CA1043843A - Linear electromagnetic compressor - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT
A moving-iron, linear-motor compressor suitable for use in a refrigerant system, wherein a conical armature reciprocates in a complementary air-gap under the influence of an electromagnetic circuit and a pair of linear (constant rate) complementary return springs connected to the armature between the compressor pis-ton and an outboard bearing. The armature rod is made of magnetically permeable material. The electromag-netic circuit includes a pair of abutting convoluted loops of spirally wound magnetic strip material with a conical air-gap fabricated in the area of abutment.
The motor has a layered construction which cooperates with the conical armature and air-gap such that the motor is self-aligning at the assembly stage.

Description

~ 4 This invention relates to reciprocating electric tors of the type in which a magnetically permeable armature is ;
disposed to axially reciprocate within the air-gap of a fixed electromagnetic circuit.
In the art of moving-iron linear-motor compressors, much :: : .
effort has been expended without having achieved significant -commercial success (see P. W. Curwen, ~Recent Developments ~ -of Oil-Free Linear-Motor Resonant-Piston Compressors," ASMæ ~, publication 69-FE-36, June, 1969). The linear-motor compres-. ~ .
sor disclosed herein has been sub~ected to extensive labora-tory testing ~nd the design parameters have been verified `~
through the use of iterative computer programming techniques, and therefore, the requirements of a commercially viable ': ~: . .
product are believod to have at last been achieved.
It is an ob~ect of the present inventlon to provide a moving-iron linear-motor compxessor that is easy and economical to assemble.
It is another ob~ect of the present inventlon to provide --;
a magnetic core for a movin~-iron, linear-motor compressor which may be more easily assembled and which has less waste material than a core of conventionally stacked laminations.
It iB a related ob~ect to provide an economical method for manufacturing said magnetic core.
It is an ob~ect of the present invention, ancillary to that mentioned immediately above, to provide a magnetic core for a v~ng-iron linear-motor compressor which is incompre~-sible in the direction of tightening of the compressor tie bolts in order to insure that the tie bolts continue to exert the retention stresses to which they are initially set during as~embly to thereby maintain proper alignment of the core, armature and frame of the compressor.
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It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a moving-iron, linear-motor compre~sor which is small ~`
in size and which may be easily pac~aged to suit a wide variety ``
of applications.
It is a further object of the present invention to pro-vide a moving-iron linear-motor compressor in which the twisting forces imparted on the reciprocating armature are reduced sub-stantially to zero.
The present application is an improvement on the linear eompressor disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,947,155, Michael K.
Bidol.
To reduce the twisting forees imparted on the recipro-eating armature of the eompressor motor, the pre~ent invention provide~ a moving-iron linear- tor eompres~or wherein the means for returning the armature at the end of its magnetically powered stroke comprises a pair of linear internested coil springs eaeh having substantially zero pitch.
The present invention further provides a moving-iron linear-motor compre~sor having a magnetie eore whieh ineludes a pair of abutting e0nvoluted loops of magnetie ~trip material spirally wound on a plane perpendicular to the eompressor axis of reeiproeation with the magnetie core air-gap formed in the area of abutment of the two loops.
Aeeording to th~ present invention there is provided in an eleetromagnetic eompre~sor of the type ineluding a gas pump having a pumping ehamber, a magnetie cireuit including means fix-dly attached to said pump and having an air-gap, and reeiproeating means attaehed to a pumping member and di~posed to axially reeiproeate within said air-gap, means for magneti-eally activating said magnetie eireuit to drive said recipro-eating means in a first direetion, and return means operativeIy eonneeted to said reeiproeating means to drive said reciprocat- -

-2-'~
', ing means in a direction opposite to said first direction, said return means including a pair of parallel coil springs, means .~ :~
clamping one end of each said springs in fixed relation to said magnetic circuit, and means clamping the other end of each said springs to said reciprocating means, the improve-ment wherein said coil springs comprise a pair of linear coil springs having substantially zero pitch. ~
The invention itself, however, together with additional ~ -objects, features and advantages thereof, will be best under-stood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 i-~ a perspective view of one embodiment of the . .
linear-motor compressor hermetically encased within a protective housing in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the linear com-~ . . .
pressor motor and gas pump shown in FIG. l; . .
FIG. 3 is an elevational view of the compressor shown in FIG. 1 taken partly in axial section along the line 3-3 of FIG. l; :
FIG. 4 is an axial sectional view of the compressor shown in FIG. 3 in a ~tage of partial assembly;
FIG. 5 i8 a fragmentary axial sectional view of the com-pres~or shown in FIG. 3 in a second stage of partial assembly;
FIG. 6 is a graph used to explain the operation of the compressor shown in FIGS. 1-5;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the reluctance curve of one embodiment of the compressor of FIG. l;
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary axial sectional view of an alterna- .
tive embodiment of the compressor of FIG. 1 which incluaes a pair of zero-pitch internesting springs;
. . .
FIG. 9 is an end view of the compressor of FIG. 8 which

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shows the internested relationship of the springs in greater detail;
FIG. 10 is a plan view of a dified magnetic core which may be used in the compre~sor of FIG. 1;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the air-gap in the core of FIG. 10 at an intermediate stage of fabrication; ;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the completed air-gap in the core of FIG. 10; and FIG. 13 is a graph used to explain the operation of the modified core shown in FIG. 10.
In the var$ous figures, identical reference numerals indicate identical parts. ~eferring to FIGS. 1~7, there i~ !'''" ' shown an exemplary embodiment of a linear-motor compressor 20 constructed pursuant to the disclosure of the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 3,947,155 which is disclosed herein to provide a better understanding of how to make and use the features of the present invention, which are aisclosed in detail subse-guently herein in con~unction with FIGS. 8-13, and represent difications to compressor 20. Compressor 20 i8 suspended within a protective enclosure 21 by the suspension ~prings 22 which ideally provide a zero retarding force to the axial oscil-latory vement of compressor 20 and an infinite ratard~ng force to lateral or radial o~cillatory vement thereof. Enclosure 21 is hermetically sealed and may be formed of sheet steel or aluminum or molded plastic, and may assume A ~hape most con-. . .
venient for the particular application. Lubricating oil is ~ -preferably provided in a sump 23 at the bottom of the enclosure at a depth sufficient to contact the lower portion of compressor 20. $he oil will be sp~shed onto the moving parts by the axial reclprocating action of the motor. Alternatively, the oil may be channeled to lubricated surfaces by other means known in the art. ~ ~

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The detailed description of compressor 20 may be bestunderstood with reference to FIGS. 2-3. Magnetic ci~rcuit 30, which includes magnetic core 31 and windings 32 and 33, has a pair of spaced-apart poles 32a and 32b defining an air-gap 34 with the oppo~ed surfaces or pole faces of poles 32a and 32b defining a portion of a frustoconical surface of revolu-tion. Attached to opposite sides of the magnetic circuit by means of bolts 35 and 36 i~ an outboard bearing and spring retainer plate 37 and a cylinder block 38 having a pump chamber or cylinder 39 formed therein. A~ shown in FIG. 3, the taper of air-gap 34 converges in the direction of chamber 39 with the center axis of gap 34 being coaxial with chamber 39. ~ -.
Movable in air-gap 34 is a frustoconical armature 40 car-ried by an armature rod 41. Armature 40 may be made of either solid magnetically permeable material or stacked laminations as shown. It has been found that tha u~e of stacked laminations increases the efficiency of the compressor by 15 per cent when compared to an identical compressor with a solid magnetic core.
Armature rod 41 may be made of nonmagnetic material, -quch a~
stainles~ steel, or, preferably, magnetically permeable material.
Mbunted on one end of rod 41 and slidable in chamber 39 i5 a piston 42. For maximum compression efficiency, the sliding clearance between piston 42 and the side wall of chamber 39 must be small: a nominal clearance of .0003 inches i~ preferred.
Mounted in plate 37 is a slee~e bearing 43 disposed about rod 41 at the end thereof re~ote from piston 42. Because of the ~ ;
close sliding ~earance between pi~ton 42 and the wall of chamber 39, the piston will cooperate with bearing 43 to main-tain rod 41 and armature 40 centered in air-gap 34 during axial displacem~nt of the armature, rod and piston.
Slidably mounted on plate 37 and clamping one end of a pair of return springs 44 and 45 is an adju~table clamp bracket 46.
Bracket 46 may be tightly clamped to plate 37 by means of screw - . - . ~- ;.. - - - - . . . : . . . . .. . . . .. : .

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47 which is threadably received in a split or slotted offset portion of the clamp. The respective straight end-tang termina-tions 44a and 45a at the outboard end of springs 44 and 45 are clamped into associated holes 46a and 46b of bracket 46 by means of screws 48 and 49 which traverse associated bracket splits leading to each of the clamp holes. One end of each of return ~prings 44 and 45 is thus fixedly clamped i-n relation to magnetic circuit 30 and air-gap 34. The other straight end-tangs 44b and 45b of each return spring 44 and 45 is operatively clamped to armature 40 by means of a spring clamp plate 50 which is mounted on rod 41 against the large diameter face of conical armature 40.
End-tangs 44b and 45b are inserted into associated holes 50a and 50b respectively and clamped therein by means of screws 50c and 50d threadably received into respective split portions of clamp 50. It should be noted that springs 44 and 45 are ~ -coiled in the s~me direction but that each spring enters braaket 46 and clamp 50 from a direction 180- from the direction of entry of the other. In this configuration the bending forces imparted upon armature 40 by the springs during axial recipro-cation of the armature tend to cancel each other, thereby assist-ing bearing 43 and the boaring action of piston 42 to center armature 40 in air-gap 34 during reciprocating axial movement.
It should be further noted that end-tangs 44a, 44b and 45a, 45b extend in a direc~ion parallel to the central axis of the springs from the ~eriphery of the respective springs. This feature allows bracket 46 and clamp 50 to assume a reduced diameter, thereby reducing the required dimensions of enclosure 21. While several methods of terminating and affixing springs 44 and 45 will be evident to those skilled in the art, it has been found that the use of straight end-tang terminations 44a, 44b and 45a, 45b on the return springs and the associated split .

-clamp mounting facilitates adjustment and assembly.
Compressor 20 is suspended in sump 23 as detailed above with reference to FIG. 1. Because the lateral dimension of block 38, that is, the dimension perpendicular to a line between bolts 35 and 36 and perpendicular to the axis of reciprocation, i8 less than the corresponding lateral dLmension of core 31, which relationship i8 best seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, and becau~e of the access via side openings provided by the axial spacing of block 38 from core 30 dae to mounting pads 38c and 38d ~FIG.
2), oil splashed upwardly by the reciprocating action of com-pressor 20 will enter the chamber 31a (FIG. 3) between core 30 and block 38. Splashed oil which contact3 the minor diameter face of armature 40 will be thrust into chamber 39 against the back of piston 42 by the reciprocating action of the armature.
Thi~ oil will lubricate the sides of chamber 39 in the area of sliding contact with piston 42.
A valve plate and cylinder head assembly 51 i8 mounted on cylinder block 38 by means of bolts 52. The ~uction and dis-charge valves, the valve plate assembly, and the cylinder head may each be any one of the several standard designs known to tho art and do not form a part of this invention. In a 450 BTU/Hr working embodiment of compressor 20 to be discussed in detail hereinaftor, valve plate assombly 51 i~ an adaptation of tho valve system from a commercially available Model AE
ComproJsor manufactured by Tecumseh Products Company of TecumJeh, Nichigan. Valve assembly 51 will not be discussed further except by reference during the discussion of the assembly and operation of the compressor.
The economical method of assembling compressor 20 may be best understood by reference to FIG. 4 in which compre3sor 20 i~ shown being as3embled on an assembly surface 80. Cylinder bloc~ 38 is fir~t placed head-end down on the assembly surface.

3~43 Then magnetic circuit 30 is loosely placed on the accurately machined seating surface~ 38a and 38b of block 38 with the ~-respective bolt holes of the core and block roughly aligned.
The armature rod assembly, consisting of clamp 50, armature 40 and piston 42 all mounted on armature rod 41, i8 then seated in the magnetic circuit by being piloted piston-end first into chamber 39 until the piston extends sufficiently into chamber 39 such that the conical armature is seated against the pole faces 32c and 32d which doine conical air-gap 34. Note in FIG. 4 that in this fully inserted condition piston 42 extends beyond the head-end face 38c of cylinder block 38 by an amount of distance indicated "b" when armature 40 abuts the pole faces.
The purpose of this extension will be explained in the discussion of the operation of the compressor motor hereinafter~ As the armature is being thus seated, the geometry of the armature and air-gap and the tight tolerance between the piston and chamber wall causes the armature rod assembly to act as a set-up ~ig which cams ~ore 31 sideways 80 as to shift it laterally on faces 38a and 38b to thereby automatically center the mag-netic circuit and cylinder block with one another and with thearmature, rod and piston. The outboard bearing plate 37 and bearing 43 is next mounted on the magnetic circuit, and then ~-bolts 35 and 36 are inserted through plate 37 and core 31 and threaded into block 38, thereby automatically aligning bearing 43 with the common axis of the air-gap and compression chamber and bringing the parts into accurated angular registry. Bolts 35 and 36 may be then tightened down to secure the sub-assembly.
In the next stage of as~embly shown in FIG. 5, end-tangs 44a, 44b and 45a, 45b of return springs 44 and 45 are inserted -~
30 and tightly clamped in ad~ustable bracket 46 and clamp 50. ; ~ ;
Bracket 46 at this stage is loosely received on a mounting po~t 37a of plate 37 80 that it can ve thereon as piston 42 is raised to rest upon a jig block 81 which is inserted below the piston in the pocket of the assembly surface 80. m e piston and armature will then be in the desired rest position, and clamp 46 i8 then tightly clamped to post 37a after the valve plate and cylinder head a~semblies 51 are mounted to the cylinder block, the motor will be ready for operation.
To operate the linear compressor motor, windings 32 and 33 must be connected to a æource of alternating current. In the embodiment of the invontion illustrated herein, the ~ource of alternating current i8 half-wave rectified utility power at ~ freguency of 60 ~z. The motor thus operates at 3600 recipro-cations per minute. It is well known in the art that maximum compressor efficiency will be achieved when tho resonant fre-quency of the compre~sor during normal operation approaches the line frequency of the exciting voltage. Thus, the natural oscillating freguency of the piston, armature, rod and return springs taken together with the norm 1 suction and discharge prossuros in the compression ch~mber should approach 60 Hz.
m e natural frequency of the return springs together with the rod, piston and armature must, therefore, be less than the frequency of exciting current. In the disclo~ed embodiment, the natural frequency of the return springs and the rod, piston and armature is preferably substantially equal to 38 Hz.
Operation of compressor 20 m~y be best understood with referonce to FIG. 6 which is a timing diagr~m depicting the relationships of selected parametors of compre~sor 20 during one cycle of lina voltage. The line voltago 60 describes a sub~tantially sinusoidal pattern over the duration of a 360 cycle time. Because compressor 20 presentæ an inductive load to line voltage 60, it is to be expected that the current 61 will lag voltage 60 and describe ~ rectified half wave which is periodic but not sinusoidal. The flux 62 through magnetic circuit _g_ : ~

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30 follows, but slightly lags, current 61. The ordinates of voltage 60, current 61 and flux 62 are measured in units of volts, amps and kilomaxwells respectively and are not to scale.
However, voltage 60, current 61 and flux 62 have a common zero ordinate reference for clarity of understanding. The armature displacement 63 is measured in units of i~ches with the zero - -displacement reference being the abutment position of armature 40 against pole faces 32c and 32d which reference position is depicted in FIG. 4. The magnetic force 64 i8 measured in units of pounds with reference to positive displacement of armature 40. Thus, magnetic force 64 which tends to move armature 40 in a negative direction, that is, a direction toward the zero dis-placement reference, is shown executing a negative excursion from the zero magnetic reference point. Similarly, spring force 65, which i9 the force exerted upon armature 40 by spring~
44 and 45, and pressure force 66, which is the force exerted on the compression face of piston 42, are measured in units of .
pounds with reference to a positive axial displacement armature 40~ that is, a spring or pressure force which tends to move -~
armature 40 in the direction of positive axial displacement is considered to be a positive force. Magnetic force 64, ~pring force 65 and pressure force 66 have a common zero ordinate reference for clarity of understanding. The abscissa of FIG. 6 i8 mea~ured in unit~ of electrical time in degrees of a single ~-cycle of line voltage 60. It should be noted with respect to FIG. 6 that, while the signals shown therein are not to scale, the geometry of each signal i8 duplicated from te~t re~ults ~;
based upon the 450 BTU/Hr working embodiment to be set forth in detail hereinafter. ~;
In the operation of compressor 20 voltage 60 begins a positive excursion at electrical time zero degrees and induces current 61 in the windings of magnetic circuit 30. Current 61 :

.'' -induces, in turn, flux 62 in core 31 and armature 40. Thus, ;-starting at zero degrees electrical time, magnetic force 64 gradually increases (in the negative direction) and urges armature 40, and therefore piston 42, in the negative displacement direc-tion. It will be noted from FIG. 6 that, at time zero degrees, armature 40 i8 moving in the positive displacement direction whieh means that, at the beginning of an electrieal eycle, the armature is executing its return stroke, as oppo~ed to its compression stroke, as a result of the momentum imparted to the moving assembly eomprising armature 40, rod 41, pi~ton 42 and elamp 50 by return spring~ 44 and 45 during the preceding eleetr$eal eycle. Spring force 65 is negative at time zero degrees indicating that springs 44 and 45 are in compression and exert a foree on armature 40 in the negative displacement direction. Thus, shortly after time zero deqrees~ magnetie foree 64 eooperates with spring foree 65 to work against the momentum of the assembly to arrest positive di~plaeemont thereof and begin movement in the negative direetion.
At an eleetrical time of 90 degreos, displacement 63 has reaehed its maximum value and the moving a~sembly has reaehed it~ ~top d-ad pDint" of operation. The a~sembly will begin to move ln the negative direetion. As is to be expected, at time 90 degrees ~pring force 65 has reaehed it~ maximum negative or eompression value and will begin to move in the positive direetion. Magnetie foree 64 will eontinue to inerea~e in a negative direetion as eurrent 61 and resulting flux 62 inoreases. ;~
Armature 40 And piston 42 now ve in the negative displaeement or working direetion toward the head-end of pump ehamber 39, eompre~sing the ga~ in ehamber 39 to a desired diseharge pressure ;
at whieh the diseharge valve will open.
When moving in the negative displaeement direetion, armature 40 will eventually pa~s its neutral position 80 that springs 44 .

~4;~
and 45 go into ten~ion and begin to retard further negative displacement of the moving assembly. In FIG. 6 this neutral or zero spring force position is achieved at an electrical time of approximately 208 degrees. It should be noted that at time 208 degrees flux 62 has already passed it~ maximum point and has begun to decline toward zero.
When magnetic force 64 and the rate of change of momentum of the moving mass 40, 41, 42 and 50 is equal to the sum of spring force 65 exerted on armature 40 by return springs 44 and 45 in tension and pressure force 66 exerted on the face of piston 42 by the compressed gas in chamber 39, positive di~-placement is arrested and the armature and piston reach their ~;~
~bottom dead point" of operation. In FIG. 6 this occurs at an electrical time of approximately 265 degrees. It should be noted that at this "bottom dead point~ time flux 62 in magnetic circuit 30 is less than half of its maximum value.
Magnetic force 64 will continue to decline after bottom dead point time 265 degree~ 80 that spring force 65 and pressure force 66 govern movement of the armature and piston and return the ving assombly in the positive displacement or return direction. Winding currcnt 61 reache~ a zero value at time 320 d-grees. Because the current is rectified, voltage 60 returns to zero at this time. The moving assembly comprising armature 40, rod 41, piston 42 and clamp 50 continue motion in the po~itive displacement or return direction under the influonce of pressure force 66 and spring force 65. Positive dlsplaceme~t 63 will ~ntinue to increase until the moving assembly reaches its top dead point of operation under the influence of the spring and magnetic forces as outlined above.
In prior linear-motor compressors of the type which include a cylindrical armature and air-gap, the armature is attracted into the air-gap and made to do work until it reaches a point at which its top and bottDm end faces are flush with the faces defining the axially opposite ends of the air-gap. At this point, the armature completely fills the air-gap and, since the air ~pace between the armature and pole faces i5 con~tant, the reluctance of the total magnetic circuit is at a minimum.
The armature can thus be made to do no further work in that cycle. It has apparently been as3umed by others in the art that this constraint will also apply to a linear motor having a conical armature and air-gap; this, however, is not the ca~e.
Indeed, maximum compressor efficiency is obtained when the conical armature "fills the air-gap~ at the point of maximum flux and, since this maximum flux point will not necessarily occur at the "bottom dead point" of operation, it is advan-tagoous to have the armature continue through the air-gap beyond this flush point. Since the air space between the conical armature and opposing pole faces is no longer constant and is, in fact, a function of axial displacement, the reluctance of the total magnetic circuit will continue to decrease even though part of the armature is moving out of the air-gap.
Returning to FIG. 4, it can be seen that armature 40 extends out of the air-gap a distance "a" when piston 42 extends a di~tance "b" beyond the end face of cylinder block 38. The flush condition will exist when the minimum diameters of the armature and air-gap are coplanar--i.e., when a - 0. It is undesirable to allow armature 40 to strike the pole face~; for this reason, distance "a" i~ made much larger than distance "bn. The piston will thus strike the valve plate before the armature can reach the pole faces, which prevents the armature from striking the pole faces.
~eferring to FIG. 6, it will be seen that the ~bottom dead point~ of operation i~ achieved at an electrical time of about 265 degrees. At this time flux 62 in magnetic circuit 30 is less than half of its maxim~m value. Armature 40 is to be positioned on rod 41 so that the armature is flush with pole pieces 32a and 32b at an electrical time of approximately 180, at which time flux 62 achieves its maximum value. This may be accomplished by modifying the diameter of air-gap 34 vis-a-vis the diameter of armature 40, while maintaining identical included ;`
angles of taper, so that, when piston 42 is in the set-up position shown in FIG. 4, armature 40 extends through the air-gap a distance calculated to achieve the desired flush position at the desired time based upon the test results shown in FIG. 6. Re-ferring again to FIG. 4, in the 450 BTU/Hr working embodiment of the compressor, armature 40 is positioned to extend approxi-mately .350 inches beyond pole pieces when piston 42 extends .030 inches beyond the head-end of cylinder block 38.
The minimum air space between the pole faces and the armature will exist when the piston abuts the valve plate assembly. In the disclosed embodiment this minimum space, that is, the minimum di~tance from a pole face to the armature 8 measured in a direction perpendicular to the pole face, i8 substantially .0035 inches.
It would, of course, be undesirable to allow the piston to continually strike the valve plate during normal operation.
Howev~r, as i8 well known in the art, compre~sion efficiency i8 optimized when the distance between the piston face and the valvs plate approaches zero at the ~bottom dead point" of opera- -tion. Magnetic force, spring force and compression force must be thus opt~ized to achieve maximum compression efficiency with-out allowing the piston to strike the valve plate.
While it has been stated for purpo~es of explaining the operation of the compressor of FIGS. 1-5 that the armature moves "into" and "out of~ the air-gap, it will be appreciated from the discussion immediately above that the armature need ,,s' not move "entirely out of the air-gap" nor for that matter need "a major portion thereof" be located outside of the air-gap at the "top dead point" of operation, contrary to the dis-closures in the United States Barthalon patents 3,542,495 and 3,461,806 respectively. Indeed, in the embodiment dis-closed herein, which operates at 450 BTU/Hr at standard rating point conditions, the total compression stroke is only .8 i-inches, and the armature exposure at the "top dead point" of operation is less than S0 per cent.
When the magnetic circuit reluctance characteristics de-tailed above have been defined--i.e., a substantially linear reluctance curve over the entire stroke length and an armature flush condition at the time of maximum flux--then the included angle of taper of armature 40 and air-gap 34 may be specified.
As stated above, it has been found that, under the above re-cited conditions, a piston extension dimension "b" of .030 inches yields good results. To achieve this dimension, the included angle of taper of the armature and air-gap should be at least 10, and a range of taper included angles between 10 and 14 is preferred.
The aforementioned Barthalon patents teach that the efficiency of a linear motor will be optimized if the reluc-tance of the magnetic circuit varies linearly with armature movement. As the aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 3,947,155 ~' teaches, the stability of a pump which may occasionally operate below atmospheric pressure, such as a refrigeration compressor, will be enhanced if the linear reluctance curve also has a low slope. The various design parameters have been optimized in the present compressor motor to achieve this desired result. Whi1e it is not necessary to have the angle

4;~ ;
of taper of the armature identical to that of the air-gap, it has been found that this condition gives the best overall results. It has also been found that the best results are achieved if the net cross section of the armature, that is, the cross sectional area of the armature taken on a plane through the center of the armature parallel to the axis of movement ~
and excluding the armature rod, is equal to about 80 per cent ~;
of the effective cross sectional area of the pole piece. The effective cross sectional area of the pole piece is that area taken on a plane parallel to the axis of movement of the arma~
ture and perpendicular to the flux through the pole piece.
The shape of this cross section should be substantially square rather than rectangular to achieve the minimum winding length per unit of desired flux. The gross cross sectional area of the armature, that is, the cross sectional area of the armature ~-taken as above but including the armature rod, should be greater than the effective cross sectional area of the pole , piece. This arrangement yields good results, particularly when an armature rod of magnetically permeable material is used to increase the "magnetic cross section" of the armature.

The reluctance curve of the above-mentioned 450 BTU/Hr embodiment i8 shown in FIG. 7. In the curve 70 of FIG. 7 the abscissa is in inches of displacement as measured from the condition of FIG. 4 when the armature is seated in the magne- ~
tic core. The ordinate measurement of reluctance indicates -that minimum reluctance at the position of FIG. 4 is approxi-mately .001 ampere-turns per maxwell. It has been found that an excessive slope angle 71 is accompanied by frequent impact ~ -~
of piston 42 upon valve plate 51, while an insufficient slope results in loss of mechanical efficiency and a reduced range of conditions for successful operation. It will be no~ed - -,',:. .:

lio~
that reluctance curve 70 is substantially linear over the entire stroke of .8 inches and has a slope of approximately .022 ampere-turns per maxwell-inch. The parameters of this 450 BTU/Hr working embodiment which contribute to this low- -~
sloped, linear reluctance curve, and the consequent high com-pressor efficiency, are set forth in the discussion of the working embodiment detailed hereinafter.
An alternative to the three-turn paired spring arrangement in the compressor of FIG. 1 is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. An outboard bearing and spring retainer plate 100 is clamped to magnetic circuit 30 and cylinder block 38 by the tie bolts 102 and 104. Plate 100 has a pair of spring retainers 106 and 108 each of which fixedly clamps one end of the zero pitch linear springs 110 and 112. Respective straight end-tang ter-minations llOa and 112a at the outboard end of springs 110 and 112 are clamped into associated holes 106a a~d 108a of clamps 106 and 108 by means of screws 114 and 116 which traverse associated bracket splits leading to each of the clamp holes.
End-tangs llOb and 112b are similarly clamped to armature 40 i~;~
by means of spring cla~p plate 50.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, depending upon the manufacturing technique used to fabricate the spring~, a "zero pitch" spring will have a pitch between zero and the diameter of the spring material. Where straight end-tangs are required, the spring is usually fir~t coiled on a circular mandrel or jig with the end-tangs extending tan-gentially from the coil. The end-tangs are then bent to positions perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The pitch of the spring thus formed will be substantially equal to zero within some tolerance range which depends upon the resilience .. ~:' ,'."
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~4~4~ ~-of the material used to wind the spring.
There are approximately .92 turns of spring material in springs 110 and 112. End-tangs llOa and llOb of spring 110 are thus laterally spaced from each other allowing room for spring ~ ~ `
112 to pass therethrough before terminating in clamp 50. Sim- ~; -ilarly, end-tangs 112a and 112b are spaced to allow passage of spring 110 therebetween, thereby internesting the springs. ~ ;
In this geometry the coils of springs 110 and 112 are aligned with a line connecting tie bolts 102 and 104 rather than being ~;
perpendicular therewith and are contained within the lateral perimeter of compressor 20 defined by magnetic circuit 30, thereby reducing the lateral and axial dimensions of the com~
pressor. Furthermore, with the coils of springs 110 and 112 disposed in axial proximity to magnetic circuit 30, housing 21 which encompasses compressor 20 may assume an eliptical shape which is believed to reduce the level of acoustical noise eminating from an operating unit.

~ ...... : ..
The zero pitch internesting springs shown in FIGS. 8 and -~
9 have the additional advantage of reducing the twisting forces imparted upon armature 40 almost to zero. This reduction in ~ -the torsion or twisting forces on the armature and springs results in long spring life and helps maintai~ armature 40 within air-gap 34 during axial reciprocation thereof.
As shown in FIG. 2, magnetic core 31 comprises stacked laminations attached in a manner well known in the art. Al- ~ ;
ternatively and preferably, the magnetic core may be comprised of first and second inner loops spirally wound of magnetic strip material with the loops placed in abutment and banded ;
together by an outer loop of the same magnetic strip material.
Such a core 120 is shown in FIG. 10 and is constructed by ...
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:
first separately winding a pair of identical inner loops 122 and 124 of magnetic strip material to form spiral wrap pattern 126. When loop 122 has reached the desired thickness, the strip material may be terminated and tacked as shown at 128. When loop 124 has reached the desired thickness, the strip material is to be tacked as at 130, but need not be ter- ;
minated. Loops 122 and 124 are then placed in flat end abut-ment on plane 129 and the magnetic strip material extending from tack 130, or a separate strip material tacked onto either loop at a convenient attachment point, is wound around the ex-posed periphery of the dual loop subassembly to form an outer convoluted loop 132 which holds inner loops 122 and 124 tightly together as disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,431,128, which issued on November 18, 1947 in the name of E. A. Link. Conical air~
gap 134 is then machined in the area of abutment of inner loops 122 and 124. Windings 32 and 33 will be wound about the opposing pole pieces and will have magnetic communication carried entirely by the inner loops. For this reason, outer loop 132 may be of any convenient material. The magnetic core shown in FIG. 10 is more easily assembled and has ~ess waste material than stacked lamination core 31.
~ IG. 11 is a perspective view of conical air-gap 134 after the air-gap is first machined into the area of abutment of first and second loops 122 and 124. When the minor diameter of gap 134 is less than the width of the core (i.e., the dimen-sion perpendicular to plane 129), then the pole pieces 136 and ~ ;
. . :.
138, rather than being isolated from each other, are connectedby the magnetic bridges or connections 140 and 142 on either side of the machined gap. In order to prevent a short in the magnetic circuit and to facilitate the mounting of windings "',, .
. ~ .

-19- ' . '' "'' ~ ' ~V4~43 ::
32 and 33 upon pole pieces 136 and 138, connections 140 and 142 must be removed at a second machining stage in the fabri- -cation of magnetic core 120.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of air-~ap 134 in magnetic core 120 after bridges 140 and 142 have been removed. Bridges 140 and 142 have been removed by machinin~ across the faces of ~ -pole pieces 136 and 138 in a pair of planes X and Y respec-tively perpendicular to the central axis of poles 136 and 138 and parallel to but displaced on opposite sides of the axis Of reciprocation. ~hen the distance between planes X and Y
is less than the maximum diameter of gap 13~, this machining will produce in these planes the triangular coplanar exposed gap surfaces 140x, 142x, and 140y, 142y upon opposing faces of pole pieces 136 and 138 respectively. When the gap between planes X and Y is to be only sufficient to allow insertion of windings 32 and 33, a distance between the planes of 16.7 per cent of the cross-sectional area of the poles is sufficient.
However, it has been discovered pursuant to the present invention that compressor operation is enhanced when the dis-tance between planes X and Y is increased beyond this 16.7 percent figure. In a specific 450 BTU/Hr working embodiment of the present invention having 1.5 inch-square poles, the dis-tance between planes X and Y was increased to .8 inches or approximately 35.5 per cent of *he cross-sectional area of the poles. This arrangement yielded the results shown in FIG.
13 when compared to a similar 450 BTU/Hr unit with a planar gap of .375 inches or 16.7 per cent. In FIG. 13 BTU/Hr output is plotted versus evaporation temperature. Dashed curve 150 depicts the output of the .375 inch unit over a wide range of evaporation temperatures while curve 152 represents the output ~ ~ .

~4;~
of the .~ inch unit over the same range. It can be seen that the two units perform equally at rating point conditions--point 154--and perform similarly at evaporation temperatures lower than rating point. However, at higher evaporation temperatures the performance of the .375 inch unit falls off much more rapidly than the performance of the 18 inch unit. It should be noted that the curves of FIG. 13 were plotted from actual test results and are to scale.
Strip would core 120 may replace laminated core 31 in compressor 20 of FIG. 2. In this preferred compressor assembly, tie bolts 35 and 36 pass through a pair of subst~ntially tri-angular apertures 131 and 133 which are formed in the area of abutment of inner loops 122 and 124 and are bounded by the inner loops and outer loop 132 as best seen in FIG. 10. Aper-tures 131 and 133 afford core 120 a greater degree of lateral "slop" in the assembly stage, thus facilitating the automatic alignment process discussed above with respect to FIG. 4. In addition, since the individual wraps or laminations of core 120 are layered in a direction perpendicular to the axis of recip-rocation and to the axes of tie bolts 35 and 36, the retention ;
stresses exerted by the tie bolts are taken edgewise by each wrap instead of parallel to the thickness dimension of each wrap. Hence, the core laminations or wraps are not subjected to bolt forces tending to squeeze them together. Due to this orientation of the bolts parallel to the lateral or width ~-~
dimension of the wraps, the strip wound core is not compressible in the direction of tightening of the tie bolts. For this reason, it is easier to hold alignment tolerances when core 120 is used. ~-The material disclosed above with reference to FIGs. 1 to -~

.- : .

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7, as well as the general concept of fabricating the air-gap as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, are the subject of the afore-mentioned U. S. Patent No. 3,947,155. This material is dis-closed herein to facilitate understanding of the present invention and because it is the best method presently known ~ -for practicing the invention.
Several working embodiments of compressor 20 have been built and tested; one such embodiment is the 450 BTU/Hr (nominal) unit mentioned above and drawn to scale in FI~,S. 1-5. By way of example and not by way of limitation, the parameters which contribute to the low-slope linear reluctance curve and the resulting high compressor efficiency at rating point conditions are as follows:
mass of piston 42. . . . . . . 0.17 lbm - ~ -mass of armature 40. . . . . . 0.8 lbm mass of rod 41 . . . . . . . . 0.13 lbm mass of clamp 50 . . . . . . . 0.12 lbm ;
effective mass of springs 44 ;
and 45 (1/3 actual mass). . 0.08 lbm rate of springs 44 and 45 . . . 200 lb/in : . . .: . .
material of rod 41 . . . . . . 1060 steel net cross-sectional area of armature 40 . . . . . . . . 1.76 sq. in.
gross cross-sectional area -of armature 40 (and 41). . . 2.32 sq. in.
effective cross-sectional -area of pole pieces 32a and - -32b. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25 sq. in.
resistance of windings 32 ;
and 33 . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10 ohms number of turns in windings 32 and 33 . . . . . . . . . 400 refrigerant suction pressure . 4.4 psig `
refrigerant discharge pressure 180 psig ts ~f~

refrigerant temperature enter-ing compressor housing. . . . 90F
bore . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.156 inches dia.
f 1~Y path area . . . . . . . . 2.25 s~. in.
In the working embodiment with the above exemplary parameters, the following results were measured at refrigeration industry standard rating point conditions after lO,000 hours of oper-ation:
capacity. . . . . . 485 BTU/Hr power input . . . . 134 watts efficiency . . . . 3.62 BTU/watt-hour (Weston) In addition, the following results, which are difficult to accurately measure in a working linear compressor, were cal-culated from a computer analysis of the 450 8TU/Hr model, the analysis being similar to that set forth above with reference to FIG. 6:
length of stroke. . . . . . . . 0.54 in.

position of A/C power cycle at 1I top dead point" of operation . . . . . 91 degrees position of A/C power cycle at flush position. . . . 207 degrees current at flush position . . . 4.9 amps flux at flush position . . . . 213 kilomaxwells position of A/C power at maximum flux . . . . . . . 180 d~grees --current at maximum flux . . . . 7 amps maximum flux . . . . . . . . . 231 kilomaxwells spring force at "top dead pointll of operation . . . . . . . . . . -70 lbf spring force at llbottom dead point" of operation . . . f 38 lbf : :' 4~ ~
.. ........ .
position of A/C power at opening of discharge valve . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 degrees As discussed above, reluctance curve 70 at FIG. 7 indicates that this embodiment achieved the objective of having a low-sloped, linear reluctance curve. Furthermore, the above data indicates that the objective of achieving maximum flux at the flush position has been achieved within 8 per cent.
From the foregoing description, it will now be apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, an improved moving-iron linear compressor motor that fully satisfies the objects and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, ,,:, . . .
modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. It will be further apparent that, while the invention has been disclosed and exemplified in connection with a refrigeration system, `
. . .
the invention is egually applicable to other types of refrig-erant systems and that, indeed, many principles of the inven-tion may be applied generally to gas pumps, such as air com-pressors or the like. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and varia-tions as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the ;
appended claims.

': `'-:
.

Claims (5)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. In an electromagnetic compressor of the type including a gas pump having a pumping chamber, a magnetic circuit including means fixedly attached to said pump and having an air-gap, and reciprocating means attached to a pumping member and disposed to axially reciprocate within said air-gap, means for magnetically activating said magnetic circuit to drive said reciprocating means in a first direction, and return means operatively connected to said reciprocating means to drive said reciprocating means in a direction opposite to said first direction, said return means including a pair of parallel coil springs, means clamping one end of each said springs in fixed relation to said magnetic circuit, and means clamping the other end of each said springs to said reciprocating means, the improvement wherein said coil springs comprise a pair of linear coil springs having substantially zero pitch.

2. The improvement set forth in claim 1 for use in a moving-iron linear-motor compressor wherein said reciprocating means comprises a magnetically permeable armature.

3. The improvement set forth in claim 2 wherein each of said springs has less than one coil turn, and wherein the coils of said springs are internested.

4. The improvement set forth in claim 3 wherein each of said internested springs has substantially .92 coil turns.

5. The improvement set forth in claim 3 wherein each of said zero pitch springs has a single convolution at constant equal diameters, said springs being disposed in side-by-side internested relationship between said clamping means and said reciprocating means, axes of said springs being on respectively opposite sides of the axis of reciprocation of said reciprocating means.