AU4067089A - Apparatus and method for removing particulate matter from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for removing particulate matter from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engineInfo
- Publication number
- AU4067089A AU4067089A AU40670/89A AU4067089A AU4067089A AU 4067089 A AU4067089 A AU 4067089A AU 40670/89 A AU40670/89 A AU 40670/89A AU 4067089 A AU4067089 A AU 4067089A AU 4067089 A AU4067089 A AU 4067089A
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- combustion engine
- internal combustion
- particulate matter
- exhaust gases
- removing particulate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
- F01N3/028—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means using microwaves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/031—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start
- F01N3/032—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start during filter regeneration only
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2290/00—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes
- F01N2290/02—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes with continuous rotary movement
- F01N2290/04—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes with continuous rotary movement driven by exhaust gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2290/00—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes
- F01N2290/02—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes with continuous rotary movement
- F01N2290/06—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes with continuous rotary movement driven by auxiliary drive
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2290/00—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes
- F01N2290/08—Movable parts or members in exhaust systems for other than for control purposes with oscillating or vibrating movement
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/06—Ceramic, e.g. monoliths
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
- F01N2410/04—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device during regeneration period, e.g. of particle filter
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
- F01N2530/02—Corrosion resistive metals
- F01N2530/04—Steel alloys, e.g. stainless steel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
- F01N2530/06—Aluminium or alloys thereof
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/022—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
- F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
- F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8818463 | 1988-08-03 | ||
GB8818463A GB8818463D0 (en) | 1988-08-03 | 1988-08-03 | Apparatus & method for removing particulate matter from exhaust gases of i c engine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
AU4067089A true AU4067089A (en) | 1990-03-05 |
Family
ID=10641559
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AU40670/89A Abandoned AU4067089A (en) | 1988-08-03 | 1989-08-02 | Apparatus and method for removing particulate matter from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP0356040A3 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1040075A (en) |
AU (1) | AU4067089A (en) |
GB (2) | GB8818463D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1990001618A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5052178A (en) * | 1989-08-08 | 1991-10-01 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | Unitary hybrid exhaust system and method for reducing particulate emmissions from internal combustion engines |
DE4021495A1 (en) * | 1990-07-05 | 1992-01-09 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | EXHAUST FILTER |
JP2738251B2 (en) * | 1993-01-20 | 1998-04-08 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Filter regeneration device for internal combustion engine |
FR2809766B1 (en) * | 2000-06-05 | 2002-09-06 | Ct De Rech S En Machines Therm | METHOD FOR REGENERATING A PARTICLE FILTER AND INSTALLATION FOR REGENERATING A PARTICLE FILTER |
US20030061791A1 (en) * | 2001-10-02 | 2003-04-03 | Litton Systems, Inc. | Microwave system used for heating silicon carbide filter in diesel engine exhaust system |
EP1541819A1 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2005-06-15 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO | Microwave regenerated diesel particulate trap |
CN1312384C (en) * | 2004-07-08 | 2007-04-25 | 上海交通大学 | Carbon smoke micro particle filter for diesel engine exhaust gas |
US7679374B2 (en) | 2006-05-01 | 2010-03-16 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microwave sensing for determination of loading of filters |
US8384396B2 (en) | 2006-05-01 | 2013-02-26 | Filter Sensing Technologies, Inc. | System and method for measuring retentate in filters |
US7975469B2 (en) * | 2007-05-15 | 2011-07-12 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Electrically heated particulate filter restart strategy |
CN100419228C (en) * | 2007-06-18 | 2008-09-17 | 湖南大学 | A method and device for reducing particulate matter emissions from diesel engines |
US7806956B2 (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2010-10-05 | Cummins Filtration Ip, Inc. | Tuning particulate filter performance through selective plugging and use of multiple particulate filters to reduce emissions and improve thermal robustness |
US9140159B2 (en) * | 2007-09-18 | 2015-09-22 | Eugene V. Gonze | High exhaust temperature, zoned, electrically-heated particulate matter filter |
WO2011056164A1 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2011-05-12 | Leslie Bromberg | Method and system for controlling filter operation |
WO2011159593A2 (en) * | 2010-06-14 | 2011-12-22 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Microwave filter air purification systems, methods of use, and methods of disinfection and decontamination |
CN102852598A (en) * | 2011-06-29 | 2013-01-02 | 南京辉虎环保科技有限公司 | Engine exhaust filter element with microwave generator |
WO2015188188A1 (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2015-12-10 | Filter Sensing Technologies, Inc. | Radio frequency process sensing, control, and diagnostics network |
CN106415285B (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2020-12-04 | 滤波器感知技术有限公司 | Radio frequency state variable measurement system and method |
DE112015004321T5 (en) | 2014-10-20 | 2017-07-06 | Filter Sensing Technologies, Inc. | Filter retention analysis and diagnosis |
US10363514B2 (en) * | 2015-03-27 | 2019-07-30 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Protecting an optical particle sensor from particulate desposits by thermophoresis |
US10118119B2 (en) | 2015-06-08 | 2018-11-06 | Cts Corporation | Radio frequency process sensing, control, and diagnostics network and system |
US10799826B2 (en) | 2015-06-08 | 2020-10-13 | Cts Corporation | Radio frequency process sensing, control, and diagnostics network and system |
JP6931001B2 (en) | 2016-04-11 | 2021-09-01 | シーティーエス・コーポレーションCts Corporation | Radio frequency systems and methods for monitoring engine exhaust components |
US11215102B2 (en) | 2018-01-16 | 2022-01-04 | Cts Corporation | Radio frequency sensor system incorporating machine learning system and method |
JP7167863B2 (en) * | 2019-06-21 | 2022-11-09 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Control device for internal combustion engine |
DE112021000439T5 (en) * | 2020-02-07 | 2022-10-20 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | HONEYCOMB STRUCTURE AND EMISSION CONTROL DEVICE |
CN114215630B (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2022-10-25 | 同济大学 | Exhaust emission control method for hybrid power gasoline vehicle |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3024539C2 (en) * | 1980-06-28 | 1982-06-09 | Filterwerk Mann & Hummel Gmbh, 7140 Ludwigsburg | Device for removing soot from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine |
US4662911A (en) * | 1982-03-18 | 1987-05-05 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Equipment for trapping particulates in engine exhaust gas |
JPS59141708A (en) * | 1983-02-01 | 1984-08-14 | Nippon Denso Co Ltd | Purifying device for micro grains |
GB8605058D0 (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1986-04-09 | Porous Element Heating Ltd | Removal of particulate material from gas |
US4744216A (en) * | 1986-10-20 | 1988-05-17 | Ford Motor Company | Electrical ignition device for regeneration of a particulate trap |
-
1988
- 1988-08-03 GB GB8818463A patent/GB8818463D0/en active Pending
-
1989
- 1989-08-02 EP EP89307864A patent/EP0356040A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-08-02 AU AU40670/89A patent/AU4067089A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1989-08-02 EP EP19890909409 patent/EP0429511A1/en active Pending
- 1989-08-02 WO PCT/GB1989/000880 patent/WO1990001618A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-08-03 CN CN 89106672 patent/CN1040075A/en active Pending
-
1991
- 1991-01-28 GB GB9101782A patent/GB2239408A/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1040075A (en) | 1990-02-28 |
EP0356040A2 (en) | 1990-02-28 |
GB9101782D0 (en) | 1991-04-10 |
GB2239408A (en) | 1991-07-03 |
EP0356040A3 (en) | 1990-03-14 |
GB8818463D0 (en) | 1988-09-07 |
EP0429511A1 (en) | 1991-06-05 |
WO1990001618A1 (en) | 1990-02-22 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU4067089A (en) | Apparatus and method for removing particulate matter from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine | |
AU6075086A (en) | Method for removing solid particles from diesel exhaust with subsequent combustion and apparatus therefor | |
JPS5718414A (en) | Method of and apparatus for removing solid component from exhaust gas of internal combustion engine | |
EP0146287A3 (en) | Method of and apparatus for removing carbon particles from exhaust gas from internal combustion engine | |
GB2145349B (en) | Removing soot from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine | |
GB2193656B (en) | Method and apparatus of disposing of particulates separated in an exhaust gas filter of an internal combustion engine | |
GB2098086B (en) | Method and apparatus for removing soot from internal combustion engine exhaust filters | |
EP0308972A3 (en) | Apparatus and method for treating an exhaust gas from a diesel engine | |
GB2288851B (en) | Method and apparatus for cooling exhaust gases from diesel engines | |
GB2239407B (en) | Exhaust gas purifying device for an internal combustion engine | |
EP0408206A3 (en) | Apparatus and method for correcting air/fuel ratio of internal combustion engine | |
GB2225735B (en) | A device for removing solid particles from the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines | |
GB2198057B (en) | Apparatus for removing soot from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine | |
GB2274681B (en) | Method for operation of an exhaust system for an internal combustion engine and exhaust system therefor | |
AU1420595A (en) | Filtration and combustion process for carbon particulate matter from an internal combustion engine | |
EP0478133A3 (en) | Method and apparatus for monitoring deterioration of internal combustion engine exhaust gas purifier | |
AU1580699A (en) | Method for measuring the proportion of particles in the exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine | |
GB2197222B (en) | Apparatus for removing soot from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine | |
JPS57137615A (en) | Exhaust gas muffler apparatus for and method of combustion engine | |
IT8848310A0 (en) | PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR BURNING THE SOOT THAT IS DEPOSITED ON AN EXHAUST GAS FILTER, PARTICULARLY OF DIESEL ENGINES | |
DE3479329D1 (en) | Exhaust gas recirculation control method and apparatus for internal combustion engine | |
AU1775999A (en) | Method and apparatus for removing particulates from the exhaust stream of an internal combustion engine | |
AU2125588A (en) | Process and device for separating soot particles and cleaning exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine | |
GB9222328D0 (en) | Method of and apparatus for fuelling an internal combustion engine | |
EP0658685A3 (en) | Device for separating soot particles from exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. |