Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2023
Retinal microglia in the subretinal niche have protective functions against injuries to the retin... more Retinal microglia in the subretinal niche have protective functions against injuries to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), yet their overactivation can cause neuronal damage. The current research focused on unraveling a signaling network involving choroidal γδ T cells-produced IL-17 (interleukin-17) and RPE-produced IL-6 (interleukin-6). This network was found to be instrumental in metabolically reprogramming subretinal microglia, offering insights into the mechanisms governing their controlled activation.
Comprehensive data are needed to prevent substandard and falsified (SF) medicines as they pose a ... more Comprehensive data are needed to prevent substandard and falsified (SF) medicines as they pose a major risk to human health. To assess the quality of selected medicines, samples were collected from random private drug outlets of Dhaka North and South City Corporation, Bangladesh. Sample analysis included visual observation of the packaging, authenticity of the samples, legitimacy and registration verification of the manufacturer, physicochemical analysis, and price. Chemical analysis of the samples was performed using a portable Raman spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography according to the pharmacopoeia. Several discrepancies were noted in the visual observation of samples. Among the 189 collected samples of esomeprazole (ESM), cefixime (CFIX), and amoxicillinclavulanic acid (CVA-AMPC), 21.2% were confirmed to be authentic, 91.3% manufacturers were confirmed legitimate, and 2.1% of all samples were unregistered. Chemical analysis of the samples revealed that 9.5% (95% CI 5.7-14.6) of samples were SFs. Falsified samples and quality variation in the same generic branded samples were both detected by Raman spectroscopic analysis. Overall, sample prices were satisfactory relative to the international reference price. This study documents the availability of poor-quality medicines, demonstrating the need for immediate attention by the national medicine regulatory authority.
Background: The alterations of biological markers are thought to be effective tools to understand... more Background: The alterations of biological markers are thought to be effective tools to understand the pathophysiology and management of major depressive disorder (MDD). A lot of researches has implied many markers for depression, but any of them fully discovered the association between the markers and depression. The present study investigated the serum levels of amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in major depression, and also explained their association with depression. Methods: This study examined 247 MDD patients and 248 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age and sex. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D) was used to all the participants to measure the severity of depression. Quantification of serum amino acids, vitamin A and E were carried out using the HPLC system whereas vitamin C levels were measured by UV-spectrophotometer. All the statistical analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software (version 23.0). The independent sample t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Fisher's exact test were applied to detect the group differences where a Bonferroni correction applied to the p value. Results: It was observed that serum levels of four amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) along with three non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamin A, E, and C) were significantly dropped in MDD patients compared to HCs (Cohen's d (d): − 0.45, − 0.50, − 0.68, − 0.21, − 0.27, − 0.65, and − 0.24, respectively). Furthermore, Ham-D scores of cases were negatively correlated with serum levels of methionine (r = − 0.155, p = 0.015) and tyrosine (r = − 0.172, p = 0.007). Conclusion: The present study suggests that lowered serum methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and non-enzymatic antioxidants are associated with depression. The reduction of these parameters in MDD patients may be the consequence, and not the cause, of major depression.
In this present investigation, gastroretentive mucoadhesive microspheres of Repaglinide was formu... more In this present investigation, gastroretentive mucoadhesive microspheres of Repaglinide was formulated, characterized and optimized by applying the design of experiment (DoE) for better release profile and sustain action of the drug. Solvent evaporation technique was used to prepare microspheres, where Methocel K15M CR (X 1), Eudragit L 100 (X 2) and rpm (X 3) were used as independent variables whereas percent cumulative drug release at 8 hours (Y 1), bond strength (Y 2) and swelling at 8 hours (Y 3) were used as dependent variables. Particle size, surface morphology, mucoadhesive bond strength, swelling study, and drug entrapment efficiency were determined to characterize the prepared microspheres. In vitro dissolution study was performed in 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2) media for 8 hours. Response surface of dependent variables was calculated by design expert software and it was found that most of the responses were fitted to the quadratic model. Percent cumulative drug release at 8 hours was found minimum 61.34% and maximum 87.29%, the minimum and maximum range of mucoadhesive bond strength was found 426.02 to 13335.74 N/m 2 and in case of swelling at 8 hours, it was found 157.43 and 230.22%. After analyzing the responses, proposed formula was obtained from which minimization of percent cumulative drug release at 8 hours as well as swelling and maximization of bond strength was obtained. Thermal behavior was investigated by DSC study and no interaction was found between drug and excipients from FTIR study.
The grail of the study was to design, develop and characterize sustained release mucoadhesive mic... more The grail of the study was to design, develop and characterize sustained release mucoadhesive microspheres of acyclovir and to optimize the drug release profile using response surface methodology by applying Box-Behnken design (BBD) which was equipped with three levels and three factors. Microspheres were prepared from Methocel K15M and Ethocel Standard 45 Premium using the emulsification solvent evaporation technique. The independent factors were the amounts of Methocel K15M (X1), amount of Ethocel Standard 45 Premium (X2), and RPM (X3). The dependent variables were cumulative percentage drug release (CDR) at 8 hour (Y1), bond strength (Y2), and swelling at 4 hour (Y3). To understand the effects of different factor level combinations on the responses, various response surface graphs and contour plots were prepared. Predicted values and experimental values for optimized formulation (X1 = 600 mg, X2 = 500 mg, and X3 = 336.57) was found to be in close agreement.
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling health problem with a very high global... more Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling health problem with a very high global prevalence and burden. Alteration of inflammatory markers in depression is of growing interest to many psychiatry researchers. This study aimed to examine the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in MDD patients to find out their association with depression. Materials and methods: The present study recruited 88 MDD patients and 86 control subjects matched by age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). The Hamilton depression rating scale (Ham-D) was used on all patients to measure their severity of depression. Serum levels of IL-6 and CRP were analyzed by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA). Results: The mean values of serum levels of IL-6 and CRP were 2.94 ± 0.12 pg/mL and 0.99 ± 0.02 mg/L for the patient group and 2.42 ± 0.21 pg/mL and 1.09 ± 0.06 mg/L for the control group, respectively. We found significantly elevated concentrations of serum IL-6 in MDD patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.001). However, the alteration of serum CRP levels was not significant between the groups (p = 0.126). Ham-D scores of patients were positively correlated with serum IL-6 (r = 0.552; p = 0.004) and CRP (r = 0.621; p < 0.001) levels. Moreover, serum IL6 and CRP levels were observed to be positively correlated (r = 0.452; p = 0.043) with each other in depression. Conclusions: The present study suggests that increased serum IL-6 level might be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of depression.
Aim: The aim of this work was to increase the bioavailability of linagliptin, a BCS class-III dru... more Aim: The aim of this work was to increase the bioavailability of linagliptin, a BCS class-III drug, by improving permeability. For this purpose, linagliptin loaded different non-ionic surfactant vesicles were formulated and evaluated using statistical optimization. Methods: Two independent variables selected were surfactant span 60 (X 1), cholesterol (X 2) and three dependent variables were evaluated like percent drug entrapment efficiency (Y 1), percent drug content (Y 2) and percent cumulative drug release (Y 3) respectively. Based on the central composite design of user-defined design, nine batches of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (Niosomes) were prepared by thin film hydration method (TFHM) and modified ether injection method (MEIM) each respectively. The relation between the dependent and independent variables was drawn out from the mathematical equation and response surface methodology (RSM). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results: Microscopic observation confirmed that all particles were uniform in size and shape. Particle size of non-ionic surfactant vesicles measured by SEM was between 10µm to 100µm that given the evidence of large unilamellar vesicles formed by TFHM. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 8 hours according to the USP paddle method. The maximum and minimum drug releases were observed as 85.5% and 79.65% from non-ionic surfactant vesicles respectively, after 8 hours. Release kinetics was studied in different mathematical release models to find out the linear relationship and release rate of the drug. The FTIR studies have been done to confirm no interaction along with drug and polymer. In this experiment, it is difficult to explain the exact mechanism of drug release. But the drug might be released by fickian diffusion as the correlation coefficient (R2) best fitted with zero order and release exponent (n) was less than 0.43. Conclusion: At last it can be concluded that all in vitro and ex vivo experiments exhibited promising result to treat type II diabetes mellitus with linagliptin loaded non-ionic surfactant vesicles.
Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and... more Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood which is accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in day to day activities that adversely affects a person's family, work, and personal life. There is no sufficient laboratory test for the diagnosis of MDD and it is expected that this investigation may be helpful for better diagnosis and management of MDD. We aimed to measure serum immunoglobulin levels in MDD patients and control subjects to meet the above demand. Methods: For this purpose, we recruited 88 MDD patients from the department of psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka and 89 healthy volunteers from Dhaka city matched with age, sex and socioeconomic status to the patient group. Turbidimetry method was applied to measure serum levels of immunoglobulin A, G, and M where immunoglobulin kit was utilized. Results: The current study revealed that mean serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, G, and M in patients were found to be 209.07 ± 104.93, 791.50 ± 235.67 and 107.92 ± 47.53 mg/dL while those were 195.34 ± 92.16, 763.81 ± 175.89 and 99.17 ± 48.78 mg/dL in control subjects, respectively. Conclusion: Our result indicates that serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, G and M were not significant between the groups and further studies are required to establish these findings.
The presence of numerous generic brands of gliclazide in the local drug market makes the situatio... more The presence of numerous generic brands of gliclazide in the local drug market makes the situation difficult for health professionals and patients to choose the appropriate product. This study was intended to evaluate the bioequivalence of six marketed brands of gliclazide (80 mg) tablets from different manufacturers using in vitro dissolution study in order to minimize health risk factors. Drug releases were compared with that of a reference product. The dissolution profiles showed intra brand and inter brand variability. All the brands achieved 85% dissolution within 45 minutes. Test results were subjected to statistical analysis to compare the dissolution profile. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were also calculated. Model independent approaches of difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2) and dissolution efficiency (%DE) were employed. Using a validated UV spectrophotometric method, active ingredients were assayed. Assay value was recorded within 97.75% to 109.5%. Other general quality parameters of these tablets like diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time were also evaluated according to the established protocols and test results were within the limit.
Choosing the proper drug product is getting complicated for health professionals and patients due... more Choosing the proper drug product is getting complicated for health professionals and patients due to the existence of abundant generic brands in local drug market. The study was intended to evaluate the different physical parameters of generic amlodipine besylate tablet from different manufacturers using in vitro tests in order to minimize health risk factors and maximize the safety of local people. Six brands (A, B, C, D, E and F) of amlodipine besylate tablets (5 mg) marketed in Bangladesh were evaluated for eight in vitro tests including both official and unofficial viz. diameter test, thickness test, hardness test, friability test, uniformity of weight, disintegration test, dissolution test and assay. Dissolution study revealed brand B (99.87%) was the fastest and brand D (87.19%) was the slowest in terms of drug release. Using a validated UV spectrophotometric method assay value was recorded within 92% to 98.70%. Such study serves as a good pointer for assessment of in vitro parameters of commercially available products which may be advantageous for future formulation development studies.
Availability of copious generic brands in local drug market makes the health professionals confus... more Availability of copious generic brands in local drug market makes the health professionals confused to select the desired quality product. This study was designed to assess the bioequivalence of six generic Aceclofenac tablets from different manufacturers using in vitro dissolution study in order to minimize health risk factors. Other general quality assessments of these tablets like diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time were also evaluated according to the established protocols. Using a validated UV spectrophotometric method, active ingredients were assayed. All brands complied with the official specification for weight variation and disintegration time but only two brands complied in case of friability. Assay value was recorded within 92.68% to 100.51%. The dissolution profiles showed intra brand and inter brand variability. Only three brands achieved 80% dissolution within 60 minutes. Test results were subjected to statistical analysis to compare the dissolution profile. Model independent approaches of difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2) were employed and the data revealed that only two brands may be used interchangeably. Such study serves as a good cursor for assessment of in vitro parameters of commercially available products.
Snakebites are common in tropical countries like Bangladesh where most snakebite victims dwell in... more Snakebites are common in tropical countries like Bangladesh where most snakebite victims dwell in rural areas. Among the management options after snakebite in Bangladesh, snake charmers (Ozha in Bengali language) are the first contact following a snakebite for more than 80% of the victims and they are treated mostly with the help of some medicinal plants. Our aim of the study is to compile plants used for the treatment of snakebite occurrence in Bangladesh.The field survey was carried out in a period of almost 3 years. Fieldwork was undertaken in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, including Chittagong, Rangamati, Bandarban, and Khagrachari. Open-ended and semistructured questionnaire was used to interview a total of 110 people including traditional healers and local people. A total of 116 plant species of 48 families were listed. Leaves were the most cited plant part used against snake venom. Most of the reported species were herb in nature and paste mostly used externally is the mode of preparation. The survey represents the preliminary information of certain medicinal plants having neutralizing effects against snake venoms, though further phytochemical investigation, validation, and clinical trials should be conducted before using these plants as an alternative to popular antivenom.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2023
Retinal microglia in the subretinal niche have protective functions against injuries to the retin... more Retinal microglia in the subretinal niche have protective functions against injuries to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), yet their overactivation can cause neuronal damage. The current research focused on unraveling a signaling network involving choroidal γδ T cells-produced IL-17 (interleukin-17) and RPE-produced IL-6 (interleukin-6). This network was found to be instrumental in metabolically reprogramming subretinal microglia, offering insights into the mechanisms governing their controlled activation.
Comprehensive data are needed to prevent substandard and falsified (SF) medicines as they pose a ... more Comprehensive data are needed to prevent substandard and falsified (SF) medicines as they pose a major risk to human health. To assess the quality of selected medicines, samples were collected from random private drug outlets of Dhaka North and South City Corporation, Bangladesh. Sample analysis included visual observation of the packaging, authenticity of the samples, legitimacy and registration verification of the manufacturer, physicochemical analysis, and price. Chemical analysis of the samples was performed using a portable Raman spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography according to the pharmacopoeia. Several discrepancies were noted in the visual observation of samples. Among the 189 collected samples of esomeprazole (ESM), cefixime (CFIX), and amoxicillinclavulanic acid (CVA-AMPC), 21.2% were confirmed to be authentic, 91.3% manufacturers were confirmed legitimate, and 2.1% of all samples were unregistered. Chemical analysis of the samples revealed that 9.5% (95% CI 5.7-14.6) of samples were SFs. Falsified samples and quality variation in the same generic branded samples were both detected by Raman spectroscopic analysis. Overall, sample prices were satisfactory relative to the international reference price. This study documents the availability of poor-quality medicines, demonstrating the need for immediate attention by the national medicine regulatory authority.
Background: The alterations of biological markers are thought to be effective tools to understand... more Background: The alterations of biological markers are thought to be effective tools to understand the pathophysiology and management of major depressive disorder (MDD). A lot of researches has implied many markers for depression, but any of them fully discovered the association between the markers and depression. The present study investigated the serum levels of amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in major depression, and also explained their association with depression. Methods: This study examined 247 MDD patients and 248 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age and sex. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D) was used to all the participants to measure the severity of depression. Quantification of serum amino acids, vitamin A and E were carried out using the HPLC system whereas vitamin C levels were measured by UV-spectrophotometer. All the statistical analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software (version 23.0). The independent sample t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Fisher's exact test were applied to detect the group differences where a Bonferroni correction applied to the p value. Results: It was observed that serum levels of four amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) along with three non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamin A, E, and C) were significantly dropped in MDD patients compared to HCs (Cohen's d (d): − 0.45, − 0.50, − 0.68, − 0.21, − 0.27, − 0.65, and − 0.24, respectively). Furthermore, Ham-D scores of cases were negatively correlated with serum levels of methionine (r = − 0.155, p = 0.015) and tyrosine (r = − 0.172, p = 0.007). Conclusion: The present study suggests that lowered serum methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and non-enzymatic antioxidants are associated with depression. The reduction of these parameters in MDD patients may be the consequence, and not the cause, of major depression.
In this present investigation, gastroretentive mucoadhesive microspheres of Repaglinide was formu... more In this present investigation, gastroretentive mucoadhesive microspheres of Repaglinide was formulated, characterized and optimized by applying the design of experiment (DoE) for better release profile and sustain action of the drug. Solvent evaporation technique was used to prepare microspheres, where Methocel K15M CR (X 1), Eudragit L 100 (X 2) and rpm (X 3) were used as independent variables whereas percent cumulative drug release at 8 hours (Y 1), bond strength (Y 2) and swelling at 8 hours (Y 3) were used as dependent variables. Particle size, surface morphology, mucoadhesive bond strength, swelling study, and drug entrapment efficiency were determined to characterize the prepared microspheres. In vitro dissolution study was performed in 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2) media for 8 hours. Response surface of dependent variables was calculated by design expert software and it was found that most of the responses were fitted to the quadratic model. Percent cumulative drug release at 8 hours was found minimum 61.34% and maximum 87.29%, the minimum and maximum range of mucoadhesive bond strength was found 426.02 to 13335.74 N/m 2 and in case of swelling at 8 hours, it was found 157.43 and 230.22%. After analyzing the responses, proposed formula was obtained from which minimization of percent cumulative drug release at 8 hours as well as swelling and maximization of bond strength was obtained. Thermal behavior was investigated by DSC study and no interaction was found between drug and excipients from FTIR study.
The grail of the study was to design, develop and characterize sustained release mucoadhesive mic... more The grail of the study was to design, develop and characterize sustained release mucoadhesive microspheres of acyclovir and to optimize the drug release profile using response surface methodology by applying Box-Behnken design (BBD) which was equipped with three levels and three factors. Microspheres were prepared from Methocel K15M and Ethocel Standard 45 Premium using the emulsification solvent evaporation technique. The independent factors were the amounts of Methocel K15M (X1), amount of Ethocel Standard 45 Premium (X2), and RPM (X3). The dependent variables were cumulative percentage drug release (CDR) at 8 hour (Y1), bond strength (Y2), and swelling at 4 hour (Y3). To understand the effects of different factor level combinations on the responses, various response surface graphs and contour plots were prepared. Predicted values and experimental values for optimized formulation (X1 = 600 mg, X2 = 500 mg, and X3 = 336.57) was found to be in close agreement.
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling health problem with a very high global... more Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling health problem with a very high global prevalence and burden. Alteration of inflammatory markers in depression is of growing interest to many psychiatry researchers. This study aimed to examine the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in MDD patients to find out their association with depression. Materials and methods: The present study recruited 88 MDD patients and 86 control subjects matched by age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). The Hamilton depression rating scale (Ham-D) was used on all patients to measure their severity of depression. Serum levels of IL-6 and CRP were analyzed by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA). Results: The mean values of serum levels of IL-6 and CRP were 2.94 ± 0.12 pg/mL and 0.99 ± 0.02 mg/L for the patient group and 2.42 ± 0.21 pg/mL and 1.09 ± 0.06 mg/L for the control group, respectively. We found significantly elevated concentrations of serum IL-6 in MDD patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.001). However, the alteration of serum CRP levels was not significant between the groups (p = 0.126). Ham-D scores of patients were positively correlated with serum IL-6 (r = 0.552; p = 0.004) and CRP (r = 0.621; p < 0.001) levels. Moreover, serum IL6 and CRP levels were observed to be positively correlated (r = 0.452; p = 0.043) with each other in depression. Conclusions: The present study suggests that increased serum IL-6 level might be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of depression.
Aim: The aim of this work was to increase the bioavailability of linagliptin, a BCS class-III dru... more Aim: The aim of this work was to increase the bioavailability of linagliptin, a BCS class-III drug, by improving permeability. For this purpose, linagliptin loaded different non-ionic surfactant vesicles were formulated and evaluated using statistical optimization. Methods: Two independent variables selected were surfactant span 60 (X 1), cholesterol (X 2) and three dependent variables were evaluated like percent drug entrapment efficiency (Y 1), percent drug content (Y 2) and percent cumulative drug release (Y 3) respectively. Based on the central composite design of user-defined design, nine batches of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (Niosomes) were prepared by thin film hydration method (TFHM) and modified ether injection method (MEIM) each respectively. The relation between the dependent and independent variables was drawn out from the mathematical equation and response surface methodology (RSM). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results: Microscopic observation confirmed that all particles were uniform in size and shape. Particle size of non-ionic surfactant vesicles measured by SEM was between 10µm to 100µm that given the evidence of large unilamellar vesicles formed by TFHM. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 8 hours according to the USP paddle method. The maximum and minimum drug releases were observed as 85.5% and 79.65% from non-ionic surfactant vesicles respectively, after 8 hours. Release kinetics was studied in different mathematical release models to find out the linear relationship and release rate of the drug. The FTIR studies have been done to confirm no interaction along with drug and polymer. In this experiment, it is difficult to explain the exact mechanism of drug release. But the drug might be released by fickian diffusion as the correlation coefficient (R2) best fitted with zero order and release exponent (n) was less than 0.43. Conclusion: At last it can be concluded that all in vitro and ex vivo experiments exhibited promising result to treat type II diabetes mellitus with linagliptin loaded non-ionic surfactant vesicles.
Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and... more Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood which is accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in day to day activities that adversely affects a person's family, work, and personal life. There is no sufficient laboratory test for the diagnosis of MDD and it is expected that this investigation may be helpful for better diagnosis and management of MDD. We aimed to measure serum immunoglobulin levels in MDD patients and control subjects to meet the above demand. Methods: For this purpose, we recruited 88 MDD patients from the department of psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka and 89 healthy volunteers from Dhaka city matched with age, sex and socioeconomic status to the patient group. Turbidimetry method was applied to measure serum levels of immunoglobulin A, G, and M where immunoglobulin kit was utilized. Results: The current study revealed that mean serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, G, and M in patients were found to be 209.07 ± 104.93, 791.50 ± 235.67 and 107.92 ± 47.53 mg/dL while those were 195.34 ± 92.16, 763.81 ± 175.89 and 99.17 ± 48.78 mg/dL in control subjects, respectively. Conclusion: Our result indicates that serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, G and M were not significant between the groups and further studies are required to establish these findings.
The presence of numerous generic brands of gliclazide in the local drug market makes the situatio... more The presence of numerous generic brands of gliclazide in the local drug market makes the situation difficult for health professionals and patients to choose the appropriate product. This study was intended to evaluate the bioequivalence of six marketed brands of gliclazide (80 mg) tablets from different manufacturers using in vitro dissolution study in order to minimize health risk factors. Drug releases were compared with that of a reference product. The dissolution profiles showed intra brand and inter brand variability. All the brands achieved 85% dissolution within 45 minutes. Test results were subjected to statistical analysis to compare the dissolution profile. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were also calculated. Model independent approaches of difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2) and dissolution efficiency (%DE) were employed. Using a validated UV spectrophotometric method, active ingredients were assayed. Assay value was recorded within 97.75% to 109.5%. Other general quality parameters of these tablets like diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time were also evaluated according to the established protocols and test results were within the limit.
Choosing the proper drug product is getting complicated for health professionals and patients due... more Choosing the proper drug product is getting complicated for health professionals and patients due to the existence of abundant generic brands in local drug market. The study was intended to evaluate the different physical parameters of generic amlodipine besylate tablet from different manufacturers using in vitro tests in order to minimize health risk factors and maximize the safety of local people. Six brands (A, B, C, D, E and F) of amlodipine besylate tablets (5 mg) marketed in Bangladesh were evaluated for eight in vitro tests including both official and unofficial viz. diameter test, thickness test, hardness test, friability test, uniformity of weight, disintegration test, dissolution test and assay. Dissolution study revealed brand B (99.87%) was the fastest and brand D (87.19%) was the slowest in terms of drug release. Using a validated UV spectrophotometric method assay value was recorded within 92% to 98.70%. Such study serves as a good pointer for assessment of in vitro parameters of commercially available products which may be advantageous for future formulation development studies.
Availability of copious generic brands in local drug market makes the health professionals confus... more Availability of copious generic brands in local drug market makes the health professionals confused to select the desired quality product. This study was designed to assess the bioequivalence of six generic Aceclofenac tablets from different manufacturers using in vitro dissolution study in order to minimize health risk factors. Other general quality assessments of these tablets like diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time were also evaluated according to the established protocols. Using a validated UV spectrophotometric method, active ingredients were assayed. All brands complied with the official specification for weight variation and disintegration time but only two brands complied in case of friability. Assay value was recorded within 92.68% to 100.51%. The dissolution profiles showed intra brand and inter brand variability. Only three brands achieved 80% dissolution within 60 minutes. Test results were subjected to statistical analysis to compare the dissolution profile. Model independent approaches of difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2) were employed and the data revealed that only two brands may be used interchangeably. Such study serves as a good cursor for assessment of in vitro parameters of commercially available products.
Snakebites are common in tropical countries like Bangladesh where most snakebite victims dwell in... more Snakebites are common in tropical countries like Bangladesh where most snakebite victims dwell in rural areas. Among the management options after snakebite in Bangladesh, snake charmers (Ozha in Bengali language) are the first contact following a snakebite for more than 80% of the victims and they are treated mostly with the help of some medicinal plants. Our aim of the study is to compile plants used for the treatment of snakebite occurrence in Bangladesh.The field survey was carried out in a period of almost 3 years. Fieldwork was undertaken in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, including Chittagong, Rangamati, Bandarban, and Khagrachari. Open-ended and semistructured questionnaire was used to interview a total of 110 people including traditional healers and local people. A total of 116 plant species of 48 families were listed. Leaves were the most cited plant part used against snake venom. Most of the reported species were herb in nature and paste mostly used externally is the mode of preparation. The survey represents the preliminary information of certain medicinal plants having neutralizing effects against snake venoms, though further phytochemical investigation, validation, and clinical trials should be conducted before using these plants as an alternative to popular antivenom.
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management options after snakebite in Bangladesh, snake charmers (Ozha in Bengali language) are the first contact following
a snakebite for more than 80% of the victims and they are treated mostly with the help of some medicinal plants. Our aim of the
study is to compile plants used for the treatment of snakebite occurrence in Bangladesh.The field survey was carried out in a period
of almost 3 years. Fieldwork was undertaken in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, including Chittagong, Rangamati, Bandarban,
and Khagrachari. Open-ended and semistructured questionnaire was used to interview a total of 110 people including traditional
healers and local people. A total of 116 plant species of 48 families were listed. Leaves were the most cited plant part used against
snake venom. Most of the reported species were herb in nature and paste mostly used externally is the mode of preparation. The
survey represents the preliminary information of certain medicinal plants having neutralizing effects against snake venoms, though
further phytochemical investigation, validation, and clinical trials should be conducted before using these plants as an alternative
to popular antivenom.
management options after snakebite in Bangladesh, snake charmers (Ozha in Bengali language) are the first contact following
a snakebite for more than 80% of the victims and they are treated mostly with the help of some medicinal plants. Our aim of the
study is to compile plants used for the treatment of snakebite occurrence in Bangladesh.The field survey was carried out in a period
of almost 3 years. Fieldwork was undertaken in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, including Chittagong, Rangamati, Bandarban,
and Khagrachari. Open-ended and semistructured questionnaire was used to interview a total of 110 people including traditional
healers and local people. A total of 116 plant species of 48 families were listed. Leaves were the most cited plant part used against
snake venom. Most of the reported species were herb in nature and paste mostly used externally is the mode of preparation. The
survey represents the preliminary information of certain medicinal plants having neutralizing effects against snake venoms, though
further phytochemical investigation, validation, and clinical trials should be conducted before using these plants as an alternative
to popular antivenom.