AU598116B2 - Acoustic range finding system - Google Patents

Description

598116 -1- COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 44 The Patents Act 1952-1969 P~crbez4L-1 I1 3 iU51Tie.s twvTa~ &--oup j tic-, Name of Applicant: Address of Applicant: Actual Inventor: eANADIAN -CORPORATE MANAGEMENT, -COMPANY LIMI-T-ED- -7.3 0 THE. KLNGSWA-,., PETERBOROUGH-, c~u2Q- W OT ONTARIO, O1c ,GAN.ADA IM9 7B2 (!fT6r i o I C-&)AZPt STEVEN J. WOODWARD Address for Service: G.R. CULLEN COMPANY, Patent Trade Mark Attorneys Dalgety House, 79 Eagle Street, BRISBANE. QLD. 4000.

AUSTRALIA,

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR THE INVENTION ENTITLED: "ACOUSTIC RANGE B 1 INDL.aG SYSTEM" The following statement is a full description of the invention including the best method of performing it k~nown to us: -a- ACOUSTIC RANGE FINDING SYSTEM This invention relates to acoustic range finding systems of the type in which an electro-acoustic transducer transmits a pulse of acoustic energy towards a surface whose distance is to be measured, and subsequent signals received from the transducer are monitored to determine the temporal location of an echo from that surface.

In practice, problems arise in resolving the wanted true echo from other signals produced by the I, transducer or its connections. Our U. S. Patent No.

4,596,144 describes methods of detecting a true echo in an ultrasonic range findinq system which are essentially of a statistical nature, and not only identify an echo resulting from a particular shot but are capable of quantifying the degree of assurance that a selected echo is a true echo.

o 15 This latter information may be utilized in determining whether additional shots are required to provide reliable data.

All of the echo extraction techniques described in U. S. Patent No. 4,596,144 have the following steps in common: 2 1. An echo profile is formed by taking one or more shots, applying transmit pulses to the transducer, and recording a series of digitized samples of the received signal to form a database characterizing the echo profile.

2. The first part of the echo profile is blanked in order to cover over the transmit pulse and some transducer ringing. In orde. to obtain acceptable efficiency, the transducer must have a reasonably high quality factor or Q, and this results in an exponentially decaying oscillation of the transducer which continues after the end of the tr.ansmit pulse and initially forms the major portions of the transducer output to a receiver which processes the transducer output.

Although the start of the echo profile coincides with the start of the transmit pulse, the useful echo information occurs after the end of blanking.

3. A reference curve is formed. The curve starts at a fixed start point and then follows the profile.

4. The most probably correct echo is selected by comparing the echo profile with the reference curve.

Certain problems arise in the application of these techniques. These problems are illustrated in Figures 1A, 1B and XC, which are graphs illustrating the processing of signals received by a transducer following a shot.

Firstly, it is desirable to set the start point of the reference curve 106 low in order to confidently ii 111__4 i. -J I*-1ii -3 detect valid close-in echoes 108 (see Figur" 1A). On the other hand it is desirable to set the start point high so that the reference curve will clear the unblanked portion S110 of the transducer ringing following the blanked portion 102, otherwise the ringing may be deemed to be the correct echo in step 4 (see Figure 1B).

In the apparatus described in U. S. Patent No.

4,596,144, the start point may be set manually by entering a value from the keyboard, or automatically. To set the start point automatically, the operator must first ensure that the material level is well down from the transducer, and then by use of the keyboard instruct the computer to calculate a start point which will cause the reference curve to clear the transducer ringing following the blanking interval 100. The start point cannot be set with a full bin because the valid close-in echo may appear to be transducer ringing and the start point would be set high to clear this echo 108 (see Figure 1C), with resultant detection of a spurious echo 112.

A further problem arlses because of variations in transducer ringing. The ringing may increase for the following reasons: 1. An increase or decrease irn temperature.

2. A change in the mounting of the transducer; for example, the mounting bolts of the transducer may be tightened.

3. Natural aging of the transducer.

4. Replacement of the transducer.

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4 The operator must recognize these factors and set the start point high enough to clear the worst case of expected ringing. If the start point is too high then valid close-in echoes will not be detected. If the start point is set too low then the apparatus may initially operate correctly, but a change of season will probably cause an increase in ringing and the start point must then be increased. If a compromise cannot be achieved then the blanking interval 100 must be increased so that less of the ringing is seen. The disadvantage of increasing the blanking is that levels in the top portion of the bin cannot be measured, and the useful height of the bin is thus reduced.

Furthermore, the fact that transducer performance may vary within a wide range, and that connections to the transducer may pick up electrical noise, makes it difficult reliably to detect defective transducers or transducer wiring.

In transmitter design a trade off is made in selecting the transmit pulse width. A narrow pulse width has the effect of shifting the ringing to the left, when viewed graphically, simply because the end of transmission occurs sooner. The position of the echo remains the same and therefore close-in echoes will stand out more above the ringing. A wide transmit pulse has the effect of producing the largest possible return echo, even in the presence of air currents which tend to disperse the sound wave, as often happens with distant targets.

Much effort has been directed to improving transducer performance, but in the present state of the art it is not possible to consistently manufacture a transducer with low and stable ringing while still maintaining other desirable features such as high sound output and rugged construction.

Although reliable operation throughout the full height of the bin is important, operation in the top region Sof the bin is frequently considered to be critical. A I failure to indicate the correct level in the top region 5 could result in the bin being overfilled.

SA solution to the above problems would thus be highly desirable.

Objects of this aspect of the present invention i thus include the ability to relieve an operator from any i 10 involvement in setting the starting point or similar Sparameter, the ability to have the system continuously and j automatically compensate for changes in transducer ringing, the ability to automiatically adjust the operation of the system so that close-in echo detection is improved without compromising far echo detection, and the ability to detect j defective or absent transducers or transducer connections, We have found that it is possible to make effective use of the initial portion of the transducer response to overcome these problems, by extending the recorded series of digitized samples so as to represent essentially the entire receiver response to a transmit pulse rather than excluding the initial portion which was previously not considered useful because it mainly comprised signals generated by high amplitude ringing of the transducer.

We have developed an acoustic ranging system comprising at least one electro-acoustic transducer directed towards the surface of material whose level is to be determined, a transmitter to transmit pulses of high frequency electrical energy to energize selectively each said transducer whereby to cause it to emit at least one shot of high frequency sound, a receiver receiving and -r -i u L i r _i 1- -6 amplifying electrical energy from said at least one shot regenerated by said transducer over a subsequent period, the time lapse after a shot before receipt by said receiver of energy regenerated from an echo from said surface being proportional to the distance of the origin of the echo, signal processing means comprising analog to digital converter means to sample repeatedly the output amplitude of the signal from the receiver at defined intervals and to digitize the samples; memory means to store an extended sequence of digitized samples so produced in respect of at least one shot and form therefrom a digital data base depicting an amplitude/time profile of the received signal with a resolution dependent on the sampling intervals; means to utilize the amplitude profile depicted by the data in said data base to help isolate relative to a time axis a portion of the output signal produced by at least one shot deemed most probable to correspond to a wanted echo; and means to determine a range represented by an I echo within said portion of the time axis. The memory i 20 means is adapted to store a sequence of digitized samples such as to form a digital data base depicting an amplitude/time profile of the received signal, including an initial portion normally mainly comprised by electrical signals generated by high amplitude ringing of the transducer.

The availability of the initial portion of the I received signal enables several advantages to be obtained.

Firstly, a simple test as to the presence of high ampli 1 ,ude signal samples during this initial portion will verify proper operation of the transducer, since no signals which might otherwise be present will be comparable in magnitude with the high amplitude ringing of the transducer which occurs immediately followinq termination of the transmit pulse.

recivr i te lttr i ativ drin te tanmitpuse Secondly, the transmit pulse will saturate the I thus piroducing signal samples at a reference output level from the latter from which -the values of subsequent signal samples must necessarily decline, thus automatically setting a starting point for the echo profile.

Thirdly, a separate test may be made of the samples forming the initial portion of the echo profile, thus enabling even very short range echoes to be detected. During this initial portion, in which the amplitude component of sucr-)ssive samples due to transditcer ringing will be I dec, .ning steeply, it may normally be assumed that any significant upturn inthe echo profile can only represent a Itrue echo, In the event that this separate test reveals no ocho, -then either the remaining portion of the echo profile may be tested for the presence of echoss as described in U.S.

Patent No, 4,596,144, or a further shot may be taken using a U broader -transmit pulse so as to improve the resolution of I distance echoes, We have now found -that the initial portion of the received signal may -be tested tovrtyp1roe atino the transducer, or indeed to verify -the presence of a ii transducer at a -transducer in~put being monitored, According to the inven~tion there is providoO -an acoustic ranging system comprising at least one eleotroacoustic transd-acer which, in use, is directed towards the 1, e, 4I 4, surface of material whose level is to be determined, a transmitter adapted to transmit pulses of high frequency electrical energy to energize selectively each said transducer whereby to cause it to emit at least one shot of high frequency sound, a receiver for receiving and amplifying electrical energy regenerated by said transducer from the shot being echoed back to the transducer over a subsequent period, the time lapse after the shot before receipt by said receiver of energy regenerated from an echo from said surface being proportional to the range of the transducer from the origin of the echo, signal processing means comprising analog to digital converter mea:ns to sample repeatedly the amplitude of the output signal from the receiver at defined intervals and to digitize the samples; J, memory means adapted to store an extended sequence of.

44 digitized samples so produced in respect of the shot such as to form a digital data base depicting an amplitude/time profil, )f the output signal of the receiver including an o0a initial portion normally mainly comprised by electrical c0 «0o signals generated by high amplitude ringing of the transduoe~ means to .atilize the amplitude profile depicted by the data in said data base to help isolate relative to 'a time, axis a portion of the output signal deemed most probable to correspond to a wanted echo; and means to determine the range represented by an echo within said portion of the time axis; character zed in that the acoustic ranging system o 0 sD is e o~ a 1 e4 I 8a further comprises means to test the amplitude of a sample derived from said initial portion a predetermined interval after the shot, whereby to verify the presence of ringing of the transducer.

S 5 The invention is described further with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figures 1A, lB and 1C, already described above, are graphical representations of problems associated with blanking of transducer response in acoustic ranging systems; Figure 2 is a block schematic diagram of a system in accordance with the invention; i i i L-i- i. i li, Y C .r L L i -9- Figure 3 is a flow diagram of a part of the echo processing routine utilized by the system; and Figures 4A, 4B and 4C are graphical representations illustrating the processing of echo responses in accordance with the invention.

Referring to Figure 2, the diagram shown of a computer unit is a simplified version- of that shown in Figure 1 of U. S. Patent No. 4,596,144, with the difference i that the keyboard 52 and control keys 58 of that patent j 10 are replaced by an infrared receiver 2 associated with an infrared sensor diode 4, and the division of the memory in three rather than two parts, read only memory 6, random |1 access memory 8 and non-volatile memory 10. The nonvolatile memory may be implemented by a conventional RAM with battery backup, or implemented by RAM chips with Iintegral battery backup, or by electrically alterable and erasable read only memory, or magnetic bubble remory or any other uitable technology combining the ability to j retain memory content under power down conditions with the ability to alter memory content under program control, The non-volatile memory, referred to for convenience as NOVRAM, is utilized for retaining constants which are dependent on a particular installation or configuration or which only require alteration at long intervals, such as configuration and calibration data.

The read only memory 6 contains a predetexi ined program which controls a microprocessor 12, which in turn utilizes the random access memory 8 for working memory and temporary storage of variable data, whilst constants other than those predetermined by the program itself are stored in the NOVRAM 10. The main portion of the program itself may be essentially as described in U. S. Patent No.

4,596,144 except for amendment to segregate the data addresses utilized appropriately between the memories 8 10 and 10, and any revision of the routines associated with an interface 14 to the receiver 2 so as to suit it to receive data from such a source rather than a keyboard or control keys. The program is however further developed as set forth below with reference to Figure 3, so as to Sfurther improve echo detection performance.

Further interfaces are provided to various other microprocessor peripherals. An interface 16 is provided i to a transmitter 18 sending pulses to an external i 10 ultrasonic transducer 20, and interface 22 with an analog j to digital converter 24 receiving return signals from the 1 transducer 20 via a receiver 26, and from an external temperature sensor 28. The transducer 20 and sensor 28 are appropriately mounted in relation to a bin or silo which is being monitored. An interface 32 is provided to an alarm relay unit 34, *;hich may drive alarm indicator lamps and possibly external alarm devices, whilst an interface 36 drives a digital display 38. A further interface 40 drives a digital to analog converter and current source serial data transmitter 42. Whilst the various interfaces have been shown as separate iunctional blocks, it will be understood that they may be implemented by a lesser number of physical interface circuits providing multiple ports, or may be integrated either into the peripheral circuit which they interface or into a microcomputer which may incorporate the micrroprocessor 12 and all or part of the memories 6 and 8.

The diode 4 associated with the receiver 2 can receive modulated data from an infrared source diode driven by a coding circuit, which causes the diode to emit different pulse trains according to which key of a number of keys on a separate keypad has been depressed. Tho diode, encoder, a battery powering the circuit, and the keypad, are incorporated into a small portable calibrator unit which may be constructed similarly and utilizing 1 11 similar devices, to the infrared remote control units widely used to control domestic appliances such as television sets. It should be understood however, as Sdiscussed further below, that the unit is not utilized as a remote control unit in the usual sense. The receiver 2 and diode 4 may also be similar to those utilized in remote control receivers and providing digital outputs responsive to key presses applied to a keypad on a transmitter.

In the present system, the problems discussed with reference to Figures 1A, 1B and 1C are overcome, as illusti~ted by reference to Figures 4A, 4B and 4C. In Figure 4A, a first ihot is taken using an initial short transmitted pulse 200, no blanking being utilized. Instead of blanking, a similar effect is achieved by allowing a I 15 receiver 26 associated with the transducer 20 to saturate during a transmit pulse from the transmitter 18. The saturation level 202 of the receiver can then determine 1 the start level of the reference curve, if such is i utilized, although in many cases detection of an echo 204 in the first portion of the received signal 206 may be adequately achieved merely by examining this portion for any upturn in the amplitude of the received signal, on the premise that the amplitude of ringing will be dropping sufficiently rapidly over the first portion of the curve that only a wanted echo will have sufficient amplitude to reverse the falling trend. Any change in the amplitude of Sringing will neither change the saturation level nor isignificantly affect the validity of the premise; thus in Figure 4B the level of ringing has increased, but the wanted etho can still be detected. In some cases, for example where a very strong spurious echo occurs in the first portion of the received signal, some alternative echo identification technique may be necessary; for example bl<nking of some form may be necessary to eliminate the unwanted echo. If blanking is used, 'the echo search simply begins at the point in the profile where the

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12 blanking would end, the echo profile itself remaining unblanked.

Once the initial portion of the received signal has been tested for the presence of a wanted echo, the shot sequence is complete if a wanted echo has been detected. If no wanted echo has been detected, a second shot is taken using a wider transmit pulse, a first portion of the received signal is disregarded,' and the remainder tested for a wanted echo. Since a portion of the signal equivalent to that now disregarded has already been tested for a wanted echo, the portion 208 (see Figure 4C) may be disregarded, thus ensuring that ringing of the transducer has been considerably attenuated even at the commencement of the portion of the signal being analyzed. This facilitates choice of a suitable starting point for a reference curve 210 utilized to select a wanted echo 204.

The exemplaey signal processing procedure SHOT shown in Figure 3 will now be described in more detail.

By calling a subroutine CRES, the size of sample file or data base to be formed from the received signal is calculated, based upon the range span and resolution required. The range span and resolution parameters are stored in NOVRAM or RAM and are fetched utilizing an appropriate subroutine. A test is then made of whethe? an 4o 25 initial interval 208 is greater than 5.76 ms, equivalent to a 1 metre range. If the answer is affirmative, a jump is made to routine SHOT 1, described later. Otherwise the subroutine ATTN is called which turns on an attenuator in the receiver 26 to suit its response, to strong echoes, Subsequently a subroutine FIRE is called which causes the transmitter to fire a pulse, the duration of which is determined by a parameter (in this case 8) passed in register A of microprocessor 12, and which causes the received signal to be digitized by converter 24. Since -13only a first portion of the received signal is of interest, only samples relating to this portion are stored in RAM by the subroutine FIRE so as to form a first file.

The first file is then truncated by the subroutine GRASS to remove data following the point at which the signal level falls below 50 dB, and transferred to a second file where it is processed by the subroutine RECH to select the first echo with a rising edge greater than an amount set by a parameter stored in NOVRAM, and to return in various registers the elapsed time to the echo and various parameters of the echo, and the confidence level that a wanted echo has been detected. The confidence level in this instance is considered to be the height of the rising edge of the echo provided that the echo peak has a predetermined minimum amplitude and the elapsed time corresponds to a range less than 1 metre, failing which a confidence level of zero is returned, indicating failure to detect a wanted echo. A test is then made to determine whether a suitable echo was found, failing which execution jumps to subroutine SHOT 1 If an echo was detected, SI execution jumps to label AGIT discussed further below.

In routine SHOT 1, the subroutine ATTN is again called, but with a different parameter so as to disable the receiver attenuator since the signals of interest will be at a lower level. The subroutine FIRE is called, also with passage to a different parameter (40) corresponding to a much longer transmit pulse, in this example five times longer than the short pulse, and an extended range of samples corresponding to the full required span is stored in the first file by the subroutine FIRE. The stored data is then filtered by the subroutine NSPK to remove spikes and interference from the data which are of too short a duration to represent valid echoes, and transferred to the second file. A reference curve is then formed in the second file utilizing the data from the

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i i 14 second file to determine a start point and then form a smoothed curve from which echo information has been filtered by forming running averages of groups of successive samples. The second file is then reloaded with the data from the first file, and a first portion of the data is blanked by subroutine BLANK, whereafter the reference curve is then shifted upwardly by a subroutine AHVL so that it intersects with the largest echo at midpoint. Thereafter a subroutine -FECH selects the earliest echo of sufficient amplitude extending above the reference curve, returning similar data in the same registers as those used by the subroutine RECH. In this context, "sufficient amplitude" may be some fraction, typically half, of the amplitude of the largest echo. In this instance the confidence level is considered to be the difference between the selected echo and the next largest echo. If no valid echo is detected, the confidence level is zero.

A call is then made to a subroutine RING. This subroutine tests the amplitude of the echo profile stored in memory at a predetermined interval after the commencement of the transmit pulse. In the example being considered, the transmit pulse is 1 millisecond wide and the amplitude is tested 2 milliseconds after the commencement of the pulse, i.e. 1 millisecond after the end of the pulse, these timings being of course exemplary.

If the stored amplitude which is tested fails to reach a certain threshold level, certain variables are set to zero to indicate that the results of that shot should be ignored and that the transducer to which the transmit pulse was applied is probably defective or out of circuit. With an operative transducer, the effect of the transmit pulse will be to produce an initially rapidly decaying "ringing'" of the transducer, which must have a fairly high Q in order to provide reasonable efficiency of operation. By testing the amplitude of the received signal a predetermined time r 1 15 15 after the end of the transmit pulse, the presence of a normal amplitude of ringing can be verified. The timing of the test is preferably such that it is sooner than any echo could normally be expected, and before the amplitude of the ringing has dropped to a level at which it is comparable to noise that may occur in the received signal.

Whilst known ultrasonic level systems frequently incorporate means to indicate "loss of echo", such loss of echo may arise from various catuses such as high noise levels during filling of containers, inability to select between multiple echoes, and short or open circuit faults in the transducer or its connecting cable due to failure or physical damage. Not only are existing systems unable to discriminate between possible causes of loss of echo, but the case of an open or short circuit transducer fault, the connecting cable may still pick up noise which may be mistaken for echoes. This problem is more severe with open circuit faults, but can also occur with short circuit faults in transducers used to monitor low level echoes through long cables.

The ringing amplitude test described above permits reliable detection of open or short circuit faults, since ringing will be absent or of much reduced amplitude, thus making the loss of echo indication more reliable, and 25 providing warning of faults. In a multipoint scanning system, the test will automatically determine which points have operative transducers, thus enabling transducers to bt. brought into and taken out of service without reprogramming.

A subroutine AGIT is then called which stores the echo parameters passed by the subroutine RECH or FECH, and tests the validity of the data. If the confidence level is zero, then previous echo data is retained, and the stored confidence level is set to zero. Otherwise, 16the echo position is tested against a window containing a previously stored echo position (or such a window is formed if necessary from the new echo), and parameters representing confidence level, echo position, window duration and window starting point are updated in RAM if necessary. The echo time delay is then calculated by subroutine ETD and stored as a further parameter to complete the routine.

According to the confidence level obtained and other factors, the SHOT routine may then be repeated if necessary, as set forth in U. S. Patent No. 4,596,144.

It will be understood that the hardware and 0: routines described are exemplary only of those that may be utilized to implement the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

For example, the SHOT 1 routine may advantageously be utilized with a medium length transmitted I pulse, even without the preceding use of a short pulse if o° rapid operation is important. The SHOT 1 routine is particularly useful in isolating valid echoes in liquid level measurements in tanks where reflections may occur between the liquid and the top of the tank. Furthermore, even if the short pulse routine produces an apparently valid echo, the SHOT 1 routine could be utilized, and if 25 that too produces an apparently valid echo, then a determination could be made as to which was the true echo, This technique may be useful when structural features of the enclosure being monitored tend to result in spurioL\s short range echoes.

Moreover, the SHOT routine may be utilized with a single transmitted pulse, with the subroutine ATTN deleted and the subroutine FIRE omitted from the SHOT 1 routine. The principal advantage of using an initial short 17 transmitted pulse to test for short range echoes is that a short pulse advances the point in time at which transducer ringing begins to decay, thus simplifying echo detection at very short ranges. In many applications, a single medium length shot may provide adequate performance, particularly if the sample data base collected in the first file is processed in two stages as described.

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Claims (6)

1. 2. system according to Claim 1, chav.aterized in that said memory means is adapted to store samples of the receiver output signal occurring during said shot, and the receiver is saturable by the transmitter.
2. 3. A system according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the transmitter is adapted to transmit both relatively short pulses and long pulses, further comprising means to derive samples of said initial portion from energy regenerated by said transducer from a short pulse, and to derive samples of the remainder of the receiver output signal from energy regenerated by said transducer from a long pulse.
3. 4. A method of acoustic ranging in which a pulse of acoustic energy is transmitted from a t. .asducer which is also utilized to receive an echo reflected from the surface of material whose level it is desired to detect, and in which a profile of the variation of the output of the transducer with time following the pulse is stored and examined in order to detect the echo, the profile including a period immediately following the transmission of the pulse during which the -transducer is ringing at a high amplitude as a result of transmission of said pulse, characterised in that the amplitu~de of ringing of an electrical signal generated by the transducer excited by said -transmit pulse is tested following termination of the -transmit pulse to verify normal operation of the transducer, A method according to Claim 4, characterized in that a sequence of samples of signals from the transducer are digitized and stored, and wherein a sample from a specific position in said sequence is tested to verify the amplitude of ringing of the transducer at that point in the sequence, the sample being selected so that -the amplitude of ringing of a functional transducer will be high compared to any anticipated noise signal,
4. 6. A method according to Claim 5, characterized in B that signal.s fromu a plurality of transducer outputs are monitored, the presence or absence of ringing of predetermined amtplitude in the selected sample of signals raceived from a particular output being utilized to determine whether the transducer at that output is operative,
5. 7. A method according to Claim 4, 5 Or 6, characterized in that the transducer output is ampliied by a receiver prior to examination, the dynamic range of the reciver being such that its output is saturated during L-I 21 transmission of each pulse, this level providing a starting point for examining the echo profile for the echo signal of the pulse. 8, An acoustic ranging systeo substantially as S hereinbefore described with reference to Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings.
6. 9. A method of acoustic ranging substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings. DATtE this eighth day of January 1990 CANADIAN CORPORATE MANAGEMENT COMPANY LIMITED By their Patent Attorneys G, R. CULLEN CO. L-r' L 1- r _i i i -u i i r 11 _L l.i I i