CA1090292A

CA1090292A - Electrolytic cell for treatment of water

Info

Publication number: CA1090292A
Application number: CA256,956A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Jorge Miller; Franz Stummer
Original assignee: Hans Einhell GmbH Industriegelande
Current assignee: Einhell Germany AG
Priority date: 1975-07-16
Filing date: 1976-07-14
Publication date: 1980-11-25
Also published as: BR7604451A; AT353707B; IN143282B; SE7607833L; IL49852A0; AU1528376A; IL49852A; ES449887A1; FR2318115A1; DK320376A; CH598138A5; AU504005B2; MX143221A; JPS5212752A; ATA450976A; GB1560730A; NO762273L; NL7607843A

Abstract

--AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL FOR TREATMENT OF WATER--Abstract of Disclosure The specification describes an electrolytic cell for the treatment, particularly the purification and sterilization of water, which comprises a closed container with a lower inlet opening and an upper outlet opening for the water and electrodes which are adapted to be connected with the positive pole and the negative pole of a DC source. In the interior of the electrolytic cell free movable particles are located whose density is higher than that of the water to be treated and which are prevented from leaving the electrolytic cell by suitable means adjacent to the inlet and the outlet.

Description

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Bac~ground of invention (1) Field to which invention relates The invention relates to an electrolytic cell for the treatment of water, more particularly for the purification and sterilization of water; it relates in particular to a multipole electrolytic cell, which can be used in the most varied fashions for the treatment, and more particularly for the purification and sterilization of water, and comprises a closed container with a lower inlet opening and an upper outlet opening for the water and at least two electrodes within the container, which are adapted to be connected with the positive and negative pole of a DC source.

(2) The prior art The most varied types of electrolytic cells for the treatment, and more particularly for the purification and sterili-zation of water, have been proposed. With these known cells it is yossible to remove the dissolved and suspended contaminating materials contained in the water to be treated electrolytically by using either consumable or non-consumable electrodes such as of iron, aluminum, copper, silver, platinum, and carbon. However during the operation of such electrolytic cells many problems are encountered which are due to different causes.
Normally during electrolysis of water, especially of hard water, the cathode is rapidly covered by a skin of calcium carbonate which inhibits the flow of current; anodes of silver, copper, iron, aluminum etc. during the electrolysis are covered with oxide films. In case of aluminum anodes the formed aluminum oxide prevents the flow of current. In the case of silver, iron and copper anodes the formed oxide film is highly conductive, so that the dissolution of the metal is prevented and oxygen is produced at the electrodes.
Another problem encountered in electrolytic water puri-I

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fication systems is that the water normally encountered has only a very small number of ions and that, although platinum anodes can provide oxidation, the oxidation-reduction potential of the water remains very low. e.g., if chlorine is to be produced, the chloride concentration in the water must be very high and this concentration is normally not encountered in fresh water, particu-larly drinking water.
The standard electrolytic technique for the chlorina~
tion of water in swimming-pools is to provide a separate cell containing a high concentration of common salt which upon elec-trolysis gives sodium hypochlorite or chlorine which is fed into the swimming-pool. Theoretically, it is possible to add suffi-cient common salt to the swimming-pool water and to electrolyze it directly. However, this technique has the disadvantage that the water tastes salty to the bathers and that the calcium con-tained in the water deposits onto the cathodes to such an extent that the flow of the current stops. Changing of polarity to remove the calcium deposits on the cathodes has been found in practice only to lead to corrosion of the cathode and aggravates the problem.
Summary of invention It is one object of the present invention to prevent the formation of deposits on the electrodes which stop the flow of current and the dissolution of metal electrodes required for water purification.
It is another object of this invention to keep clean electrodes within the electrolytic cell by means of a fluidized (agitated) bed of particles whose movements and impacts contin-uously scratch off any deposits formed on the surfaces of the electrodes.
It is a further object of the invention to effect the concentration of ions contained in the water by electrodialysis so that these ions can be electrolyzed to produce effective oxidizing agents.
It is another object OL the invention to dispose the electrodes within the cell in such way that they are corroded evenly and radially.
It is another object of the invention to effect electrodialysis by using an electrodialysis diaphragm surround-ing the anode, forming a closed anode compartment, wherein water flows at a very low flow rate compared with the main flow or not at all and wherein the negative ions are concentrated.
It is another object of the invention to use the same current for ion concentration as well as for achieving the electrolytical oxidation of concentrated ions.
The above and other objects are realized in accordance with the present invention by providing a new and improved electrolytic cell, having particular utility in water treatment systems, especially in water purification and sterilization systems, used in various installations requiring clear, soft, sterile water, e.g. swin~ing-pools, water works, sewage plants, etc.
Detailed description of invention The above mentioned and other objects according to the present invention are achieved by an electrolytic cell for the treatment more particularly for the purification and steri lization of water, which comprises a closed container with a lower inlet opening and an upper outlet opening for the water and at least two electrodes which are adapted to be connected with the positive and with the negative poles of a DC source, characterized in that in the interior of the container (electro-lytic cell) free movable particles are located whose density ishigher than that of the water to be treated as well as means for retaining the particles within the container (electrolytic cell).

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Description of preferred embodiments According to one preferred embodiment o~ the invention the electrolytic cell comprises a cylindrical container with a lower inlet opening and an upper outlet opening for the water flow and radially disposed cathodes and a centrally located anode, surrounded by a porous electrodialysis diaphragm completely surrounding it forming a closed anode compartment having a small upper aperture for the escape of produced gases and of liquids that have permeated throu~h the porous diaphragm.
Near the inlet and near the outlet grids are located whose function is to prevent particles placed within the cell from escaping through the inlet or outlet of the cell. These particles, due to the velocity of the water flow, are fluidized or agitated thus forming an agitated or fluidized bed of particles surrounding the cathodes, and by their movement continuously clean the electrodes in a mechanical way. Due to the electrical potential difference between the electrodes a concentration gradient is established which serves through the electrodialysis to concentrate the anions within the anode compartment. E.g., if water containing 3 ppm chloride ions is electrolyzed without using an electrodialysis diaphragm no chlorine is produced, but only oxygen is produced at the anode. Once the diaphragm is used the chloride concentration increases within the anode compartment up to a level that causes the formation of free chlorine. If chloride ions are absent, other ions like carbonate ions or sul-phate ions contained in the water, concentrate within the anode compartment forming through electrolysis percarbonate or persul-phate which are also excellent oxidizing agents. In the same way any organic acid will be oxidized.
Another preferred embodimentofthe invention is realized with an electrolytic cell comprising an optionally transparent cylinder as container having a lower inlet opening and an upper _ 4 _ 2~2 outlet opening, each provided with grids. In the interior of the cylinder there are radially disposed electrodes whose length in the axial direction of the cylinder is about 1/2 to 2/3 of the length of the cylinder, and in the centre of the cylinder there is disposed a concentrical cylindrical anode ring compartment defined by an outer cylindrical diaphragm and an inner concentri-- cal cylindrical pipe with the anode therebetween. The anode ring compartment is closed at both ends and has at least one upper small opening to permit the escape of products formed within the anode compartment. The axial length of anode, anode compartment and inner pipe is about the same as that of the cathodes outside the anode compartment. Within the cylinder (the outer wall of the cell) and outside the anode compartment there is placed a sufficient number of particles whose size is greater than that of the openinys of the grids. These particles by the flowing water within the cell are agitated and rise up to surround the cathodes ~in the cathode compartment), thereby cleaning them mechanically through impacts and scratches. The upper free space in the interior of the cell serves as a disengaging space for the par-ticles so that, in case the water-flow rate is too high, the particles do not become entrained and held at the upper grid.
The purpose of the central pipe (inner boundary of the anode ring compartment) is to permit a recirculation of the particles flowing upwardly in the cathode compartment and downwardly through the inner pipe, especially when the lower grid under the lower end of the central pipe is blocked at its centre, i.e. has no apertures.
Further objects, advantages and preferred embodiments of the invention are obvious from the following illustrating description of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings and claims. It is to be noted that in the accompanying drawings like parts are deno~ed by like reference numerals.

2g2 The Drawings Fig. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell of the invention.
Fig. 2 illustrates arother preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell of the invention.
Fig. 3 illustrates a further preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell of the invention.
Fig. 4 illustrates a particularly preferred embodi-ment of the elec-trolytic cell of the invention.
Fig. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell of the invention in a schematic manner consisting of a cylindrical container 1 with a lower inlet 2 and an upper outlet

3 for the water-flow and radially disposed cathodes 4 as well as a centrally, axially located anode 5 surrounded by a porous electrodialysis diaphragm 6 completely surrounding it, forming a closed anode compartment 7 having a small upper aperture 8 for the escape of produced gases and of liquids that have permeated through the porous diaphragm 6. Located below, near the inlet 2 and above, near the outlet 3 there are grids 9 and 10, respectively ~hose function is to prevent that particles 11 placed within the cell escape through the inlet 2 or outlet 3 of the cell.
Fig. 2 shows another preferred embodiment of electro-lytic cell of the invention cornprising a cylinder 1 having a lower inlet 2 and an upper outlet 3 provided with grids 9 and 10, respectively. In the interior of the cylinder ~ there are radially disposed electrodes (cathodes) 4 whose length in the axial direction of the cylinder 1 is shorter than the total length of the cylinder ~cell) 1. The axial length of anode 5, anode compartment 7 and inner pipe 12 is about the same as that of the cathodes 4~ Within the cylinder 1 are placed sufficient particles 11 whose size is greater than that of the openings of grids 9, 10. The upper free space in the interior of ~902g2 cell 1 serves as disengaging space 13 for the particles. The central part 9' of lower grid 9 has no apertures. The upper grid 10 has apertures both in the horizontal portions and in the vertical cylindrical portions 10' to provide a greater area.
Fig. 3 shows a further preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell of the invention comprising a cylinder 1 having a lower inlet 2 and an upper outlet 3 provided with grids 9 and 10 respectively. In the interior of the cylinder 1 there are radially disposed alternating cathodes 4 and anodes 5'. The center of the cell 1 is provided with a pipe 12 open at both ends which serves to lead the particles 11 downwardly. Below pipe 12 there is positioned a grid 9 whose central part 9' is closed to the flow of water, and above electrodes 4 and 5' and pipe 12 there is provided a disengaging space 13.
Fig. 4 shows a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention wherein in cell 1 the inlet 2 and the outlet 3 are con-nected to by-pass conduit 15 outside cell 1. In by-pass conduit 15 there is interposed pump 14 which serves to recirculate the water through cell 1 to provide sufficient flow rate in order to agitate and entrain the particles within cell 1. It is also pro-vided with an inlet 16 for the raw water and an outlet 17 for the treated water.
With reference to fig. 2 a further preferred embodiment is obtained by omitting the electrodialysis diaphragm 6 and by using corrodable metals for anode 5.
It is also possible to dispose an energized turbine or propeller (not shown) within pipe 12 of fig. 2 to 4 to provide additional reflux and to ensure enough contact time between particles 11 and electrodes 4, 5'.
With reference to fig. 1 to 4 it is also possible and beneficial to provide an additional outer pipe (not shown) between the radially disposed electrodes 4 or 4,5' and the outer 0Z~2 cylinder 1. The distance between this pipe and the outer cylinder 1 must be large enough to allow the free downward flow of particles 11. The holes in the lower grid 9 can be closed along the peri-phery of grid 9 at least to an extent corresponding to the dis-tance between the outer pipe and cylinder 1.
The materials for constructing the electrolytic cell of the invention, e.g. as illustrated in fig. 1 and 2, are as follows:
The anodes preferably consist of platinized titanium or niobium in mesh form, although they also can be of any other metal of the platinum family that resist corrosion or they can consist of graphite or carbon or metal oxides. The anodes can be solid or have the form of a grid.
The corrodable anodes of fig. 3 and 4 preferably are chosen from the metals commonly used in the water treatment, like aluminum, iron or copper for the provision of flocking materials in water treatment processes or metals like silver and copper to provide obligodynamic desinfecting ions to the water being treated.
As material for the cathodes any conductive material can be used, preferably metals like stainless steel, copper etc.
Usable materials for the construction of the cylinder, inlet, outlet, grids, pipes and supports are e.g. plastics, porcelain, glass, hard rubber and concrete or metal, wherein the metal can act as cathode.
Materials for the electrodialysis diaphragms are e.g.
porous porcelain, microporous plastics like polyolefines and polyvinylchloride, cellulosenitrate, and ion exchange resins.
In case the porous diaphragms are mechanically sensitive to the impacts of the particles they can be shielded with a protective grid of a non-conductive material like plastic.
The particles within the cell can be spheres of i~o~

porcelain, hard plastics, stone, glass, alumina and any other hard materials whose density must be greater than that of the water to be treated. Of course, the size of this particles must be larger than that of the openings of the grids which are to retain them within the cell.
The invention has been explained above with reference to preferred embodimentsO It is however quite obvious to a man skilled in the art that it is in no way limited to such embodi-ments and that it can be modified and changed in many respects without leaving the scope of the invention defined in the claims.
For example, the cell need not be cylindrical, but can be elliptical, hexagonal and the like, in section. Also the closed grid area can have many other shapes depending on the flow pattern required within the cell. It is also possible, for example, to combine the central anode with additional radially disposed anodes of the same or any other metal with or without centrally or outwardly located downflow pipes or any other com-bination thereof.

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Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A process for the continuous treatment of water in an electrolytic cell and simultaneously for continuously keeping clean the electrodes within this cell comprising passing a stream of water to be treated upwardly through this cell containing electrodes and free movable particles, whose density is higher than that of water wherein the flow rate of the stream is controlled in such a way that the particles within the cell form a free fluidized bed which keeps clean the surface of the electrodes by impact.

2. An electrolytic cell for the continuous treatment of water and simultaneous keeping clean the electrodes contained therein during operation thereof, comprising a closed cylindrical container having a lower inlet opening and an upper outlet opening for the water and electrodes which are adapted to be connected with the positive pole and the negative pole of a DC
source to provide an anode and cathode, said anode being disposed in a closed annular anode compartment disposed axially and centrally in said cylinder; said compartment having an upper small aperture and being defined by an inner pipe and an outer concentrical electrodialysis diaphragm, the interior of the container having free movable particles located therein whose density is higher than that of the water to be treated and means for retaining the particles in the container.

3. A cell according to claim 2, in which the container has radially disposed cathodes therein.

4. A cell according to claim 2, in which the lower end of the pipe is spaced from a lower grid covering the lower inlet, and the upper end of the pipe is spaced from an upper grid located before the upper outlet, the distances between the pipe and each of the grids being greater than the greatest particle diameter.

5. A cell according to claim 4, in which the distance between the upper end of the pipe and the upper grid is at least 10 percent of the length of the pipe.

6. A cell according to claim 2, 3 or 4, in which in the interior of the pipe there is a propeller.

7. A cell according to claim 2, 3 or 4, in which outside the container there is a bypass conduit connected at one end to the outlet and at the other end to the inlet of the container a pump being present in said conduit.