In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin tempe... more In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin temperature on a mice model during dye-enhanced laser-tumor treatment coupled with the immunological response is explored. Mice with mammary tumors are injected with light absorption enhancing dye (indocyanine green, ICG) and immunoadjuvant (glycated chitosan, GC) prior to laser light (805 nm) irradiation through optical fiber. Using an infrared temperature probe, images are acquired and analyzed to determine surface temperature measurements. Simulations of the surface temperature measurements are conducted using a Monte Carlo finite difference method. The simulation results are in good agreement with the thermography measurements.
In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin tempe... more In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin temperature on a mice model during dye-enhanced laser-tumor treatment coupled with the immunological response is explored. Mice with mammary tumors are injected with light absorption enhancing dye (indocyanine green, ICG) and immunoadjuvant (glycated chitosan, GC) prior to laser light (805 nm) irradiation through optical fiber. Using an infrared temperature probe, images are acquired and analyzed to determine surface temperature measurements. Simulations of the surface temperature measurements are conducted using a Monte Carlo finite difference method. The simulation results are in good agreement with the thermography measurements.
ABSTRACT An ideal cancer treatment method should not only cause primary tumor suppression but als... more ABSTRACT An ideal cancer treatment method should not only cause primary tumor suppression but also induce an antitumor immunity, which is essential for control of metastatic tumors. A combination therapy using a laser, a laser-absorbing dye, and an immunoadjuvant guided by temperature measurement probes such as magnetic resonance imaging thermometry (MRT) and infrared thermography (IRT) can be an ideal treatment modality. Temperature distribution inside the target tissue is important in laser treatment. The surface temperature often serves as an indicator of the treatment effect. However, real-time monitoring of surface temperature during laser irradiation poses a great challenge. In this study, we investigated the surface temperature distribution using direct measurement and theoretical simulation. The preliminary results of in vitro and in vivo studies are presented. Gel phantom and chicken breast tissue were irradiated by an 805 nm laser and the surface temperature distribution was obtained using an infrared thermal camera. EMT-6 breast tumors in mice were treated using the 805 nm laser and with different dye and immunoadjuvant combinations, including intratumor injections of indocyanine green (ICG) and glycated chitosan (GC). Monte Carlo simulation for selective photothermal-tissue interaction was also performed for the surface temperature distributions. Our results demonstrated that the tissue temperature can be accurately monitored in real time and can be controlled by appropriate treatment parameters.
Temperature distribution in tissue can be a crucial factor in laser treatment for inducing immuni... more Temperature distribution in tissue can be a crucial factor in laser treatment for inducing immunization responses. In this study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to measure thermal temperature distribution in target tissue in laser treatment of metastatic tumors. It is the only feasible method for in vivo, non-invasive temperature distribution measurement. The measurement was conducted using phantom gel and
This work represents the first study employing non-invasive high-resolution harmonic ultrasound i... more This work represents the first study employing non-invasive high-resolution harmonic ultrasound imaging to longitudinally characterize skin wound healing. Burn wounds (day 0-42), on the dorsum of a domestic Yorkshire white pig were studied non-invasively using tandem digital planimetry, laser speckle imaging and dual mode (B and Doppler) ultrasound imaging. Wound depth, as measured by B-mode imaging, progressively increased until day 21 and decreased thereafter. Initially, blood flow at the wound edge increased up to day 14 and subsequently regressed to baseline levels by day 21, when the wound was more than 90% closed. Coinciding with regression of blood flow at the wound edge, there was an increase in blood flow in the wound bed. This was observed to regress by day 42. Such changes in wound angiogenesis were corroborated histologically. Gated Doppler imaging quantitated the pulse pressure of the primary feeder artery supplying the wound site. This pulse pressure markedly increased with a bimodal pattern following wounding connecting it to the induction of wound angiogenesis. Finally, ultrasound elastography measured tissue stiffness and visualized growth of new tissue over time. These studies have elegantly captured the physiological sequence of events during the process of wound healing, much of which is anticipated based on certain dynamics in play, to provide the framework for future studies on molecular mechanisms driving these processes. We conclude that the tandem use of non-invasive imaging technologies has the power to provide unprecedented insight into the dynamics of the healing skin tissue.
We report a second derivative multispectral algorithm for quantitative assessment of cutaneous ti... more We report a second derivative multispectral algorithm for quantitative assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygen saturation (StO₂). The algorithm is based on a forward model of light transport in multilayered skin tissue and an inverse algorithm for StO₂ reconstruction. Based on the forward simulation results, a parameter of a second derivative ratio (SDR) is derived as a function of cutaneous tissue StO₂. The SDR function is optimized at a wavelength set of 544, 552, 568, 576, 592, and 600 nm so that cutaneous tissue StO₂ can be derived with minimal artifacts by blood concentration, tissue scattering, and melanin concentration. The proposed multispectral StO₂ imaging algorithm is verified in both benchtop and in vivo experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed multispectral imaging algorithm is able to map cutaneous tissue StO₂ in high temporal resolution with reduced measurement artifacts induced by different skin conditions in comparison with other three commercial tissue oxygen measurement systems. These results indicate that the multispectral StO₂ imaging technique has the potential for noninvasive and quantitative assessment of skin tissue oxygenation with a high temporal resolution.
Accurate assessment of wound oxygenation and perfusion is important for evaluating wound healing/... more Accurate assessment of wound oxygenation and perfusion is important for evaluating wound healing/regression and guiding following therapeutic processes. However, many existing techniques and clinical practices are subjective and qualitative due to background bias, tissue heterogeneity, and inter-patient variation. To overcome these limitations, we developed a dual-modal imaging system for in vivo, non-invasive, real-time quantitative assessment of wound tissue oxygenation and perfusion. The imaging system integrated a broadband light source, a high-resolution CCD camera, a highly sensitive thermal camera, and a liquid crystal tunable filter. A user-friendly interface was developed to control all the components systematically. Advanced algorithms were explored for reliable reconstruction of tissue oxygenation and appropriate co-registration between thermal images and multispectral images. Dual-mode oxygenation and perfusion imaging was demonstrated on both benchtop models and human subjects, and compared with measurements using other methods, such as Laser Doppler and tissue oximeter. The test results suggested that the dual-modal imaging system has the potential for non-contact real-time imaging of wound tissue oxygenation and perfusion.
The vitamin E family includes both tocopherols and tocotrienols, where α-tocopherol (αTOC) is the... more The vitamin E family includes both tocopherols and tocotrienols, where α-tocopherol (αTOC) is the most bioavailable form. Clinical trials testing the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose αTOC against stroke have largely failed or reported negative outcomes when a "more is better" approach to supplementation (>400 IU/d) was used. This work addresses mechanisms by which supraphysiologic αTOC may contribute to stroke-induced brain injury. Ischemic stroke injury and the neuroinflammatory response were studied in tocopherol transfer protein-deficient mice maintained on a diet containing αTOC vitamin E at the equivalent human dose of 1680 IU/d. Ischemic stroke-induced brain injury was exacerbated in the presence of supraphysiologic brain αTOC levels. At 48 h after stroke, S100B and RAGE expression was increased in stroke-affected cortex of mice with elevated brain αTOC levels. Such increases were concomitant with aggravated microglial activation and neuroinflammatory signaling. A poststroke increase in markers of oxidative injury and neurodegeneration in the presence of elevated brain αTOC establish that at supraphysiologic levels, αTOC potentiates neuroinflammatory responses to acute ischemic stroke. Exacerbation of microglial activation by excessive αTOC likely depends on its unique cell signaling regulatory properties independent of antioxidant function. Against the background of clinical failure for high-dose αTOC, outcomes of this work identify risk for exacerbating stroke-induced brain injury as a result of supplementing diet with excessive levels of αTOC.-Khanna, S., Heigel,M., Weist, J., Gnyawali, S., Teplitsky, S., Roy, S., Sen, C. K., Rink, C. Excessive α-tocopherol exacerbates microglial activation and brain injury caused by acute ischemic stroke.
Optics in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2007
A highly accurate, fast three-dimensional in vivo temperature mapping method is developed using M... more A highly accurate, fast three-dimensional in vivo temperature mapping method is developed using MRI water photon chemical shift. It is important to have the precise temperature distribution information during laser-tissue thermal treatment. Several methods can be used for temperature measurement including thermal couple, optical fiber sensor, and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) methods. MRI is the only feasible method for 3D in vivo, non-invasive temperature distribution measurement for laser-tissue interaction. The water proton chemical shift method is used in 3D MRI mapping. Varies MRI parameters, such as flip angle, TE, TR, spatial resolution, and temporal repetition, were optimized for the temperature mapping. The laser radiation of 805nm wavelength and a light-absorbing dye, indocyanine green (ICG) was used for temperature elevation. The measurement was conducted using gel phantom, chicken tissue and rats. The phantom system was constructed with a dye-enhanced spherical gel embedded in uniform gel phantom, simulating a tumor within normal tissue. The normal temperature elevation within ex vivo tissue such as chicken breast can reach up to 45-50 degree C with a power density of 1.3W/cm2 (with laser power of 3W and 1.7cm beam size). The temperature resolution is 0.37 degree C with a 0.2-mm spatial resolution and repetition rate of around 40 seconds. The external magnetic field drift effect is also evaluated.
The selective photothermal-tissue interaction using dye enhancement has been proven to be effecti... more The selective photothermal-tissue interaction using dye enhancement has been proven to be effective in minimizing the peripheral normal tissue damage during cancer treatment. It is important that the tissue-thermal damage be analyzed and the damage rate process be estimated before the photothermal-immunotherapy for cancer treatment. In this study, we have used the EMT6 mouse tumor model for the laser-tumor treatment with a simultaneous surface temperature measurement using infrared thermography. The images acquired were processed to obtain the temperature profiles. The saturation temperature and corresponding time of irradiation from the temporal profiles were used to calculate the damage parameter using Arrhenius rate process equation. The damage parameters obtained from six mice were compared. Our results of in vivo study show that the damage analyses agree with the previous in vitro study on skins.
Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XII: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics; and Design and Performance Validation of Phantoms Used in Conjunction with Optical Measurement of Tissue IV, 2012
ABSTRACT Optical imaging has the potential to achieve high spatial resolution and high functional... more ABSTRACT Optical imaging has the potential to achieve high spatial resolution and high functional sensitivity in wound assessment. However, clinical acceptance of many optical imaging devices is hampered by poor reproducibility, low accuracy, and lack of biological interpretation. We developed an in vivo model of ischemic flap for non-contact assessment of wound tissue functional parameters and spectral characteristics. The model was created by elevating the bipedicle skin flaps of a domestic pig from the underlying vascular bed and inhibiting graft bed reperfusion by a silastic sheet. Hyperspectral imaging was carried out on the ischemic flap model and compared with transcutaneous oxygen tension and perfusion measurements at different positions of the wound. Hyperspectral images have also been captured continuously during a post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) procedure. Tissue spectral characteristics obtained by hyperspectral imaging correlated well with cutaneous tissue oxygen tension, blood perfusion, and microscopic changes of tissue morphology. Our experiments not only demonstrated the technical feasibility for quantitative assessment of chronic wound but also provided a potential digital phantom platform for quantitative characterization and calibration of medical optical devices.
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to ... more Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to repeated imaging to monitor temporal changes in functional parameters of key clinical significance. Two-dimensional movies were acquired at high frame rate (8 kHz) and were utilized to estimate high-quality myocardial strain. Two-dimensional elastograms (strain images), as well as strain profiles, were visualized. Results were powerful in quantitatively assessing IR-induced changes in cardiac events including left-ventricular (LV) contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases of both pre-IR and post-IR beating hearts in intact mice. In addition, compromised sector-wise wall motion and anatomical deformation in the infarcted myocardium were visualized. The elastograms were uniquely able to provide information on the following parameters in addition to standard physiological indices that are known to be affected by myocardial infarction in the mouse: internal diameters of mitral valve orifice and aorta, effective regurgitant orifice, myocardial strain (circumferential as well as radial), turbulence in blood flow pattern as revealed by the color Doppler movies and velocity profiles, asynchrony in LV sector, and changes in the length and direction of vectors demonstrating slower and asymmetrical wall movement. This work emphasizes on the visual demonstration of how such analyses are performed.
Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2008
Tissue surface temperature distribution on the treatment site can serve as an indicator for the e... more Tissue surface temperature distribution on the treatment site can serve as an indicator for the effectiveness of a photothermal therapy. In this study, both infrared thermography and theoretical simulation were used to determine the surface temperature distribution during laser irradiation of both gel phantom and animal tumors. Selective photothermal interaction was attempted by using intratumoral indocyanine green enhancement and irradiation via a near-infrared laser. An immunoadjuvant was also used to enhance immunological responses during tumor treatment. Monte Carlo method for tissue absorption of light and finite difference method for heat diffusion in tissue were used to simulate the temperature distribution during the selective laser photothermal interaction. An infrared camera was used to capture the thermal images during the laser treatment and the surface temperature was determined. Our findings show that the theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement and that the surface temperature of irradiated tissue can be controlled with appropriate dye and adjuvant enhancement. These results can be used to control the laser tumor treatment parameters and to optimize the treatment outcome. More importantly, when used with immunotherapy as a precursor of immunological responses, the selective photothermal treatment can be guided by the tissue temperature profiles both in the tumor and on the surface.
Glutathione depletion and 12-lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid are known to b... more Glutathione depletion and 12-lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid are known to be implicated in neurodegeneration associated with acute ischemic stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of miR-29 in neurodegeneration associated with acute ischemic stroke. Neural cell death caused by arachidonic acid insult of glutathione-deficient cells was preceded by a 12-lipoxygenase-dependent loss of miR-29b. Delivery of miR-29b mimic to blunt such loss was neuroprotective. miR-29b inhibition potentiated such neural cell death. 12-Lipoxygenase knockdown and inhibitors attenuated the loss of miR-29b in challenged cells. In vivo, stroke caused by middle-cerebral artery occlusion was followed by higher 12-lipoxygenase activity and loss of miR-29b as detected in laser-captured infarct site tissue. 12-Lipoxygenase knockout mice demonstrated protection against such miR loss. miR-29b gene delivery markedly attenuated stroke-induced brain lesion. Oral supplementation of α-tocotrienol, a vitamin E 12-lipoxygenase inhibitor, rescued stroke-induced loss of miR-29b and minimized lesion size. This work provides the first evidence demonstrating that loss of miR-29b at the infarct site is a key contributor to stroke lesion. Such loss is contributed by activity of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway providing maiden evidence linking arachidonic acid metabolism to miR-dependent mechanisms in stroke.
In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin tempe... more In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin temperature on a mice model during dye-enhanced laser-tumor treatment coupled with the immunological response is explored. Mice with mammary tumors are injected with light absorption enhancing dye (indocyanine green, ICG) and immunoadjuvant (glycated chitosan, GC) prior to laser light (805 nm) irradiation through optical fiber. Using an infrared temperature probe, images are acquired and analyzed to determine surface temperature measurements. Simulations of the surface temperature measurements are conducted using a Monte Carlo finite difference method. The simulation results are in good agreement with the thermography measurements.
In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin tempe... more In this paper, non-contact and noninvasive infrared thermography in the measurement of skin temperature on a mice model during dye-enhanced laser-tumor treatment coupled with the immunological response is explored. Mice with mammary tumors are injected with light absorption enhancing dye (indocyanine green, ICG) and immunoadjuvant (glycated chitosan, GC) prior to laser light (805 nm) irradiation through optical fiber. Using an infrared temperature probe, images are acquired and analyzed to determine surface temperature measurements. Simulations of the surface temperature measurements are conducted using a Monte Carlo finite difference method. The simulation results are in good agreement with the thermography measurements.
ABSTRACT An ideal cancer treatment method should not only cause primary tumor suppression but als... more ABSTRACT An ideal cancer treatment method should not only cause primary tumor suppression but also induce an antitumor immunity, which is essential for control of metastatic tumors. A combination therapy using a laser, a laser-absorbing dye, and an immunoadjuvant guided by temperature measurement probes such as magnetic resonance imaging thermometry (MRT) and infrared thermography (IRT) can be an ideal treatment modality. Temperature distribution inside the target tissue is important in laser treatment. The surface temperature often serves as an indicator of the treatment effect. However, real-time monitoring of surface temperature during laser irradiation poses a great challenge. In this study, we investigated the surface temperature distribution using direct measurement and theoretical simulation. The preliminary results of in vitro and in vivo studies are presented. Gel phantom and chicken breast tissue were irradiated by an 805 nm laser and the surface temperature distribution was obtained using an infrared thermal camera. EMT-6 breast tumors in mice were treated using the 805 nm laser and with different dye and immunoadjuvant combinations, including intratumor injections of indocyanine green (ICG) and glycated chitosan (GC). Monte Carlo simulation for selective photothermal-tissue interaction was also performed for the surface temperature distributions. Our results demonstrated that the tissue temperature can be accurately monitored in real time and can be controlled by appropriate treatment parameters.
Temperature distribution in tissue can be a crucial factor in laser treatment for inducing immuni... more Temperature distribution in tissue can be a crucial factor in laser treatment for inducing immunization responses. In this study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to measure thermal temperature distribution in target tissue in laser treatment of metastatic tumors. It is the only feasible method for in vivo, non-invasive temperature distribution measurement. The measurement was conducted using phantom gel and
This work represents the first study employing non-invasive high-resolution harmonic ultrasound i... more This work represents the first study employing non-invasive high-resolution harmonic ultrasound imaging to longitudinally characterize skin wound healing. Burn wounds (day 0-42), on the dorsum of a domestic Yorkshire white pig were studied non-invasively using tandem digital planimetry, laser speckle imaging and dual mode (B and Doppler) ultrasound imaging. Wound depth, as measured by B-mode imaging, progressively increased until day 21 and decreased thereafter. Initially, blood flow at the wound edge increased up to day 14 and subsequently regressed to baseline levels by day 21, when the wound was more than 90% closed. Coinciding with regression of blood flow at the wound edge, there was an increase in blood flow in the wound bed. This was observed to regress by day 42. Such changes in wound angiogenesis were corroborated histologically. Gated Doppler imaging quantitated the pulse pressure of the primary feeder artery supplying the wound site. This pulse pressure markedly increased with a bimodal pattern following wounding connecting it to the induction of wound angiogenesis. Finally, ultrasound elastography measured tissue stiffness and visualized growth of new tissue over time. These studies have elegantly captured the physiological sequence of events during the process of wound healing, much of which is anticipated based on certain dynamics in play, to provide the framework for future studies on molecular mechanisms driving these processes. We conclude that the tandem use of non-invasive imaging technologies has the power to provide unprecedented insight into the dynamics of the healing skin tissue.
We report a second derivative multispectral algorithm for quantitative assessment of cutaneous ti... more We report a second derivative multispectral algorithm for quantitative assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygen saturation (StO₂). The algorithm is based on a forward model of light transport in multilayered skin tissue and an inverse algorithm for StO₂ reconstruction. Based on the forward simulation results, a parameter of a second derivative ratio (SDR) is derived as a function of cutaneous tissue StO₂. The SDR function is optimized at a wavelength set of 544, 552, 568, 576, 592, and 600 nm so that cutaneous tissue StO₂ can be derived with minimal artifacts by blood concentration, tissue scattering, and melanin concentration. The proposed multispectral StO₂ imaging algorithm is verified in both benchtop and in vivo experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed multispectral imaging algorithm is able to map cutaneous tissue StO₂ in high temporal resolution with reduced measurement artifacts induced by different skin conditions in comparison with other three commercial tissue oxygen measurement systems. These results indicate that the multispectral StO₂ imaging technique has the potential for noninvasive and quantitative assessment of skin tissue oxygenation with a high temporal resolution.
Accurate assessment of wound oxygenation and perfusion is important for evaluating wound healing/... more Accurate assessment of wound oxygenation and perfusion is important for evaluating wound healing/regression and guiding following therapeutic processes. However, many existing techniques and clinical practices are subjective and qualitative due to background bias, tissue heterogeneity, and inter-patient variation. To overcome these limitations, we developed a dual-modal imaging system for in vivo, non-invasive, real-time quantitative assessment of wound tissue oxygenation and perfusion. The imaging system integrated a broadband light source, a high-resolution CCD camera, a highly sensitive thermal camera, and a liquid crystal tunable filter. A user-friendly interface was developed to control all the components systematically. Advanced algorithms were explored for reliable reconstruction of tissue oxygenation and appropriate co-registration between thermal images and multispectral images. Dual-mode oxygenation and perfusion imaging was demonstrated on both benchtop models and human subjects, and compared with measurements using other methods, such as Laser Doppler and tissue oximeter. The test results suggested that the dual-modal imaging system has the potential for non-contact real-time imaging of wound tissue oxygenation and perfusion.
The vitamin E family includes both tocopherols and tocotrienols, where α-tocopherol (αTOC) is the... more The vitamin E family includes both tocopherols and tocotrienols, where α-tocopherol (αTOC) is the most bioavailable form. Clinical trials testing the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose αTOC against stroke have largely failed or reported negative outcomes when a "more is better" approach to supplementation (>400 IU/d) was used. This work addresses mechanisms by which supraphysiologic αTOC may contribute to stroke-induced brain injury. Ischemic stroke injury and the neuroinflammatory response were studied in tocopherol transfer protein-deficient mice maintained on a diet containing αTOC vitamin E at the equivalent human dose of 1680 IU/d. Ischemic stroke-induced brain injury was exacerbated in the presence of supraphysiologic brain αTOC levels. At 48 h after stroke, S100B and RAGE expression was increased in stroke-affected cortex of mice with elevated brain αTOC levels. Such increases were concomitant with aggravated microglial activation and neuroinflammatory signaling. A poststroke increase in markers of oxidative injury and neurodegeneration in the presence of elevated brain αTOC establish that at supraphysiologic levels, αTOC potentiates neuroinflammatory responses to acute ischemic stroke. Exacerbation of microglial activation by excessive αTOC likely depends on its unique cell signaling regulatory properties independent of antioxidant function. Against the background of clinical failure for high-dose αTOC, outcomes of this work identify risk for exacerbating stroke-induced brain injury as a result of supplementing diet with excessive levels of αTOC.-Khanna, S., Heigel,M., Weist, J., Gnyawali, S., Teplitsky, S., Roy, S., Sen, C. K., Rink, C. Excessive α-tocopherol exacerbates microglial activation and brain injury caused by acute ischemic stroke.
Optics in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2007
A highly accurate, fast three-dimensional in vivo temperature mapping method is developed using M... more A highly accurate, fast three-dimensional in vivo temperature mapping method is developed using MRI water photon chemical shift. It is important to have the precise temperature distribution information during laser-tissue thermal treatment. Several methods can be used for temperature measurement including thermal couple, optical fiber sensor, and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) methods. MRI is the only feasible method for 3D in vivo, non-invasive temperature distribution measurement for laser-tissue interaction. The water proton chemical shift method is used in 3D MRI mapping. Varies MRI parameters, such as flip angle, TE, TR, spatial resolution, and temporal repetition, were optimized for the temperature mapping. The laser radiation of 805nm wavelength and a light-absorbing dye, indocyanine green (ICG) was used for temperature elevation. The measurement was conducted using gel phantom, chicken tissue and rats. The phantom system was constructed with a dye-enhanced spherical gel embedded in uniform gel phantom, simulating a tumor within normal tissue. The normal temperature elevation within ex vivo tissue such as chicken breast can reach up to 45-50 degree C with a power density of 1.3W/cm2 (with laser power of 3W and 1.7cm beam size). The temperature resolution is 0.37 degree C with a 0.2-mm spatial resolution and repetition rate of around 40 seconds. The external magnetic field drift effect is also evaluated.
The selective photothermal-tissue interaction using dye enhancement has been proven to be effecti... more The selective photothermal-tissue interaction using dye enhancement has been proven to be effective in minimizing the peripheral normal tissue damage during cancer treatment. It is important that the tissue-thermal damage be analyzed and the damage rate process be estimated before the photothermal-immunotherapy for cancer treatment. In this study, we have used the EMT6 mouse tumor model for the laser-tumor treatment with a simultaneous surface temperature measurement using infrared thermography. The images acquired were processed to obtain the temperature profiles. The saturation temperature and corresponding time of irradiation from the temporal profiles were used to calculate the damage parameter using Arrhenius rate process equation. The damage parameters obtained from six mice were compared. Our results of in vivo study show that the damage analyses agree with the previous in vitro study on skins.
Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XII: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics; and Design and Performance Validation of Phantoms Used in Conjunction with Optical Measurement of Tissue IV, 2012
ABSTRACT Optical imaging has the potential to achieve high spatial resolution and high functional... more ABSTRACT Optical imaging has the potential to achieve high spatial resolution and high functional sensitivity in wound assessment. However, clinical acceptance of many optical imaging devices is hampered by poor reproducibility, low accuracy, and lack of biological interpretation. We developed an in vivo model of ischemic flap for non-contact assessment of wound tissue functional parameters and spectral characteristics. The model was created by elevating the bipedicle skin flaps of a domestic pig from the underlying vascular bed and inhibiting graft bed reperfusion by a silastic sheet. Hyperspectral imaging was carried out on the ischemic flap model and compared with transcutaneous oxygen tension and perfusion measurements at different positions of the wound. Hyperspectral images have also been captured continuously during a post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) procedure. Tissue spectral characteristics obtained by hyperspectral imaging correlated well with cutaneous tissue oxygen tension, blood perfusion, and microscopic changes of tissue morphology. Our experiments not only demonstrated the technical feasibility for quantitative assessment of chronic wound but also provided a potential digital phantom platform for quantitative characterization and calibration of medical optical devices.
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to ... more Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to repeated imaging to monitor temporal changes in functional parameters of key clinical significance. Two-dimensional movies were acquired at high frame rate (8 kHz) and were utilized to estimate high-quality myocardial strain. Two-dimensional elastograms (strain images), as well as strain profiles, were visualized. Results were powerful in quantitatively assessing IR-induced changes in cardiac events including left-ventricular (LV) contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases of both pre-IR and post-IR beating hearts in intact mice. In addition, compromised sector-wise wall motion and anatomical deformation in the infarcted myocardium were visualized. The elastograms were uniquely able to provide information on the following parameters in addition to standard physiological indices that are known to be affected by myocardial infarction in the mouse: internal diameters of mitral valve orifice and aorta, effective regurgitant orifice, myocardial strain (circumferential as well as radial), turbulence in blood flow pattern as revealed by the color Doppler movies and velocity profiles, asynchrony in LV sector, and changes in the length and direction of vectors demonstrating slower and asymmetrical wall movement. This work emphasizes on the visual demonstration of how such analyses are performed.
Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2008
Tissue surface temperature distribution on the treatment site can serve as an indicator for the e... more Tissue surface temperature distribution on the treatment site can serve as an indicator for the effectiveness of a photothermal therapy. In this study, both infrared thermography and theoretical simulation were used to determine the surface temperature distribution during laser irradiation of both gel phantom and animal tumors. Selective photothermal interaction was attempted by using intratumoral indocyanine green enhancement and irradiation via a near-infrared laser. An immunoadjuvant was also used to enhance immunological responses during tumor treatment. Monte Carlo method for tissue absorption of light and finite difference method for heat diffusion in tissue were used to simulate the temperature distribution during the selective laser photothermal interaction. An infrared camera was used to capture the thermal images during the laser treatment and the surface temperature was determined. Our findings show that the theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement and that the surface temperature of irradiated tissue can be controlled with appropriate dye and adjuvant enhancement. These results can be used to control the laser tumor treatment parameters and to optimize the treatment outcome. More importantly, when used with immunotherapy as a precursor of immunological responses, the selective photothermal treatment can be guided by the tissue temperature profiles both in the tumor and on the surface.
Glutathione depletion and 12-lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid are known to b... more Glutathione depletion and 12-lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid are known to be implicated in neurodegeneration associated with acute ischemic stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of miR-29 in neurodegeneration associated with acute ischemic stroke. Neural cell death caused by arachidonic acid insult of glutathione-deficient cells was preceded by a 12-lipoxygenase-dependent loss of miR-29b. Delivery of miR-29b mimic to blunt such loss was neuroprotective. miR-29b inhibition potentiated such neural cell death. 12-Lipoxygenase knockdown and inhibitors attenuated the loss of miR-29b in challenged cells. In vivo, stroke caused by middle-cerebral artery occlusion was followed by higher 12-lipoxygenase activity and loss of miR-29b as detected in laser-captured infarct site tissue. 12-Lipoxygenase knockout mice demonstrated protection against such miR loss. miR-29b gene delivery markedly attenuated stroke-induced brain lesion. Oral supplementation of α-tocotrienol, a vitamin E 12-lipoxygenase inhibitor, rescued stroke-induced loss of miR-29b and minimized lesion size. This work provides the first evidence demonstrating that loss of miR-29b at the infarct site is a key contributor to stroke lesion. Such loss is contributed by activity of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway providing maiden evidence linking arachidonic acid metabolism to miR-dependent mechanisms in stroke.
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Papers by Surya Gnyawali