Papers by Umay Oguzhanoglu
STRATONIKEIA FROM ANTIQUITY TO MODERN TIMES (Ed. B. Söğüt), İŞ BANKASI , 2024
This chapter (within the book Stratonikeia from Antiquity to Modern Times) aims to make an overal... more This chapter (within the book Stratonikeia from Antiquity to Modern Times) aims to make an overall assessment of Pre-Iron Age archaeology in Yatağan Plain in which Stratonikeia is located. The author mainly focuses on Bronze Age remains and tries to place them within their chronological and cultural order in Western Anatolia.
Anatolian Research/Anadolu Araştırmaları, 2025
Cylinder seals began to be used in Anatolia shortly after their emergence in Mesopotamia and Iran... more Cylinder seals began to be used in Anatolia shortly after their emergence in Mesopotamia and Iran during the second half of the 4 th millennium BCE. These seals, offering a wide narrative space, were used across Western Asia until the 5 th century BCE. Seal impressions, which in their simplest function ensured property protection, appeared within similar timeframes. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of cylinder seals and impressions from the 3rd millennium BCE in Anatolia, focusing on their significance during the Anatolian Early Bronze Age. Published cylinder seals and impressions are cataloged, categorized by region and period, and analyzed. The findings revealed that cylinder seals and impressions were prevalent at the Southeast Anatolian and Cilician-Amuq sites, areas that interacted with the Mesopotamian cultural sphere during early Early Bronze Age. In the later Early Bronze Age, these artifacts spread to Central and Western Anatolia, facilitated by trade routes known as the Anatolian Trade Network or Caravan Roads. The limited number of cylinder seals and the near absence of their impressions on clay bullae in Western Anatolia indicate that cylinder seals did not support the indigenous stamp seal tradition of the region. Moreover, they were not adopted as bureaucratic tools similar to their use in Mesopotamia. Instead, it is posited that as cylinder seals moved farther from their region of origin, they transitioned into prestige items or simple protective amulets rather than organizational instruments.
Sosyal Bilimlerde Cumhuriyetin Birikimi ve Pamukkale Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, ISBN: 978-625-393-184-1, 2023
Cumhuiriyetin 100. kuruluş yılı için hazırlanan bir kitabın parçası olan bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de... more Cumhuiriyetin 100. kuruluş yılı için hazırlanan bir kitabın parçası olan bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de cumhuriyetin kuruluş aşamalaarında arkeolojinin ve ilişkili disiplinlerin birer bilim olarak kendilerini var etme süreci ile Cumhuriyetin çeşitli kurumlarının bundaki rolü ve katkısı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Çalışma, tarihsel belgelerin derlemesinin yanında yazarın taraflı değerlendirmelerini de içermektedir.
Early Bronze Age in the South of Büyük Menderes
The southwestern part of West Anatolia, located s... more Early Bronze Age in the South of Büyük Menderes
The southwestern part of West Anatolia, located south of the Büyük Menderes River, has been poorly investigated in terms of the Bronze Ages. This region is in an important position at the intersection of Carian maritime routes and major land routes in Büyük Menderes Valley and in its branches extending to the south. The data on how the Early Bronze Age emerged in this region is very limited. The Iasos cemetery and Aphrodisias settlement levels, which were excavated long ago, are very few sites providing information about Early Bronze Age I in Caria. The recent salvage excavations carried out in the Çapalıbağ cemetery by the Directorate of Muğla Archeological Museum have provided burial remains and absolute dating for the EBA I phase. This study aims to make inferences about the changes in Southwest Anatolia at the beginning of EBA, taking into account the archaeological data from Caria and its neighborhood. To conclude, the overseas connections of Southwest Anatolian people, which date back to the Chalcolithic Age, intensified during the EBA I phase, which can be dated to 3100-2700/2600 BC. The new socioeconomic and symbolic atmosphere which inspired the Aegean and West Anatolian communities to reorganize their settlement layout, build fortifications, increase their interaction with their counterparts, and use extramural cemeteries, also affected the Carian region.
42. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantıları, 2023
Göndereceğiniz bildiri metinlerinin aşağıda belirtilen kurallara uygun olarak gönderilmesi, kitab... more Göndereceğiniz bildiri metinlerinin aşağıda belirtilen kurallara uygun olarak gönderilmesi, kitabın zamanında basımı ve kaliteli bir yayın hazırlanması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bildirilerin yazımında kitaptaki sayfa düzeni esas alınarak; * Yazılar A4 kağıda, üstten 5.5cm. alttan 5cm. soldan 4.5cm. sağdan 3cm.lik bir boşluk bırakılarak, 10 punto ile, bir satır aralığı olacak şekilde, Times New Roman fontu ile en fazla 10 sayfa yazılmalı, * Başlık 14 punto, büyük harf ve bold olacak şekilde yazılmalı, * Bildiri sahiplerinin isimleri başlığın altında, sağ üstte yer almalı, alt alta sıralanmalı ve unvan kullanılmamalı, dipnotta unvan, adı soyadı, bağlı olduğu kurum, şehir, ülke ve e-mail adresi mutlaka yazılmalıdır. * Metinde ana başlıklar büyük harflerle ve italik, alt başlıklar, baş harfleri büyük ve italik olarak yazılmalı, * Metin içinde geçen yabancı sözcük ve terimler, örneğin "in-situ" italik olarak yazılmalı, * Metin içinde Milattan Önce gibi çok alışılagelmiş kısaltmalar dışında kısaltma kullanılmamalı, Milattan Önce ve sonra kısaltması: M.Ö., M.S. Erken Tunç Çağı: ETÇ olarak kullanılmalıdır. * Bölge adlarının ilk harfleri, aynı şekilde yer, coğrafya ve kurum adlarının ilk harfleri büyük yazılmalıdır. Örneğin: Doğu Anadolu, Yakın Doğu, Avrupa, Akdeniz Bölgesi, Dicle Nehri, Ankara Üniversitesi, Türk Tarih Kurumu gibi. * Ölçü ve ağırlıklar m. cm. mm. lt. gr. şeklinde yazılmalı, * Dipnotlar metnin altında ve metin içinde numaraları belirtilerek, 8 puntoda yazılmalı, * Dipnot ve kaynakçada (bibliyografya) kitap ve dergi isimleri italik yazılmalı, * Harita, çizim ve resimler 15 adetten fazla olmamalı, fotoğraflar JPG veya TlFF olarak gönderilmeli, gönderilen resimlerin çözünürlüğünün en az 300 pixel/ınch olmalı, * Çizimlere (Çizim: 1), resimlere (Resim: 1), haritalara (Harita: 1) olarak alt yazı yazılmalı ve kesinlikle levha sistemi kullanılmamalı, * Yayım için telif anlaşması gerektiren Googleearth gibi görseller kullanılmamalı, Yayınlanacak bildiri sayışının artması, kitapların zamanında basımını güçleştirdiğinden, bildirilerinizin sempozyum sırasında teslim edilmesi ya da en geç 1 Ağustos tarihine kadar,
TÜBA-AR 30, 2022
Caria, located in the southwest of Anatolia, is a partly neglected region in terms of prehistoric... more Caria, located in the southwest of Anatolia, is a partly neglected region in terms of prehistoric studies. However, it is possible to make some general evaluations about the Early Bronze Age by compiling the current archaeological data. This article aims to understand the change in the Carian Early Bronze Age and the interactions with the surrounding regions. In the Early Bronze Age cemeteries in the region, specifically produced pithoi as burial vessels were used, multiple burials were made, there are grave markers marking the location of the graves, and some drinking rituals were performed at the graveside. In ceramics, new features appear in the Early Bronze Age II. The appearance of the Carian one-handled tankards and the first two-handled cups at the end of EBA II indicates that a new drinking culture, which began to spread throughout Anatolia, reached here and was adapted locally. The relations of Carian communities with the surrounding cultures in the Chalcolithic period gradually intensified in the Early Bronze Age. Caria took its place in a wide network of relations established between the Aegean, Anatolia and the Near East in the Early Bronze Age. Karia lacks traditional elements (citadel, central building, executive tombs, treasures, etc.) that prove the existence of elites in Western Anatolia. However, its location, especially at the intersection of important land and sea routes, has enabled communities here to engage in long-distance networks and adapt some practices popular among the elite. It should be considered that the elites who knew how to establish long-distance relations in the region, providing both product and possibly technology transfer, existed at least from the beginning of the Early Bronze Age.
Anadolu’nun güneybatısında yer alan Karia, prehistorik dönem araştırmaları açısından kısmen ihmal edilmiş bir
bölgedir. Bununla birlikte, az sayıdaki arkeolojik verinin derlenmesi ile Erken Tunç Çağı hakkında bazı genel
değerlendirmeler yapmak mümkündür. Bu makale, tüm bu verileri genel olarak değerlendirip, Erken Tunç Çağı’ndaki
değişimini ve Karia’nın çevresindeki bölgelerle etkileşimlerini anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bölgedeki Erken Tunç
Çağı mezarlıklarında, çoğunlukla özellikle mezar kabı olarak üretilmiş pithosların kullanıldığı, çoklu gömmelerin
yapıldığı, mezarların yerini işaretleyen mezar belirteçlerinin var olduğu ve mezar başında bazı içki ritüellerinin
yapıldığı görülmektedir. Seramikte, Erken Tunç Çağı II’de yeni özellikler ortaya çıkar. ETÇ II sonunda Karia tipi
tek kulplu tankardlar ile ilk çift kulplu kadehlerin de repertuvara eklenmesi, Anadolu genelinde yaygınlaşmaya
başlayan yeni bir içki kültürünün buraya da ulaşmış ve yerel olarak uyarlanmış olduğu gösterir. Karia topluluklarının
çevre kültürlerle Kalkolitik Çağ’da var olan ilişkileri Erken Tunç Çağı’nda giderek yoğunlaşır. Bunun sebebi, Ege,
Anadolu ve Yakındoğu arasında Erken Tunç Çağı’nda kurulan geniş bir ilişkiler ağının içerisinde Karia’nın da yerini
almasıdır. Karia, Batı Anadolu’da elitlerin varlığının kanıtı olan tipik unsurlardan (sitadel, merkezi bina, yönetici
mezarları, defineler vb.) yoksundur. Bununla birlikte, özellikle önemli kara ve deniz yollarının kesişiminde yer
alması, buradaki toplulukların uzak mesafeli ağlara dahil olması ve elitler arasında sevilen bazı uygulamaları adapte
etmesini sağlamıştır. Bölgede uzak mesafe ilişkiler kurmayı bilen hem ürün hem de olasılıkla teknoloji transferini sağlayan elitlerin, en azından Erken Tunç Çağı başından itibaren var olduğu düşünülmelidir.
ARCHIVUM ANATOLICUM (ArAn), 2022
n Western Anatolia, and the extended archaeological research on
the Bronze Age have led to an inc... more n Western Anatolia, and the extended archaeological research on
the Bronze Age have led to an increase in knowledge and arguments
about the historical geography of Western Anatolia. But the poor source
of documents about Western Anatolia has made the research more
challenging. It is known that one of the old names of the city of
Stratonikeia, which is located on the Yatagan Plain in Muğla and is
among the important cities of the region, is Idrias. It is suggested that
Atriya can be localized within the territorium of Stratonikeia considering
the phonetic similarity with Atriya mentioned in Hittite documents. This
study aims to contribute to the arguments on this subject by evaluating
some of the recent findings in Stratonikeia concerning the Late Bronze
Age and the studies on historical geography. Among the ceramic samples
of the Late Helladic III period found in the Stratonikeia territory, there
has been added some other ceramic samples such as the ones found in the
Tasavlu region in 2009, under the Heroon of Hierocles in the city center
of Stratonikeia during the excavations in 2018, and in the Değirmendere
region during the excavations by the Muğla Museum in 2018-2019. When
the routes followed by some Hittite Kings during their travels to the west the arguments concerning the location of the cities within the Yatağan
Plain and Çine (Marsyas) Creek Valley, and the archaeological findings
combined, it is concluded that localizing Atriya within these areas is a
reasonable proposal.
lendirilmesi ve Tunç Çağı’na dair arkeolojik araştırmalarının
artması, Batı Anadolu’nun tarihi coğrafyası ile ilgili bilinenlerin ve
tartışmaların giderek artmasını sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte, Batı
Anadolu’nun yazılı belgeler açısından oldukça fakir olması, bu
çalışmaları zorlaştırmaktadır. Muğla’daki Yatağan Ovası’nda yer
alan ve bölgenin önemli kentlerinden biri konumunda bulunan
Stratonikeia kentinin, eski isimlerinden birinin Idrias olduğu
bilinmektedir. Hitit yazılı belgelerinde adı geçen Atriya ile fonetik
benzerlikten hareketle, Atriya’nın, Stratonikeia territoriumu içerisine
lokalize edilebileceği önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Stratonikeia’da son
yıllarda elde edilen bazı yeni Geç Tunç Çağı bulguları ile tarihi
coğrafya çalışmaları bir arada değerlendirilerek, bu konudaki
tartışmalara katkı sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Stratonikeia territoriumu
içerisindeki Geç Hellas III dönemi seramik örneklerine, 2009 yılında
Taşavlu mevkiinde bulunanlar, 2018 yılında çalışmaları sırasında
Stratonikeia kent merkezinde Hierokles Heroon’u altında bulunanlar
ile Muğla Müzesi tarafından yapılan 2018-2019 kazılarında açığa
çıkarılan Değirmendere Mevkii örnekleri de eklenmiştir. Gerek Hitit
krallarının batıya uzanan bazı seferlerinde izlenen güzergah, gerekse
Yatağan Ovası ve Çine (Marsyas) Çayı Vadisi’ndeki kentlere ait
lokalizasyon önerileri ve arkeolojik bulgular dikkate alındığında,
Atriya’nın bu kesimlerde lokalize edilmek istenmesinin bugün için
makul bir öneri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
ADALYA, 2021
Beycesultan has provided the longest chronological
sequence in southwest Anatolia for the
Bronze ... more Beycesultan has provided the longest chronological
sequence in southwest Anatolia for the
Bronze Age. There J. Mellaart noticed a change
in the material culture at level XIII and called it
a “complete break in the culture.” He claimed
that the fire and destruction at this level was
the result of the migration of Indo-Europeans
to the region Some scholars suggest that there
is a chronological gap in Beycesultan between
levels XIII and XII, which is the cause of this
so-called break. Recently pottery seriation and
absolute dating obtained by the excavations at
Laodikeia-Kandilkırı in Denizli province yielded
enough evidence to prove that there was
neither a break in the material culture nor any
sign of invasion in the Denizli region in Early
Bronze Age 2 or 3A. Instead, there existed a
moderate period of change in the Denizli region
due probably to the impact of the network
of interregional connections in Anatolia’s
EBA 3A during the chronological gap between
Beycesultan levels XIII and XII. Kandilkırı was
abandoned around 2200 BC, probably due to
a climate crisis and the fall of the interregional
connective network.
Kandilkırı is located within the Laodikeia territory which was inhabited during the EBA 2 and 3A ... more Kandilkırı is located within the Laodikeia territory which was inhabited during the EBA 2 and 3A periods.
Landilkırı Level 2, dating from 2300-2200 BC, is discussed in this study gives an idea about the EBA 3 settlement
plan in Southwest Anatolia. A part of the architectural remains of the settlement was excavated while a part of
it was completed according to the results of the surveys conducted with Ground Penetrating Radar. Accordingly,
the settlement, which covers an area less than 0.2 ha, consists of long-houses adjacent to each other, using
common walls between them. The parts of the houses facing the outside of the settlement were served as a
natural fortification. There is a courtyard in the western part of the settlement. In this part where there are no
houses, the outer border of the settlement is surrounded by a wall. The long-houses in the settlement are similar
to the coastal Aegean while the arrangement of the houses after the “Anatolian Settlement Plan” is known from
the Central Western Anatolia. The pottery collected inside the houses of this level consists of wheel-made plates,
gray bowls with an “s” profile and one or two handled tankards.
The settlement plans of EBA 1 and 2 in Western Anatolia are scarcely known. 3 main groups of settlement
plans are 1) Plan consisting of long-houses grouped into insulae 2) “Anatolian Settlement Plan” 3) Plan with an
upper town/central building forming the core of the settlement. As for EBA 3, plan types 2 and 3 continued in
Troy and Seyitömer settlements. The settlement of Laodikeia Kandilkırı appears to be a small-scale town where
the Anatolian Settlement Plan survived without a sign of hierarchical inequality in EBA 3. Both Seyitömer
and Laodikeia Kandilkırı, settlements of two different sizes, must have been specialized in pottery production.
Similar, settlements that have survived through craftsmanship and specialize in metals must have existed in
Western Anatolia.
The settlement of Kandilkırı 2 is a hierarchically egalitarian, small scale settlement that survived during the
period of “Anatolian Trade Network” and is known to have interacted with this communication network.
Obviously, craftsmen played a role of great importance in maintaining the network of interactions of this period.
Kandilkırı is a secondary “town specialized in craft” that has been survived in this system by producing pottery
on the wheel, and it must have met the needs of the primary “urban centers” where elites controlling the trade
network live. There should also be, similar towns specialized in metal craftsmanship on the Anatolian Trade
Network, but they are still waiting to be discovered.
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2020
Caria is an underinvestigated part of West Anatolia in terms of the Early Bronze Age (EBA). For t... more Caria is an underinvestigated part of West Anatolia in terms of the Early Bronze Age (EBA). For this reason, the study on new archaeological data obtained through excavations is particularly important for the region. This paper focuses on a new Early Bronze Age cemetery unearthed during the rescue excavation by Muğla Museum in the coal basin in Yatağan district. The main subject of the study consists of 19 tombs (all of which are pithoi or pots except for one), pottery and metals discovered in Çapalıbağ. The northern part of the cemetery started being used as of EBA IA, whilst the southern part was in use during EBA IB/IIA. While pottery retained some characteristics of chalcolithic period, the Carian late-EBA II traits did not fully emerge yet. Metal finds, all of which date to EBA IB/IIA, demonstrated the use of gold, silver and copper/copper alloy and especially the coating technique in the region in an early stage. The cemetery was used between 3100-2600 BC according to the results of absolute aging obtained from the graves.
Startonikeia Çalışmaları 4: Mimari, Heykel ve Küçük Buluntu Araştırmaları (Ed. B. Söğüt), 2019
The majority of Karian Bronze Age studies mainly focuses on the Late Bronze Age; whereas the Earl... more The majority of Karian Bronze Age studies mainly focuses on the Late Bronze Age; whereas the Early Bronze
Some limited excavations scarcely know age (EBA), and surface finds. This paper aims to reassess the
scattered EBA remains in the vicinity of Stratonikeia as well as to examine for the first time some new finds
from Erikli. The EBA 2 in Stratonikeia territorium shows the characteristics of “Yatağan-Milas Culture”. Some
traits of Cycladic influence can also be followed around Stratonikeia in Yatağan plain thanks to its location on
the natural road that starts from the Karian shore and reaches to the Meander via Çine Çayı.
Arkeolojide Ritüel ve Toplum (Ed. Ç. Atakuman)), 2019
“Pit” as an archaeological context is usually underestimated unless it contains unique or
extraor... more “Pit” as an archaeological context is usually underestimated unless it contains unique or
extraordinary findings. The aim of this paper is to focus on “pits”, not only on their content but also to “pit” itself as a symbol. The inspiration for such a study was drawn by
Early Bronze Age pits excavated in Laodikeia-Kandilkırı in Southwest Anatolia. Some
Early Bronze Age pits in relation with the contemporary cemetery as well as their content underline some recurring elements: clay, human-shaped pots, and some other probable female symbols. Female symbols related to these pits, representing probably the
uterus, should be interpreted as actors of transition between profane and symbolic
world.
Doğudan Batıya 70. Yaşında Serap Yaylalı’ya Sunulan Yazılar, 2019
Denizli Ovası’nda yer alan Laodikeia-Kandilkırı yerleşiminin Erken Tunç Çağı 3A’ya tarihlendirile... more Denizli Ovası’nda yer alan Laodikeia-Kandilkırı yerleşiminin Erken Tunç Çağı 3A’ya tarihlendirilen 3. ve 2. tabakalarında ele geçirilen “Kırmızı Astarlı, Parlak Perdahlı, Motifli Saklı Astar Bezemeli” bir grup seramiğin, tüm seramik içinde %1’den az bir oranla temsil edilen ithal bir seramik grubu olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Batı Anadolu’nun kuzey kesimlerine ETÇ 3 için çok karakteristik olan Kırmızı Astarlı ve Parlak Perdahlı (Red Coated) seramik üzerine uygulanmış olan bu bezeme, bu seramiği yoğun kullanan bir bölgeyle, olasılıkla Afyon çevresi ile ilişkileri sonucunda Denizli Ovası’na ulaşmış olmalıdır.
Kültürlerin Bağlantısı/Connecting Cultures
The Upper Meander valley is geographically in connection with Aegean coast via westward natural
r... more The Upper Meander valley is geographically in connection with Aegean coast via westward natural
roads as well as with Mediterranean coast via southward roads. Earlier researches carried in this region and
new contributions from Laodikeia-Kandilkırı excavations prove that these natural roads were actively used
during the 3rd millennium BC. Raw material, products, craftsmen, technology must have been subjects of the
traffic on these roads as well as some elements of administrative and religious practices. Archaeological data
points to the existence of elites in Southwest Anatolia at least since the beginning of the Early Bronze Age.
The main motivation of the South Western elites holding control over these roads during the Early Bronze
Age must be to interrelate with their interlocutors on the sea. Finds with Cycladic affinities form 3rd millennium
BC unearthed in Southwest Anatolia strengthen the idea that these interlocutors were Cycladic elites who
dominated the Aegean Sea by their longboats.
Pamukkale Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü Dergisi, 2019
Southwest Anatolian examples of depas amphikypellon, which is a characteristic pottery shape for ... more Southwest Anatolian examples of depas amphikypellon, which is a characteristic pottery shape for West Anatolian Early Bronze
Age (EBA) 3 cultures, are flat based, long-bodied with fluted or grooved decoration. These depas with usually grey surface
color, some of which are wheel made, have been called “Pisidian Type” by some scholars. However, the number of EBA depas
of this type, found outside the Pisidia region is higher than that of Pisidia. In this context, it is suggested here to name them
as “Southwest Anatolian Type” depa. Their production area should be expected to be an area also using both the Gray Ware
and the Potter’s Wheel in southwestern Anatolia. Here, as the production area of these depa, it is suggested an area covering
mainly around Denizli and east of Aydın and possibly southwest of Afyon. It is believed that the short EBA3 depas cups that
emerged at a later stage in southwestern Anatolia are the successors of the EBA 3A “Southwest Anatolian Type” depas.
OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, 2019
Kandilkırı, one of the two prehistoric settlements of the ancient city
of Laodikeia on the Lykos ... more Kandilkırı, one of the two prehistoric settlements of the ancient city
of Laodikeia on the Lykos River (Laodicea ad Lycum), was settled during the
Early Bronze Age (EBA) 2 and 3 periods. The present study attempts to provide
an overall assessment of questions pertaining to seals and sealing practices in
south-western Anatolia, raised due to the discovery of a lead stamp seal at
Kandilkırı. In EBA 2, metal seals appeared alongside the pre-existing clay ones,
and by the end of the EBA 3, negatives of metal seals seem to have been added
to the ‘trinket mould’ repertoire of artisans, who mainly cast lead and were active
along the trade routes. The custom of seal usage in the Near East seems to have
been partially adopted in south-west Anatolia in the EBA, then passed to
mainland Greece from this region. It is proposed that the south-western corner
of Anatolia might have played a more active role in the transport of Near Eastern
ideas as a result of its closer proximity to the Mediterranean coast, and that at
least a part of this connection might have been established via sea routes.
known as Asopos Hill and Western Necropolis, have been settled since Early Chalcolithic with some... more known as Asopos Hill and Western Necropolis, have been settled since Early Chalcolithic with some gaps in the chronology. The article is a preliminary report about the excavations carried out in prehistoric part of Western Necropolis of Laodikeia. According to data carried out in the very first three excavation seasons of this prehistoric area, 5 layers have been determined. Level 5, represented only by a handful of pottery, is situated on the bedrock and is dating from Early Chalcolithic period. After a long hiatus, Level 4 is composed of Early Bronze 2 cemetery including pithoi, pits and composite tombs and some pits (some with funerary purposes) related to these tombs. Levels 3 and 2 are dating from Early Bronze 3. Level 3 is represented by pits and Level 2 by some architectural remains. Excavations demonstrated that the excavated part of the area has been used as an Early Bronze 2 cemetery, than, after a hiatus, has been reused as a settlement. Early Bronze remains point to a local culture of Lycus valley which has interactions with coastal as well as inland Western Anatolia.
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Papers by Umay Oguzhanoglu
The southwestern part of West Anatolia, located south of the Büyük Menderes River, has been poorly investigated in terms of the Bronze Ages. This region is in an important position at the intersection of Carian maritime routes and major land routes in Büyük Menderes Valley and in its branches extending to the south. The data on how the Early Bronze Age emerged in this region is very limited. The Iasos cemetery and Aphrodisias settlement levels, which were excavated long ago, are very few sites providing information about Early Bronze Age I in Caria. The recent salvage excavations carried out in the Çapalıbağ cemetery by the Directorate of Muğla Archeological Museum have provided burial remains and absolute dating for the EBA I phase. This study aims to make inferences about the changes in Southwest Anatolia at the beginning of EBA, taking into account the archaeological data from Caria and its neighborhood. To conclude, the overseas connections of Southwest Anatolian people, which date back to the Chalcolithic Age, intensified during the EBA I phase, which can be dated to 3100-2700/2600 BC. The new socioeconomic and symbolic atmosphere which inspired the Aegean and West Anatolian communities to reorganize their settlement layout, build fortifications, increase their interaction with their counterparts, and use extramural cemeteries, also affected the Carian region.
Anadolu’nun güneybatısında yer alan Karia, prehistorik dönem araştırmaları açısından kısmen ihmal edilmiş bir
bölgedir. Bununla birlikte, az sayıdaki arkeolojik verinin derlenmesi ile Erken Tunç Çağı hakkında bazı genel
değerlendirmeler yapmak mümkündür. Bu makale, tüm bu verileri genel olarak değerlendirip, Erken Tunç Çağı’ndaki
değişimini ve Karia’nın çevresindeki bölgelerle etkileşimlerini anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bölgedeki Erken Tunç
Çağı mezarlıklarında, çoğunlukla özellikle mezar kabı olarak üretilmiş pithosların kullanıldığı, çoklu gömmelerin
yapıldığı, mezarların yerini işaretleyen mezar belirteçlerinin var olduğu ve mezar başında bazı içki ritüellerinin
yapıldığı görülmektedir. Seramikte, Erken Tunç Çağı II’de yeni özellikler ortaya çıkar. ETÇ II sonunda Karia tipi
tek kulplu tankardlar ile ilk çift kulplu kadehlerin de repertuvara eklenmesi, Anadolu genelinde yaygınlaşmaya
başlayan yeni bir içki kültürünün buraya da ulaşmış ve yerel olarak uyarlanmış olduğu gösterir. Karia topluluklarının
çevre kültürlerle Kalkolitik Çağ’da var olan ilişkileri Erken Tunç Çağı’nda giderek yoğunlaşır. Bunun sebebi, Ege,
Anadolu ve Yakındoğu arasında Erken Tunç Çağı’nda kurulan geniş bir ilişkiler ağının içerisinde Karia’nın da yerini
almasıdır. Karia, Batı Anadolu’da elitlerin varlığının kanıtı olan tipik unsurlardan (sitadel, merkezi bina, yönetici
mezarları, defineler vb.) yoksundur. Bununla birlikte, özellikle önemli kara ve deniz yollarının kesişiminde yer
alması, buradaki toplulukların uzak mesafeli ağlara dahil olması ve elitler arasında sevilen bazı uygulamaları adapte
etmesini sağlamıştır. Bölgede uzak mesafe ilişkiler kurmayı bilen hem ürün hem de olasılıkla teknoloji transferini sağlayan elitlerin, en azından Erken Tunç Çağı başından itibaren var olduğu düşünülmelidir.
the Bronze Age have led to an increase in knowledge and arguments
about the historical geography of Western Anatolia. But the poor source
of documents about Western Anatolia has made the research more
challenging. It is known that one of the old names of the city of
Stratonikeia, which is located on the Yatagan Plain in Muğla and is
among the important cities of the region, is Idrias. It is suggested that
Atriya can be localized within the territorium of Stratonikeia considering
the phonetic similarity with Atriya mentioned in Hittite documents. This
study aims to contribute to the arguments on this subject by evaluating
some of the recent findings in Stratonikeia concerning the Late Bronze
Age and the studies on historical geography. Among the ceramic samples
of the Late Helladic III period found in the Stratonikeia territory, there
has been added some other ceramic samples such as the ones found in the
Tasavlu region in 2009, under the Heroon of Hierocles in the city center
of Stratonikeia during the excavations in 2018, and in the Değirmendere
region during the excavations by the Muğla Museum in 2018-2019. When
the routes followed by some Hittite Kings during their travels to the west the arguments concerning the location of the cities within the Yatağan
Plain and Çine (Marsyas) Creek Valley, and the archaeological findings
combined, it is concluded that localizing Atriya within these areas is a
reasonable proposal.
lendirilmesi ve Tunç Çağı’na dair arkeolojik araştırmalarının
artması, Batı Anadolu’nun tarihi coğrafyası ile ilgili bilinenlerin ve
tartışmaların giderek artmasını sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte, Batı
Anadolu’nun yazılı belgeler açısından oldukça fakir olması, bu
çalışmaları zorlaştırmaktadır. Muğla’daki Yatağan Ovası’nda yer
alan ve bölgenin önemli kentlerinden biri konumunda bulunan
Stratonikeia kentinin, eski isimlerinden birinin Idrias olduğu
bilinmektedir. Hitit yazılı belgelerinde adı geçen Atriya ile fonetik
benzerlikten hareketle, Atriya’nın, Stratonikeia territoriumu içerisine
lokalize edilebileceği önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Stratonikeia’da son
yıllarda elde edilen bazı yeni Geç Tunç Çağı bulguları ile tarihi
coğrafya çalışmaları bir arada değerlendirilerek, bu konudaki
tartışmalara katkı sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Stratonikeia territoriumu
içerisindeki Geç Hellas III dönemi seramik örneklerine, 2009 yılında
Taşavlu mevkiinde bulunanlar, 2018 yılında çalışmaları sırasında
Stratonikeia kent merkezinde Hierokles Heroon’u altında bulunanlar
ile Muğla Müzesi tarafından yapılan 2018-2019 kazılarında açığa
çıkarılan Değirmendere Mevkii örnekleri de eklenmiştir. Gerek Hitit
krallarının batıya uzanan bazı seferlerinde izlenen güzergah, gerekse
Yatağan Ovası ve Çine (Marsyas) Çayı Vadisi’ndeki kentlere ait
lokalizasyon önerileri ve arkeolojik bulgular dikkate alındığında,
Atriya’nın bu kesimlerde lokalize edilmek istenmesinin bugün için
makul bir öneri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
sequence in southwest Anatolia for the
Bronze Age. There J. Mellaart noticed a change
in the material culture at level XIII and called it
a “complete break in the culture.” He claimed
that the fire and destruction at this level was
the result of the migration of Indo-Europeans
to the region Some scholars suggest that there
is a chronological gap in Beycesultan between
levels XIII and XII, which is the cause of this
so-called break. Recently pottery seriation and
absolute dating obtained by the excavations at
Laodikeia-Kandilkırı in Denizli province yielded
enough evidence to prove that there was
neither a break in the material culture nor any
sign of invasion in the Denizli region in Early
Bronze Age 2 or 3A. Instead, there existed a
moderate period of change in the Denizli region
due probably to the impact of the network
of interregional connections in Anatolia’s
EBA 3A during the chronological gap between
Beycesultan levels XIII and XII. Kandilkırı was
abandoned around 2200 BC, probably due to
a climate crisis and the fall of the interregional
connective network.
Landilkırı Level 2, dating from 2300-2200 BC, is discussed in this study gives an idea about the EBA 3 settlement
plan in Southwest Anatolia. A part of the architectural remains of the settlement was excavated while a part of
it was completed according to the results of the surveys conducted with Ground Penetrating Radar. Accordingly,
the settlement, which covers an area less than 0.2 ha, consists of long-houses adjacent to each other, using
common walls between them. The parts of the houses facing the outside of the settlement were served as a
natural fortification. There is a courtyard in the western part of the settlement. In this part where there are no
houses, the outer border of the settlement is surrounded by a wall. The long-houses in the settlement are similar
to the coastal Aegean while the arrangement of the houses after the “Anatolian Settlement Plan” is known from
the Central Western Anatolia. The pottery collected inside the houses of this level consists of wheel-made plates,
gray bowls with an “s” profile and one or two handled tankards.
The settlement plans of EBA 1 and 2 in Western Anatolia are scarcely known. 3 main groups of settlement
plans are 1) Plan consisting of long-houses grouped into insulae 2) “Anatolian Settlement Plan” 3) Plan with an
upper town/central building forming the core of the settlement. As for EBA 3, plan types 2 and 3 continued in
Troy and Seyitömer settlements. The settlement of Laodikeia Kandilkırı appears to be a small-scale town where
the Anatolian Settlement Plan survived without a sign of hierarchical inequality in EBA 3. Both Seyitömer
and Laodikeia Kandilkırı, settlements of two different sizes, must have been specialized in pottery production.
Similar, settlements that have survived through craftsmanship and specialize in metals must have existed in
Western Anatolia.
The settlement of Kandilkırı 2 is a hierarchically egalitarian, small scale settlement that survived during the
period of “Anatolian Trade Network” and is known to have interacted with this communication network.
Obviously, craftsmen played a role of great importance in maintaining the network of interactions of this period.
Kandilkırı is a secondary “town specialized in craft” that has been survived in this system by producing pottery
on the wheel, and it must have met the needs of the primary “urban centers” where elites controlling the trade
network live. There should also be, similar towns specialized in metal craftsmanship on the Anatolian Trade
Network, but they are still waiting to be discovered.
Some limited excavations scarcely know age (EBA), and surface finds. This paper aims to reassess the
scattered EBA remains in the vicinity of Stratonikeia as well as to examine for the first time some new finds
from Erikli. The EBA 2 in Stratonikeia territorium shows the characteristics of “Yatağan-Milas Culture”. Some
traits of Cycladic influence can also be followed around Stratonikeia in Yatağan plain thanks to its location on
the natural road that starts from the Karian shore and reaches to the Meander via Çine Çayı.
extraordinary findings. The aim of this paper is to focus on “pits”, not only on their content but also to “pit” itself as a symbol. The inspiration for such a study was drawn by
Early Bronze Age pits excavated in Laodikeia-Kandilkırı in Southwest Anatolia. Some
Early Bronze Age pits in relation with the contemporary cemetery as well as their content underline some recurring elements: clay, human-shaped pots, and some other probable female symbols. Female symbols related to these pits, representing probably the
uterus, should be interpreted as actors of transition between profane and symbolic
world.
roads as well as with Mediterranean coast via southward roads. Earlier researches carried in this region and
new contributions from Laodikeia-Kandilkırı excavations prove that these natural roads were actively used
during the 3rd millennium BC. Raw material, products, craftsmen, technology must have been subjects of the
traffic on these roads as well as some elements of administrative and religious practices. Archaeological data
points to the existence of elites in Southwest Anatolia at least since the beginning of the Early Bronze Age.
The main motivation of the South Western elites holding control over these roads during the Early Bronze
Age must be to interrelate with their interlocutors on the sea. Finds with Cycladic affinities form 3rd millennium
BC unearthed in Southwest Anatolia strengthen the idea that these interlocutors were Cycladic elites who
dominated the Aegean Sea by their longboats.
Age (EBA) 3 cultures, are flat based, long-bodied with fluted or grooved decoration. These depas with usually grey surface
color, some of which are wheel made, have been called “Pisidian Type” by some scholars. However, the number of EBA depas
of this type, found outside the Pisidia region is higher than that of Pisidia. In this context, it is suggested here to name them
as “Southwest Anatolian Type” depa. Their production area should be expected to be an area also using both the Gray Ware
and the Potter’s Wheel in southwestern Anatolia. Here, as the production area of these depa, it is suggested an area covering
mainly around Denizli and east of Aydın and possibly southwest of Afyon. It is believed that the short EBA3 depas cups that
emerged at a later stage in southwestern Anatolia are the successors of the EBA 3A “Southwest Anatolian Type” depas.
of Laodikeia on the Lykos River (Laodicea ad Lycum), was settled during the
Early Bronze Age (EBA) 2 and 3 periods. The present study attempts to provide
an overall assessment of questions pertaining to seals and sealing practices in
south-western Anatolia, raised due to the discovery of a lead stamp seal at
Kandilkırı. In EBA 2, metal seals appeared alongside the pre-existing clay ones,
and by the end of the EBA 3, negatives of metal seals seem to have been added
to the ‘trinket mould’ repertoire of artisans, who mainly cast lead and were active
along the trade routes. The custom of seal usage in the Near East seems to have
been partially adopted in south-west Anatolia in the EBA, then passed to
mainland Greece from this region. It is proposed that the south-western corner
of Anatolia might have played a more active role in the transport of Near Eastern
ideas as a result of its closer proximity to the Mediterranean coast, and that at
least a part of this connection might have been established via sea routes.
The southwestern part of West Anatolia, located south of the Büyük Menderes River, has been poorly investigated in terms of the Bronze Ages. This region is in an important position at the intersection of Carian maritime routes and major land routes in Büyük Menderes Valley and in its branches extending to the south. The data on how the Early Bronze Age emerged in this region is very limited. The Iasos cemetery and Aphrodisias settlement levels, which were excavated long ago, are very few sites providing information about Early Bronze Age I in Caria. The recent salvage excavations carried out in the Çapalıbağ cemetery by the Directorate of Muğla Archeological Museum have provided burial remains and absolute dating for the EBA I phase. This study aims to make inferences about the changes in Southwest Anatolia at the beginning of EBA, taking into account the archaeological data from Caria and its neighborhood. To conclude, the overseas connections of Southwest Anatolian people, which date back to the Chalcolithic Age, intensified during the EBA I phase, which can be dated to 3100-2700/2600 BC. The new socioeconomic and symbolic atmosphere which inspired the Aegean and West Anatolian communities to reorganize their settlement layout, build fortifications, increase their interaction with their counterparts, and use extramural cemeteries, also affected the Carian region.
Anadolu’nun güneybatısında yer alan Karia, prehistorik dönem araştırmaları açısından kısmen ihmal edilmiş bir
bölgedir. Bununla birlikte, az sayıdaki arkeolojik verinin derlenmesi ile Erken Tunç Çağı hakkında bazı genel
değerlendirmeler yapmak mümkündür. Bu makale, tüm bu verileri genel olarak değerlendirip, Erken Tunç Çağı’ndaki
değişimini ve Karia’nın çevresindeki bölgelerle etkileşimlerini anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bölgedeki Erken Tunç
Çağı mezarlıklarında, çoğunlukla özellikle mezar kabı olarak üretilmiş pithosların kullanıldığı, çoklu gömmelerin
yapıldığı, mezarların yerini işaretleyen mezar belirteçlerinin var olduğu ve mezar başında bazı içki ritüellerinin
yapıldığı görülmektedir. Seramikte, Erken Tunç Çağı II’de yeni özellikler ortaya çıkar. ETÇ II sonunda Karia tipi
tek kulplu tankardlar ile ilk çift kulplu kadehlerin de repertuvara eklenmesi, Anadolu genelinde yaygınlaşmaya
başlayan yeni bir içki kültürünün buraya da ulaşmış ve yerel olarak uyarlanmış olduğu gösterir. Karia topluluklarının
çevre kültürlerle Kalkolitik Çağ’da var olan ilişkileri Erken Tunç Çağı’nda giderek yoğunlaşır. Bunun sebebi, Ege,
Anadolu ve Yakındoğu arasında Erken Tunç Çağı’nda kurulan geniş bir ilişkiler ağının içerisinde Karia’nın da yerini
almasıdır. Karia, Batı Anadolu’da elitlerin varlığının kanıtı olan tipik unsurlardan (sitadel, merkezi bina, yönetici
mezarları, defineler vb.) yoksundur. Bununla birlikte, özellikle önemli kara ve deniz yollarının kesişiminde yer
alması, buradaki toplulukların uzak mesafeli ağlara dahil olması ve elitler arasında sevilen bazı uygulamaları adapte
etmesini sağlamıştır. Bölgede uzak mesafe ilişkiler kurmayı bilen hem ürün hem de olasılıkla teknoloji transferini sağlayan elitlerin, en azından Erken Tunç Çağı başından itibaren var olduğu düşünülmelidir.
the Bronze Age have led to an increase in knowledge and arguments
about the historical geography of Western Anatolia. But the poor source
of documents about Western Anatolia has made the research more
challenging. It is known that one of the old names of the city of
Stratonikeia, which is located on the Yatagan Plain in Muğla and is
among the important cities of the region, is Idrias. It is suggested that
Atriya can be localized within the territorium of Stratonikeia considering
the phonetic similarity with Atriya mentioned in Hittite documents. This
study aims to contribute to the arguments on this subject by evaluating
some of the recent findings in Stratonikeia concerning the Late Bronze
Age and the studies on historical geography. Among the ceramic samples
of the Late Helladic III period found in the Stratonikeia territory, there
has been added some other ceramic samples such as the ones found in the
Tasavlu region in 2009, under the Heroon of Hierocles in the city center
of Stratonikeia during the excavations in 2018, and in the Değirmendere
region during the excavations by the Muğla Museum in 2018-2019. When
the routes followed by some Hittite Kings during their travels to the west the arguments concerning the location of the cities within the Yatağan
Plain and Çine (Marsyas) Creek Valley, and the archaeological findings
combined, it is concluded that localizing Atriya within these areas is a
reasonable proposal.
lendirilmesi ve Tunç Çağı’na dair arkeolojik araştırmalarının
artması, Batı Anadolu’nun tarihi coğrafyası ile ilgili bilinenlerin ve
tartışmaların giderek artmasını sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte, Batı
Anadolu’nun yazılı belgeler açısından oldukça fakir olması, bu
çalışmaları zorlaştırmaktadır. Muğla’daki Yatağan Ovası’nda yer
alan ve bölgenin önemli kentlerinden biri konumunda bulunan
Stratonikeia kentinin, eski isimlerinden birinin Idrias olduğu
bilinmektedir. Hitit yazılı belgelerinde adı geçen Atriya ile fonetik
benzerlikten hareketle, Atriya’nın, Stratonikeia territoriumu içerisine
lokalize edilebileceği önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Stratonikeia’da son
yıllarda elde edilen bazı yeni Geç Tunç Çağı bulguları ile tarihi
coğrafya çalışmaları bir arada değerlendirilerek, bu konudaki
tartışmalara katkı sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Stratonikeia territoriumu
içerisindeki Geç Hellas III dönemi seramik örneklerine, 2009 yılında
Taşavlu mevkiinde bulunanlar, 2018 yılında çalışmaları sırasında
Stratonikeia kent merkezinde Hierokles Heroon’u altında bulunanlar
ile Muğla Müzesi tarafından yapılan 2018-2019 kazılarında açığa
çıkarılan Değirmendere Mevkii örnekleri de eklenmiştir. Gerek Hitit
krallarının batıya uzanan bazı seferlerinde izlenen güzergah, gerekse
Yatağan Ovası ve Çine (Marsyas) Çayı Vadisi’ndeki kentlere ait
lokalizasyon önerileri ve arkeolojik bulgular dikkate alındığında,
Atriya’nın bu kesimlerde lokalize edilmek istenmesinin bugün için
makul bir öneri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
sequence in southwest Anatolia for the
Bronze Age. There J. Mellaart noticed a change
in the material culture at level XIII and called it
a “complete break in the culture.” He claimed
that the fire and destruction at this level was
the result of the migration of Indo-Europeans
to the region Some scholars suggest that there
is a chronological gap in Beycesultan between
levels XIII and XII, which is the cause of this
so-called break. Recently pottery seriation and
absolute dating obtained by the excavations at
Laodikeia-Kandilkırı in Denizli province yielded
enough evidence to prove that there was
neither a break in the material culture nor any
sign of invasion in the Denizli region in Early
Bronze Age 2 or 3A. Instead, there existed a
moderate period of change in the Denizli region
due probably to the impact of the network
of interregional connections in Anatolia’s
EBA 3A during the chronological gap between
Beycesultan levels XIII and XII. Kandilkırı was
abandoned around 2200 BC, probably due to
a climate crisis and the fall of the interregional
connective network.
Landilkırı Level 2, dating from 2300-2200 BC, is discussed in this study gives an idea about the EBA 3 settlement
plan in Southwest Anatolia. A part of the architectural remains of the settlement was excavated while a part of
it was completed according to the results of the surveys conducted with Ground Penetrating Radar. Accordingly,
the settlement, which covers an area less than 0.2 ha, consists of long-houses adjacent to each other, using
common walls between them. The parts of the houses facing the outside of the settlement were served as a
natural fortification. There is a courtyard in the western part of the settlement. In this part where there are no
houses, the outer border of the settlement is surrounded by a wall. The long-houses in the settlement are similar
to the coastal Aegean while the arrangement of the houses after the “Anatolian Settlement Plan” is known from
the Central Western Anatolia. The pottery collected inside the houses of this level consists of wheel-made plates,
gray bowls with an “s” profile and one or two handled tankards.
The settlement plans of EBA 1 and 2 in Western Anatolia are scarcely known. 3 main groups of settlement
plans are 1) Plan consisting of long-houses grouped into insulae 2) “Anatolian Settlement Plan” 3) Plan with an
upper town/central building forming the core of the settlement. As for EBA 3, plan types 2 and 3 continued in
Troy and Seyitömer settlements. The settlement of Laodikeia Kandilkırı appears to be a small-scale town where
the Anatolian Settlement Plan survived without a sign of hierarchical inequality in EBA 3. Both Seyitömer
and Laodikeia Kandilkırı, settlements of two different sizes, must have been specialized in pottery production.
Similar, settlements that have survived through craftsmanship and specialize in metals must have existed in
Western Anatolia.
The settlement of Kandilkırı 2 is a hierarchically egalitarian, small scale settlement that survived during the
period of “Anatolian Trade Network” and is known to have interacted with this communication network.
Obviously, craftsmen played a role of great importance in maintaining the network of interactions of this period.
Kandilkırı is a secondary “town specialized in craft” that has been survived in this system by producing pottery
on the wheel, and it must have met the needs of the primary “urban centers” where elites controlling the trade
network live. There should also be, similar towns specialized in metal craftsmanship on the Anatolian Trade
Network, but they are still waiting to be discovered.
Some limited excavations scarcely know age (EBA), and surface finds. This paper aims to reassess the
scattered EBA remains in the vicinity of Stratonikeia as well as to examine for the first time some new finds
from Erikli. The EBA 2 in Stratonikeia territorium shows the characteristics of “Yatağan-Milas Culture”. Some
traits of Cycladic influence can also be followed around Stratonikeia in Yatağan plain thanks to its location on
the natural road that starts from the Karian shore and reaches to the Meander via Çine Çayı.
extraordinary findings. The aim of this paper is to focus on “pits”, not only on their content but also to “pit” itself as a symbol. The inspiration for such a study was drawn by
Early Bronze Age pits excavated in Laodikeia-Kandilkırı in Southwest Anatolia. Some
Early Bronze Age pits in relation with the contemporary cemetery as well as their content underline some recurring elements: clay, human-shaped pots, and some other probable female symbols. Female symbols related to these pits, representing probably the
uterus, should be interpreted as actors of transition between profane and symbolic
world.
roads as well as with Mediterranean coast via southward roads. Earlier researches carried in this region and
new contributions from Laodikeia-Kandilkırı excavations prove that these natural roads were actively used
during the 3rd millennium BC. Raw material, products, craftsmen, technology must have been subjects of the
traffic on these roads as well as some elements of administrative and religious practices. Archaeological data
points to the existence of elites in Southwest Anatolia at least since the beginning of the Early Bronze Age.
The main motivation of the South Western elites holding control over these roads during the Early Bronze
Age must be to interrelate with their interlocutors on the sea. Finds with Cycladic affinities form 3rd millennium
BC unearthed in Southwest Anatolia strengthen the idea that these interlocutors were Cycladic elites who
dominated the Aegean Sea by their longboats.
Age (EBA) 3 cultures, are flat based, long-bodied with fluted or grooved decoration. These depas with usually grey surface
color, some of which are wheel made, have been called “Pisidian Type” by some scholars. However, the number of EBA depas
of this type, found outside the Pisidia region is higher than that of Pisidia. In this context, it is suggested here to name them
as “Southwest Anatolian Type” depa. Their production area should be expected to be an area also using both the Gray Ware
and the Potter’s Wheel in southwestern Anatolia. Here, as the production area of these depa, it is suggested an area covering
mainly around Denizli and east of Aydın and possibly southwest of Afyon. It is believed that the short EBA3 depas cups that
emerged at a later stage in southwestern Anatolia are the successors of the EBA 3A “Southwest Anatolian Type” depas.
of Laodikeia on the Lykos River (Laodicea ad Lycum), was settled during the
Early Bronze Age (EBA) 2 and 3 periods. The present study attempts to provide
an overall assessment of questions pertaining to seals and sealing practices in
south-western Anatolia, raised due to the discovery of a lead stamp seal at
Kandilkırı. In EBA 2, metal seals appeared alongside the pre-existing clay ones,
and by the end of the EBA 3, negatives of metal seals seem to have been added
to the ‘trinket mould’ repertoire of artisans, who mainly cast lead and were active
along the trade routes. The custom of seal usage in the Near East seems to have
been partially adopted in south-west Anatolia in the EBA, then passed to
mainland Greece from this region. It is proposed that the south-western corner
of Anatolia might have played a more active role in the transport of Near Eastern
ideas as a result of its closer proximity to the Mediterranean coast, and that at
least a part of this connection might have been established via sea routes.
This session aims to bring together contributions from various geographical contexts in the eastern Mediterranean, presenting multiscalar and theoretically informed projects, with a special emphasis in the Aegean basin, to tackle:
• the definition of cultural borders;
• patterns of bilateral interaction and integration of ‘foreign’ materials;
• the transmission and transfer of goods and ideas and identity negotiation;
• the past mobility of people during the later prehistory.
We particularly invite papers developing theoretical frameworks with specific case studies, addressing the impact of modern geopolitical borders and biases in our definitions of archaeological frontiers particularly in regions with long-term or ongoing conflicts, and the fluidity of such concepts and application of bottom-up micro-scale approaches in understanding shifting traditions and relevant effects in shaping interaction borderzones.
DEADLINE FOR ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS: 10 FEBRUARY 2022