred toner resins include those containing a high content of 5 styrene because they generate high triboelectric charging values and a greater degree of image definition is achieved when employed with the carrier materials of this invention. Generally speaking, satisfactory results are obtained when about 1 part by weight toner is used with about 10 to 200 parts by weight of conductive powder coated earrier material.
Any suitable pigment or dye may be employed as the colorant for the toner particles. Toner colorants are well known and include, for example, carbon black, nigrosine dye, aniline blue, Calco Oil Blue, chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, duPont Oil Red, Quinoline Yellow, methylene blue chloride, phthalocyanine blue, Malachite Green Oxalate, lamp black, iron oxide, Rose 15 Bengal and mixtures thereof. The pigment and/or dye should be present in the toner in a quantity sufficient to render it highly colored so that it will form a clearly visible image on a recording member. Thus, for example, where conventional xerographic copies of typed documents are desired, the toner may~
comprise a black pigment such as carbon black or a black dye such as Amaplast'' 20 Black dye, available from National Aniline Products, Inc.. Preferably, the pigment is employed in an amount from about 3 percent to about 20 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the colored toner. If the toner colorant employed is a dye, substantially smaller quantities of colorant may be used.
The developer compositions of the instant invention may be 25 employed to develop electrostatic latent images on any suitable electrostaticlatent image-bearing surface including conventional photoconductive surfaces.
Well known photoconductive materials include vitreous selenium, organic or inorganic photoconductors embedded in a non-photoconductive matrix, organic or inorganic photoconductors embedded in a photoconductive matrix, or the 30 like. Representative patents in which photoconductive materials are disclosedinclude U.S. Patent NO. 2,803,542 to Ullrich; U.S. Patent No. 2,970,906 to Bixby; U.S. Patent No. 3,121,006 to Middleton; U.S. Patent No. 3,121,û07 to Middleton; and U.S. Patent No. 3,151,982 to Corrsin.
In the following e~amples, the relative triboelectric values gene-35 rated by contact of carrier particles with toner particles is measured by meansof a Faraday Cage. The device comprises a steel cylinder having a diameter of Q ,~j,O~

1~4(~78~

about one inch and a length of about one inch. A 400-mesh screen is positioned at each end of the cylinder. The cylinder is weighed, charged with about 0.5 gram mixture OI carrier and toner particles and connected to ground through a capacitor and an electrometer connected in parallel. Dry compressed air is then blown through the steel cylinder to drive all the toner from the carrier.
The charge on the capacitor is then read on the electrometer. Next, the chamber is reweighed to determine the weight loss. The resulting data is used to calculate the toner concentration and the charge in microcoulombs per gram of toner. Since the triboelectric measurements are relative, the measurements should, for comparative purposes, be conducted under substan-tially identical conditions.
Description of Preferred Embodiments The following examples further define, describe and compare methods of preparing the carrier materials of the present invention and of utilizing them to develop electrostatic latent images. Parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Example I
A control carrier material is prepared comprising about 97 parts of sponge iron carrier cores (available from Hoeganaes Corporation, Riverton, New Jersey, under the tradona~c~ANCOR EH 80/150) having an average particle diameter of about 150 microns. A coating composition comprising about 10 percent solids of polyvinyl chloride and trifluorochloroethylene prepared from a material commercially available as FPC 461 from Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, PA., dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone is applied to the carrier cores as to provide them with a coating weight of about 3 percent. The coating composition is applied to the carrier cores via solution coating employing a vibratub (available from ~ibraslide, Inc., Binghamton, New York).
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles are mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles having an average diameter of about 12 microns. The composition of the toner particIes comprises about 87 parts of a 65/35 styrene-n~butyl methacrylate copolymer, about 10 parts of carbon black and about 3 parts of nigrosine SSB. The mixture of carrier particles and toner particles is employed in a magnetic brush development testing fixture e~uipped with a photoreceptor charged to a negative polarity.
The testing fixture is set as to provide a solid area density of about 1.3 to . ~

Q7~3~

developed electrostatic latent images. It is found that this developer mixture is unsatisfactory in that the trib~electric charge generated on the toner material is about 14 microcoulombs per gram of toner, and the image background density is about O.û4 which is considerably above the acceptable level of 0.01. The electrical resistivity of the developer is about 3.8 x 10"
ohm-cms.
Example II
A carrier material is prepared comprising about 99 parts of sponge iron carrier cores as in Example I. The carrier eores are mixed for about 10 minutes with about 1.0 part of powdered polyvinyl chloride and trifluorochl~ro-ethylene prepared from a material commercially available as FPC 461 from Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, Pa.. The powdered coating material is attrited to an average particle diameter of less than about 44 microns. The dry mixture is placed in a muffle furnace and heated to a maximum 15 temperature of 350F and cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 75 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an 20 electrostati~ latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is unsatisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material is about 16 micro~ouIombs per gram of toner, the developed image background density is about 0.03, and the image quality is unacceptable. The electrical resistivity of the developer is about 1.5 x 10" ohm-cms.
Example III
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner~ About 50 P grams of polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene copolymer commer-cially available as Kynar~7201 from Pennwalt Corporation, King of Prussia, Pa.
is placed in a heating vessel and brought to a fluid state. About 3 grams of 30 carbon black commercially available as Ketjenblack~- EC from Armak Corporation, Chicago, Illinois is added to the fluid resin composition and stirred therewith until a substantially uniform mixture is obtained. ~he mixture is then cooled and allowed to solidify into a solid mass. The solid massis then converted to dry, powdered particles having an average particle size of 35 less than about 44 microns by cryogenic grinding using liquid nitrogen to cool the pigmented polymer composition and steel shot having a diameter of about 1/8 inch as a grinding aid.
f~ e ~ 4 1~4C}7~3~

About 9 9 parts of the sponge iron carrier co~es described in Example I is mixed for about 10 minutes with about 1 part of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdere~ coating composition electro-statically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture is placed in a muffle 5 furnace and heated to a maximum temperature of about 260F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 15 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an 10 electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example 11, being about 25 microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image background density is only about .008, and the image quality is excellent. The 15 electrical resistivity of the developer is about 7.8 x 10 ohm-cms.

Example IV
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About 50 grams of polyvinylidene fluoride commercially available as Kynar 461 from 20 Pennwalt Corporation, King of Prussia, Pa. is placed in a heating vessel and brought to a fluid state. About 5 grams of the carbon black of Example III is added to the fluid resin composition and stirred therewith until a substantiallyuniform mixture is obtained. The mixture is then cooled and allowed to solidify into a solid mass. The solid mass is then converted to dry, powdered 25 particles having an average particle si~e of less than about 44 microns by cryogenic grinding as in Example III.
About 98.5 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described in Example I is mixed for about 10 minutes with about 1.5 parts of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating com-30 position electrostatically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture isplaced in a muffle furnace and heated to a maximum temperature of about 550 F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 90 minutes.
About 9~ parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed 35 with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an .

~1~07~3~

electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example II, being about 28 microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image 5 background is only abou-t .006, and the image quality is excellent. The electrical resistivity of the developer is about 5.4 x 109 ohm-cms.
ExamDle V
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About 10 grams of polyvinylidene fluoride commercially available as Kynar 301 from 10 Pennwalt Corporation, King of Prussia, Pa. is placed in a polyethylene jar containing about 2 grams of carbon black and about 250 ml of propylene carbonate solvent. The mixture is placed on a Red Devil paint shaker to disperse the pigment. Steel shot, 1/8" diameter, is present in the mixture as a milling aid. After about 10 minutes of mixing, the mixture is sieved to remove 15 the steel shot and the dispersion is put into a beaker and heated with stirring to about 85C to dissolve the resin. The temperature is maintained for about 15 minutes after which the dispersion is added to 500 ml of methanol with agitation at the rate of about 50 ml/min.. Fine sized polyvinylidene fluoride coated carbon black particles are obtained of about 3 to 10 microns after 20 filtration and washing with water.
About 98.5 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described in Example I is mixed for about 10 minutes with about 1.5 parts of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating com-position electrostatically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture is 25 placed in a muffle furnace and heated to a maximum temperature of about 530 F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 60 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture 3 0 of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example 11, being about 2~ microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image 35 background density is only about .007, and the image quality is excellent. The electrical resistivity of the developer is about 1.3 x 109 ohm-cms.

~14(:~78~

Example VI
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About 50 grams of polyvinyl chloride and trifluorochloroethylene commercially available as FPC 461 from Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, Pa. is dissolved in 5 about 300 mls of methyl ethyl ketone. About 4 grams of carbon black as in Example III is added to the fluid resin cornposition and stirred therewith until a substantially uniform mixture is obtained. The mixture is then spray-dried to powdered particles having an average particle size of about 5 to 8 microns.
About 98.0 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described in lO Example I are mixed for about lO minutes with about 2.0 parts of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating com-position electrostatically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture is placed in a muffle furnace and heated to a rnaximum temperature of about 350 F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about lS 60 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is 20 satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material is higher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example II, being about l9 microeoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image background density is only about .007, and the image quality is excellent. The electrical resistivity of the developer is about 8.7 x lO9 ohm-cms.
Example VII
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About 50 grams of polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene c~polymer commer-cially available as Kynar 7201 from Pennwalt Corporation, King of Prussia, Pa.
30 is placed in a heating vessel and brought to a fluid state. About 3 grams of phthalocyanine is added to the fluid resin composition and stirred therewith until a substantially uniform mixture is obtained. The mixture is then cooled and allowed to solidify into a solid mass. The solid mass is then converted to dry, powdered particles having an average particle size of less than about 44 35 microns by cryogenic grinding as in Example III.

.

:114Q7~4 About 99 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described inExample I is mixed for about 1~ minutes with about 1 part of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating composition electro-statically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture is placed in a muffle 5 furnace and heated to a maximum temperature of about 260~ F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 15 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an 10 electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example II, being about 23 microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image background density is only about .006, and the image quality is excellent. The electrical resistivity of the developer is about 9.2 x 109 ohm-cms.
Example VIII
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About 50 grams of polyvinylidene fluoride commercially available as Kynar 201 from Pennwalt Corporation, King of Prussia, Pa. is placed in a heating vessel and 2û brought to a fluid state. About 10 grams of aluminum commercially availableas M~796 from Alcan Metal Powders, Inc., of Elizabeth, New Jersey having an a~erage particle size of less than about 45 microns is added to the fluid resin composition and stirred therewith until a substantially uniform mixture isobtained. The mixture is then cooled and allowed to solidify into a solid mass.
The solid mass is then converted to dry, powdered particles having an average particle size of less than about 50 microns by cryogenic grinding as in Example III.
About 98 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described in Example I is mixed for about 10 minutes with about 2 parts of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating com-position electrostatically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture is placed in a muffle furnace and heated to a maximum temperature of about 45û F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 70 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example 1. The mixture 7~3~

of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example II, being about 32 microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image background density is satisfactory and the image quality is excellent.
Example IX
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About 50 grams of polyvinylidene fluoride commercially available as Kynar 201 from Pennwalt Corporation, King of Prussia, Pa. is placed in a heating vessel and brought to a fluid state. About 10 grams of carbon black commercially A available as Yulcan~XC-72 ~om Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass. is added to the fluid resin composition and stirred therewith until a substantially uniform n~.ixture is obtained. The mixture is then cooled and allowed to solidify into asolid mass. The solid mass is then converted to dry, powder0d particles having an average particle size of less than about 44 microns by cryogenic grinding as in Example III.
About 98 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described in Example I is mixed for about lû minutes with about 2 parts of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating com-position electrostatically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture is placed in a muffle furnace and heated to a maximum temperature of about 450 ~ and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 70 minutes.
About 9q parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example II, being about 16 microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image background density is satisfactory and the image quality is excellent.
Example X
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About 50 grams of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate/maleic acid terpolymer commercially available as ~inylite~YNS from Union Carbide Corporation, New York, New 7~r~ A~-~

~4~7159~

York is placed in a heating vessel and brought to a fluid state. About 8 grams of earbon black as in Example IX is added to the fluid resin composition and stirred therewith until a substantially uniform mixture is obtained. The mixture is then cooled and allowed to solidify into a solid mass. The solid mass5 is then converted to dry, powdered particles having an average particle size of less than about 44 microns by cryogenic grinding as in Example III.
About 97.5 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described in Example I is mixed for about ;0 minutes with about 2.5 parts of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating com-10 position electrostatically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture isplaced in a muffle fu~nace and heated to a maximum temperature of about 275 F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process tirrle of about 30 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed 15 with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of Example II, being 20 about 18 microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image background density is satisfactory and the image quality is excellent. The electrical resistivity of the developer is about 7.6 x 109 ohm-cms.
Example XI
A carrier material is prepared in the following manner. About S0 ~5 grams of polyvinyl chloride and trifluorochloroethylene commercially available as FPC 461 from ~irestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, Pa. is dissolved in about 300 n~ls of methyl ethyl ketone. About 4 grams of cetyl pyridinium chloride available from Hexcel Corporation, ~odi, New Jersey is added to the fluid resin composition and stirred therewith until a substantially uniform 30 mixture is obtained. The mixture is then spray-dried to powdered particles having an average particle size of about 5 to 8 microns.
About 98 parts of the sponge iron carrier cores described in Example I is mixed for abou~ 10 minutes with about 2 parts of the aforedescribed dry, powdered particles whereby the powdered coating com-35 position electrostatically adheres to the carrier cores. The dry mixture isplaced in a muffle furnace and heated to a maximum temperature of about ~4Q~34 275 F and then cooled to room temperature over a total process time of about 30 minutes.
About 97 parts by weight of the coated carrier particles is mixed with about 3 parts by weight of toner particles as in Example I. The mixture 5 of carrier and toner particles is employed as in Example I to develop an electrostatic latent image. It is found that this developer mixture is satisfactory in that the triboelectric charge generated on the toner material ishigher than that obtained with the developer mixture of 13xample II, being about 18 microcoulombs per gram of toner material. The developed image 10 background density is satisfactory and the image quality is excellent.
Although specific materials and conditions are set forth in the foregoing examples, these are merely intended as illustrations of the present invention. Various other suitable thermoplastic toner resin components, additives, colorants, and development processes such as those listed above may 15 be substituted for those in the examples with similar results. Other materials may also be added to the toner or carrier to sensitize, synergize or otherwise improve the fusing properties or other desirable properties of the system.
Other modifications of the present invention will occur to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the present disclosure. These are intended 20 to be included within the scope of this invention.

Claims (15)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A process for preparing coated carrier particles having conductive properties useful in electrostatographic developer mixtures for the development of electrostatic latent images wherein the improvement comprises the steps of preparing a fluid mixture of insulating resinous material and at least one electrically conductive agent, converting said fluid mixture to a solid state, comminuting said mixture in said solid state to dry, powdered particles having a particle size of between about 1 micron and about 100 microns, applying said powdered particles to the surface of carrier cores having an average particle diameter of from between about 30 microns and about 1,000 microns, and heating the resultant aggregation to a temperature of between about 260°F and about 650°F for between about 20 minutes and about 120 minutes so that said powdered particles fuse to said carrier cores.

2. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said fluid mixture of resinous material and electrically conductive agent is obtained by melting said resinous material and adding said conductive agent thereto with mixing.

3. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said fluid mixture of resinous material and electrically conductive agent is cooled to a solid state and processed to form dry, powdered particles.

4. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said powdered particles are applied to the surface of said carrier cores by dry-mixing said powdered particles and said carrier cores until said powdered particles adhere to said carrier cores by mechanical impaction and/or electrostatic attraction.

5. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said aggregation of powdered particles and carrier cores is heated to permit flow-out of said powdered particles over the surface of said carrier cores and fuse thereto.

6. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 including cooling and classifying said coated carrier particles.

7. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said carrier particles are provided with a fused coating of said insulating resinous material and said electrically conductive agent over between about 15 percent and about 85 percent of their surface.

8. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said carrier cores are mixed with from between about 0.05 percent and about 3.0 percent by weight, based on the weight of said carrier particles, of said powdered particles.

9. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said powdered particles have a particle size of between about 1 micron and about 50 microns.

10. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said carrier cores comprise low density, porous, magnetic or magnetically-attractable metal particles having a gritty, oxidized surface and a surface area of at least about 200 cm2/gram and up to about 1,300 cm2/gram of carrier material.

11. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said carrier cores are selected from the group consisting of iron, steel, ferrite r magnetite, nickel, and mixtures thereof.

12. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said carrier cores have an average particle size of between about 30 microns and about 250 microns.

13. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said insulating resinous material is selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ethylene, fluorinated propylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, trichlorofluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy tetra-fluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, trifluorochloroethylene, and derivatives thereof.

14. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said electrically conductive agent is selected from the group consisting of metals, metal oxides, sulfides, halides, carbon, graphite, phthalocyanines, charge transfer complexes, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

15. A process for preparing carrier particles in accordance with claim 1 wherein said electrically conductive agent is present in the amount of between about 3 percent to about 75 percent by weight, based on the weight of said powdered particles.