CA1070967A - Offshore structure for deltaic substrates - Google Patents

Abstract

OFFSHORE STRUCTURE FOR
DELTAIC SUBSTRATES
(D#74, 764-F) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A submergible offshore structure capable of being floated by a buoyant hull, to a subsea working site. An anchoring system incorporated into the structure includes a plurality of elongated caisson-like legs which are guidably moved vertically into and out of the structure. Said legs are adapted to be embedded and firmly fixed in a relatively soft substrate. Thus, they function to guide the submergible structure to its underwater position, and to maintain it there during a period of operation.

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Description

~7~)9t;7 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In many deltaic areas of the world the ocean bottom is formed very rapidly by river silt deposits which accumulate, and which can exceed a build-up o~ as much as a foot per year~
As a result of the rapid deposition rate and the fine particles being deposited, sections of the deposits are underconsolidated and remain in a flocculated condition. Further, such build-ups are characterized by very high water content and very low strength.
When deposits of this nature are acted upon by pressure differentials such as those caused by large waves, the soft materials often slide down the Continental Shelf, thereby forming a slide channel. Such a slide is similar in many respects to a river channel. The channel can be several hundred, or even t~.ousands of feet wide, more than 100 feet deep, and extend for its length over several miles. Further, these slides tend to occur in water depths up to 200 to 300 feet due to the normal reduction of wave pressure with water depth.
Conventional offshore fixedly positioned drilling ,.. .
and prodùction platforms, and similar fixed marine structures ~. .
will not resist the loss of the horizontal 50il support coupled with the very high lateral loads which result ~rom the above noted sliding mass of soil. From experience, it is known that several marine platforms and ocean floor pipelines have been destroyed~ These were experienced in the Gulf of Mexico as well as in other areas of the world.
The invention in brief therefore contemplates a marine structure or platform that is capable of being floated to an offshore working site, and thereafter being controllably submerged to the ocean floor. The floata~le structure includes ,~

1~70~67 a plurality of support or foundation members that Eunction when in the extended posi~ion, to firmly anchor the floatable unit at a working site.
This is true particularly in an unconsolidated substrate which comprises essentially a deltaic or similar composition that does not readily support an appreciable amount of weight. The foundation or caisson members are capable o-f being individually embedded into the ocean floor. This is achieved through the combination of a jetting system, a vacuum~ or pump system, and by applying weights to the top of each caisson.
An object of the invention therefore is to provide a marine structure having deeply embeddable support or foundation members which will firmly maintain the uni~ at a submerged working position.
A further objective is to provide a marine structure capable of being accurately lowered to the ocean floor through the use of self contained guiding and foundation members.
A still further object is to provide a marine structure of the type contemplated including a plurality of self embedding legs or caisson-like foundation members that are conveyed on the structure and which serve to guide the unit to a working site at the ocean floor. They thereafter maintain it in place for drilling and producing operations.
According to the present invention, there is provided a marine vessel adapted to be fixedly anchored on the floor of a body o~ water, which floor is characterized by an unconsolidated substrate, said vessel having a controlled buoyancy hull~ a superstructure extending upwardly from said hull and including upstanding support columns adapted to support a deck above and spaced from said hull, at least one foundation leg guidably positioned within a support column of said superstructure, said leg being adapted for longitudinal movement within said column whereby to be controllably retracted upwardly into said hull or extended downwardly therefrom to enter the sub-strate beneath said hull, said foundation leg comprising an elongated cylindrical member defining an internal compartment having an access opening at the lower end thereof, and having substantially liquid tight walls, a jetting system carried on said marine vessel including conduit means having ~ 2 .~.

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one end communicated with a pressurized source of a jetting fluid, and having discharge apcrtures at the other end thereof disposed about said access opening for directing high pressure streams of jetting fluid into the substrate beneatll the foundation leg as the latter is lowered into said substrate ~n(l ~l~n~ated conduit extending downwardly through said foundation leg and terminating adjacent to said access openin~ for removing substrate which has been fluidized, from said internal compartment.
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanyin~ drawings.
Fi~ure 1 is an elevation view of the disclosed vessel in a float-in~ position in a body of water. Pigure 2 is similar to Figure 1, showin~
the vessel with anchoring legs lowered. Fi~ure 3 illustrates the vessel in a submer~ed condition and anchored to the ocean floor. Figure ~ is similar to Fi~ure 3, showin~ a part of the vessel in . ~ -2a-- : . - , . . .

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cross section. Figure 5 is a view in cross section showing the embedding caissons and Figure 6 is a top view o~ an embedding caisson.
A marine structure of the type presently contemplated is in some respects similar to a jack-up type unit. It is one that comprises essentially a floatable member having a plurality of support legs, which depend downwarctly therefrom.
The legs are normally operably engaged with means which permit said legs to be controllably lowered or raised with respect to the floatable member.
Operationally, the conventional jack-up type offshore unit is normally towed ts a working site with the support legs extending above the water. At the site, the support lags, which exceed the water depth, are lowered until they reach a support point at or immediateIy beneath the ocean floor.
At such time as the respective legs have been lowered to a point where they are firmly supported by the substrate, the jacking mechanism on the floating hull section is actuated. This allows the hull to cli~b to a desired working height along the legs. The climbing step is continued until the hull reaches a preferred distance above the water's sur~ace which would allow a drilling or producing operation, as the case may be.
In the present instance and referring to Figure 1, the marine structure or vessel 10 includes a floatable hull 11 which can bP comprised of a single hull unit, or of a plurality of individual hull mambers or pontoons 12. The lat~er can be appropriately ~ormed and interconnected with bracing and the like~ to provide the hull with the requirecl clegree of 0 seaworthiness. While not specifically here shown, hull ll ~o7~967 can be further provided with upstandin~ buoyancy controlmembers or columns. The latter normally include buoyancy tanks which depend from the hull, and which unction to maintain the latter's stability particularly when in a partially submerged condition.
A deck 13 is positioned above hull 11 a suificient distance to be beyond the water's surface when the hull is resting on the ocean floor. Said deck 13, in the normal manner accommodates the material and equipment required for the vessel's operation. In the instance of a drilling vessel the unit will carry the usual derrick, pumps, pipe supplies r crews' quarters and the like.
Deck 13 as shown in Fiyure 1, i5 supported at a fixed elevated position above hull lL. The support means includes a superstructure constituted of a series of upstanding columns 14, 16 and 17. The latt2r are spaced about the vessel in such an arrangement to insure both structural -and seaworthy integrity. The upstanding superstructure columns can be further reinforced and braced by laterally disposed interco~nectors 18 and 19. The latter will be provided to the extent needed to meet strength and rigidity requirements of the unit.
Toward providing the vessel with floating stability particularly while being submerged, and as herein mentioned, one or more columns in the superstructure can be provided with controlled buoyancy means such as the usual tanks and piping system. Said stabiliziny means, together with the hull, are capable of controllably regulating the disposition of vessel 10 under all conditions. However, at least three of said upright columns serve primarily as guide members for the vessel's foundation legs 21, as will be hereinai-ter detailed.

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~ 6~709~7 The physical composition of upstanding columns 14,16 and 17 can comprise a number of configurations including an open work of appropriately positioned structural elements.
Said members, cooperatively define therebetween, a~ internal elongated passage for laterally confining a foundation leg during its vertical movement through the vessel.
In the present arrangement howe~er, and referring to Figure 5, foundation leg 21 comprises body 22, formed by an elongated cylindrical membarO The single body 22, or the individual segments which make up the body as a whole, define an elongated internal compartment 23. One end o~ the latter is provided with closure member 25 extending across the top, to in effect define an elongated compartment open at the lower end and closed at the upper end.
The lower end of the leg 21 is provided with a circular entry opening or driving shoe 24 preferably tapered to define a relatively sharp edged lip 26. The walls of foundation leg 21 are formed to provide a fluid tight enclosure within compartment 23 at such time as the lip 26 has been lowered su~ficiently to enter the substrate. Said lower edge or lip 26 is further provided with a plurality of apertures 27 that are preferably equispaced about the inner surface of the lip. The apertures are aligned to simultaneously direct a plurality of streams of jetting fluid inwardly and downwardlyO
Thus, as the foundation leg is vertically lowered into an unconsolidated substrate, high valocity streams of jetting ~luid will be formed by apertures 27. These streams are directed in such a manner to fluidize and soften the substrate immediately ~enaath and within the leg. Thus the leg 21, by its own weight, can be further embedded into the substrate.

1~97~967 A plurality of fluid carrying conduits 28 ~xtend from the respective apertures ~7 at the cutting edge 26, upwardly and through the peripheral walls of the leg to the top surace thereof. These conduits are secuxed at the bottom to a pressure tight circular chamber formed in the area between the outer caisson wall 22, the driviny shoe 24, and a sealing diaphragm 3~. Said circular chamber is in turn segmented by pressure tlght diaphragms into three or more segments, each of which is fed by a conduit ~8. Such an arrangement provides a means for selectively adjusting the flow of fluid to the jets 27 at three or more periphe.ral areas around each caisson.
The respective conduits 28 can be connected to a suitable mani~old or in the alternative can each be provided with an individual control valve 29. Thus, by regulating the flow of jetting fluid which passes to the various segments of the leg 21, it is possibIe to deviate the leg's downward movement into a particular direction. The arrangement will further permit correction of an unwanted deviation by altering 20 the flow to the various jetting apertures 27. ~ ~, As shown, the conduits 28 are contained within the annulu~ 31 defined by the outer wall of body 22 and an inner shell 34. The latter, similar to body 22, is generally cylindrical in configuration and supported from the contiguous body wall by a plurality of radially extending sti~feners 32 ~ !
and ring stifeners 33. ~;
Stiffeners 32 extend substantially the length of the body forming a series of circumferential compartments.
The latter can be ~subsequently ballasted with water or a similar medium to assist in the placement operati.on of the various legs.

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~C~70~3~;7 To regulate the buoyancy of ~oundation leg 21 the cylindrical void space 23 is provided with one or more pipes and valves 36. Said valves are communicated preferably to a source of pressurized air. Thus, air can be forced into the leg or caisson interior in a sufficient amount to regulate the internal pressure and hence the buoyancy of the caissons.
Alternatively the caisson can be depressurized to evacuate the fluidized substrate which has been d:rawn through the open bottom o~ the caisson as the latter descends.
An elongated discharge line or lines 37 extend substantially the length of leg 21 and include a lower intake opening 3~. To effectiveIy withdraw jetting fluid and material from the leg interior the said opening 38 is disposed adjacent to the leg near the lower end of cai~son 21. The upper end of discharge line 37 is communicated with a pump or similar means 40 capable of initiating and maintaining a flow of the fluidized substrate from the lower end of the caisson.
Referring to Figure 1, foundation leg 21 a~ ~oted herein is essentially cylindrically shaped, having an eIongated outer surface formed by body 22. The leg is slidably received within central passage 39 of upstanding column 14 in a manner that the leg can either be retracted upwardly, or extended downwardly fxom hull 11. When in the retracted position lower edge 24 o~ leg 21 is disposed essentially at the lower edge of hull 11. Thus, as vesseI 10 is being floated to or from a working site the respective ~oundation legs 21 can be in a retracted or partially extended position. When so positionea and illed with pres- .
surized air, they will effect both the buoyanc~ of the unit 30 and its stability while being towed particularly in the -instance of rough sea conditions.

While not instantly shown in detail, a leg jackingand fastening means can be carried in a convenient location such as on deck 13~ It can also be carried at the hull level for the purpose of adjusting the disposition of the elongated foundation leg and securing the same with respect to its guide column 14. During such a period o~ transportation, leg 21 can be welded or similarly fastened to be rigidly confined within the guide column 14.
Operationally platform 10~ as shown in Figure 1, is normally disposed with the respective ~oundation legs 21 fully withdrawn into the column 14, becoming an integral paxt ;
of the latter.
As the platform 10 is conveyed or floated to a drilling site, and as shown in Figure 2, temporary anchor lines 42 are made ~ast to anchors prepositioned about the ocean floor. The platform 10 will thus be maintained in a ~-relatively static position above the site at which it is to be submerged.
Air control valves 36 in the leg upper end are -~o opened to controllably release the pressurized air from thè
closed caisson. As this internal pressure is released, and a~ter leg 21 has been released ~rom guide column 14, the leg will sink downwardly through the column, being guided by the lat~er in substantially vertical alignment.
Leg 2I i~ of course of sufficient length that it will be long enough to enter the unconsolidated substrate and reach a desired depth o the latter. With the hull ll still anchored and in the floating position, all three or more foundation legs are lowere~ to enter the substrate in a 0 substantially vertical attitude and sink of their own weight ~7~1~6~

to a desired level. The embedding operation can be aided at this point by the addition of a ballast material to the legs by way of conduit 43 and valv~ 44. Such material would preferably take the form of water which is introduced to annulus 31 to add additional weight to the leg itself.
With the three legs 21 partial1Ly embedded in a substantially vertical alignment, they will now act as a multimembar upstanding guide for marine plat~orm 10 as the latter is progressively lowered by filling of the bal:Last tanks. The platform 10 will controllably descend to 1:he ocean floor depending on the flow rate of, and degree of ballast admitted to its tanks. Eventually however it will reach the point where the bottom of hull 10 is near the soil-water interface.
Because of the fluidized consistency o~ the substrate, the vessel may be ballasted to a suitable penetration of the bottom. However, the desired elevation of the platform can be attained by proper adjustment of the ballast system so that the vessel will sink only the desired amount such that deck 13 remains a predetermined distance above the water level.
With the vessel 10 90 positioned at or adjacent to the ocean floor, the respective foundation~legs 21 can be further lowered into the'substrate. This is achieved through the'facility of further jetting and/or eva~uation o~ the leg interior 23 by withdrawal of 1uidized substrate through conduit 37. When reIatively consolidated strata has been reached, leg 21 can be forced further into the bottom by the applicatlon of waight to the upper end. In the instance of the latter, and as shown in Figure 3, a series of wQight eIements 41 are'progressively added to the 'leg upper end _g_ ~L~7~9~7 whereby to controllably embed the leg to a point where furthex progress is resisted, or to the desired penetration of the leg.
If the desired axial load capacity is nvt developed when caisson 21 reaches the desired penetration, additional axial load capability can be provided by driving piling through the annulus of the caisson around the periphery of the caisson. If piles are not required well conductor pipes would ~e driven through said sleeves to provide protection to the wells from the sliding soils. If piles are required they would be grouted into the sleeves to pro~ide a connection ;;~
suitable to txansmit axial loads ~rom the caisson to the piles .
Vessel 10, now properly leveled by the adjustment :
o the various ballast tanks, and can be fastened to each of the foundation legs. Such fastening is achieved through : ~ ~:
any of several known means, including grouting the leg to the hull. However, such fastening can also be achieved through :~
a mechanical connection whexeby to immobiliz~ the vessel with respect to the embeddea leg.
With the ~arious legs now fully embedded into the bottom and the platform fixedly engaged thereto, deck 13 will be in a position to permit a drilling and producing operation.
~o aid in the latter cover plates 48 on the top of caisson ~5)

2$ of at leas~ one leg 21 can be removed to acilitate the insertion of piles and/or well conductors 47 down through the leg so that the said conductors will be protected during the drilling operation.
Other modifications and variations of the invention as hereinbefore set forth may be made without depar~ing from ~07~967 the spirit and scop~ thereof, and thsre~ore r only such limitations should b~ imposed as are indicated in the appended claims.

Claims (9)

1. The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
   l. A marine vessel (10) adapted to be fixedly anchored on the floor of a body of water, which floor is characterized by an unconsolidated substrate, said vessel having a controlled buoyancy hull (11), a superstructure extending upwardly from said hull and including upstanding support columns (14, 16 and 17) adapted to support a deck (13) above and spaced from said hull, at least one foundation leg (21) guidably positioned within a support column of said superstructure, said leg being adapted for longitudinal movement within said column whereby to be controllably retracted upwardly into said hull or extended downwardly therefrom to enter the substrate beneath said hull, said foundation leg comprising an elongated cylindrical member defining an internal compartment (23) having an access opening at the lower end thereof, and having substantially liquid tight walls, a jetting system carried on said marine vessel including conduit means having one end communicated with a pressurized source of a Jetting fluid, and having discharge apertures (27) at the other end thereof disposed about said access opening for directing high pressure streams of Jetting fluid into the substrate beneath the foundation leg as the latter is lowered into said substrate and elongated conduit (37) extending downwardly through said foundation leg and terminating adjacent to said access opening (24) for removing substrate which has been fluidized, from said internal compartment.
2. 2. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 1 including; leg engaging means on said vessel operable to releasably engage a foundation leg.
3. 3. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said support column includes; means therein to slidably guide said elongated cylindrical foundation leg therethrough.
4. 4. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said foundation leg includes; an outer shell defining a peripheral wall and an inner shell spaced therefrom, to define an annulus therebetween extending for the length of said leg.
5. 5. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 6 including;
   spacer means interposed between said inner and outer walls in said annulus to maintain said annulus.
6. 6. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said foundation leg includes; a top cover removably connected thereto to form an enclosure for said internal compartment.
7. 7. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said access opening at the lower end of said foundation leg is divided into peripheral segments, each segment being in communication with a portion of said jetting system whereby jetting fluid can be selectively discharged from discrete segments into the substrate as required.
8. 8. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said foundation leg includes; means for introducing pressurized air into the upper end of said internal compartment for evacuating materials from the latter.
9. 9. In an apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said foundation leg includes; means at the upper end thereof adapted to receive a weighted member for embedding said leg downwardly into the substrate.