Laser-induced fluorescence with tunable excimer lasers as a possible method for instantaneous temperature field measurements at high pressures: checks with an atmospheric flame
Peter Andresen, A. Bath, W. Gröger, H. W. Lülf, G. Meijer, and J. J. ter Meulen
Peter Andresen, A. Bath, W. Gröger, H. W. Lülf, G. Meijer, and J. J. ter Meulen, "Laser-induced fluorescence with tunable excimer lasers as a possible method for instantaneous temperature field measurements at high pressures: checks with an atmospheric flame," Appl. Opt. 27, 365-378 (1988)
A new method for instantaneous temperature field measurements based on LIF studies of OH, O2, and H2O in an open atmospheric flame with a tunable excimer laser is suggested. In this method the crucial problem of quenching at higher pressures is almost completely eliminated by excitation to a fast predissociating state. The various possible excitation and fluorescence processes that can be induced in the narrow tuning range of the KrF laser are characterized experimentally by excitation and dispersion spectra for the three molecules OH, O2, and H2O. Of particular importance is the large power of the KrF laser, which allows efficient excitation of even weak transitions. The fast predissociation of these molecules in connection with the powerful excitation laser suggests that instantaneous temperature field measurements should be possible at higher pressures.
Karen J. Rensberger, Jay B. Jeffries, Richard A. Copeland, Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus, Michael L. Wise, and David R. Crosley Appl. Opt. 28(17) 3556-3566 (1989)
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Absorption Lines for the Vibrational Transition 3—0 in the A2Σ−X2Π Absorption Band of OH that are in the Tuning Range of the KrF Laser (from Ref. 10)a
Rotational transition
Excitation frequency (cm−1)
Transition probability
P1(9)
40193.35
5.11
R2(15)
40212.91
7.15
Q2(11)
40229.17
10.53
Q12(11)
40231.40
0.32
R21(15)
40242.39
0.33
R1(15)
402.45.39
7.52
P2(8)
40248.48
3.81
P12(8)
40249.94
0.58
Q21(11)
40263.17
0.33
Q1(11)
40265.40
11.55
Q12(6)
40278.82
0.21
P1(8)
40296.25
4.60
R2(14)
40314.98
6.65
Q2(10)
40319.47
9.50
Q12(10)
40321.53
0.35
The transition probabilities are (2J″ + 1) times the appropriate Honl-London factor.10
Table II
Absorption Lines of the O2 Schumann-Runge Bands
that are in the Tuning Range of the KrF Lasera
0 ← 4
1 ← 6
R(75)
40199.0
P(37)
40235.1
P(71)
40302.4
R(39)
40272.4
P(35)
40317.4
0 ← 5
2 ← 6
R(55)
40218.4
R(53)
40206.8
P(51)
40282.8
P(49)
40280.5
R(53)
40334.0
R(51)
40321.2
0 ← 6
2 ← 7
R(19)
40199.9
R(15)
40199.0
P(15)
40217.4
P(11)
40215.2
R(17)
40235.9
R(13)
40227.3
P(13)
40251.4
P( 9)
40241.1
R(15)
40267.7
R(11)
40251.3
P(11)
40281.2
P( 7)
40262.7
R(13)
40295.3
R( 9)
40270.9
P(9)
40306.7
P( 5)
40279.9
R(11)
40318.5
R( 7)
40286.2
P(7)
40328.0
P( 3)
40292.8
R(9)
40337.6
R( 5)
40297.2
P( 1)
40301.4
R( 3)
40303.8
R( 1)
40306.1
For different vibrational transitions υ′ ← υ″ the excitation frequency for the corresponding rotational transitions is given in cm−1.
Table III
For the 0 ← 6 and 2 ← 7 Excitation Processes in the O2 Schumann-Runge Bands, the Wavelength Range for Emission Subsequent to Excitation of One of the lines from Table II to Various Lower Vibrational States v″ is Given Together with the Relative Fluorescence Intensitya
υ″
Excitation: 0 ← 6
Excitation: 2 ← 7
Wavelength region
Int.
Wavelength region
Int.
0
202.6–203.9
—
197.2–198.1
—
1
209.2–210.6
—
203.4–204.4
—
2
216.1–217.6
—
210.0–211.0
—
3
223.4–224.9
—
216.9–217.9
0.1
4
231.1–232.7
—
224.1–225.1
0.5
5
239.2–240.8
0.1
231.7–232.8
1.7
6
247.7–249.4
0.3
239.7–240.8
4.0
7
256.7–258.5
0.9
248.1–249.3
7.3
8
266.3–268.2
2.0
257.0–258.3
10.0
9
276.4–278.4
3.8
266.4–267.7
10.0
10
287.1–289.2
6.2
276.3–277.7
6.7
11
298.5–300,6
8.5
286.9–288.3
2.2
12
310.5–312.8
10.0
298.0–299.5
0.0
13
323.4–325.8
10.0
309.8–311.4
1.3
14
337.1–339.7
8.6
322.4–324.1
3.6
15
351.8–354.5
6.3
335.8–337.6
3.8
16
367.4–370.3
4.0
350.0–351.9
1.8
17
384.2–387.2
2.2
365.2–367.2
0.2
18
402.2–405.4
1.1
381.4–383.5
0.3
19
421.6–424.9
0.4
398.8–401.0
1.5
20
442.4–445.9
0.2
417.4–419.7
2.3
21
464.8–468.6
0.1
437.3–439.8
2.2
22
489.1–493.1
—
458.7–461.3
1.5
23
515.3–519.5
—
481.7–484.4
0.9
Excitation band
Free lying emission band
Wavelength region
0 ← 4
0 → 14
363.8–364.0
0 ← 5
0 → 15
365.0–366.1
1 ← 6
1 → 17
379.5–381.7
2 ← 6
2 → 20
432.1–433.7
The indicated wavelength region covers all fluorescence from the different rotational lines that can be excited with the KrF laser. Because only relatively low rotational states are probed, the subsequent emission is restricted to a narrow range. The fluorescence intensity is calculated by ν3·qυ′υ″ with the emission frequency ν and the FC factors from Ref. 20. The strongest emission is arbitrarily set to 10. For the other vibrational transition, only the best wavelength range for separate detection is given.
Table IV
Einstein Transition Probabilities from This Work Compared with Selected Results from Other Authorsa
This work
Crosley (calc)
Henneker and Popkie
Learner
A30
9.5 ± 2
11
9
12
A31
130 ± 15
173
159
148
A32
500
515
488
466
A33
140 ± 20
113
116
223
A34
1.65 ± 0.40
—
—
—
A35
3.2 ± 0.7
—
—
—
A36
≦1.0
—
—
—
The other data are contained in a table in Ref. 28, where the value of A00 has been set to 1000. For good comparison we set our value for A32 equal to 500.
Tables (4)
Table I
Absorption Lines for the Vibrational Transition 3—0 in the A2Σ−X2Π Absorption Band of OH that are in the Tuning Range of the KrF Laser (from Ref. 10)a
Rotational transition
Excitation frequency (cm−1)
Transition probability
P1(9)
40193.35
5.11
R2(15)
40212.91
7.15
Q2(11)
40229.17
10.53
Q12(11)
40231.40
0.32
R21(15)
40242.39
0.33
R1(15)
402.45.39
7.52
P2(8)
40248.48
3.81
P12(8)
40249.94
0.58
Q21(11)
40263.17
0.33
Q1(11)
40265.40
11.55
Q12(6)
40278.82
0.21
P1(8)
40296.25
4.60
R2(14)
40314.98
6.65
Q2(10)
40319.47
9.50
Q12(10)
40321.53
0.35
The transition probabilities are (2J″ + 1) times the appropriate Honl-London factor.10
Table II
Absorption Lines of the O2 Schumann-Runge Bands
that are in the Tuning Range of the KrF Lasera
0 ← 4
1 ← 6
R(75)
40199.0
P(37)
40235.1
P(71)
40302.4
R(39)
40272.4
P(35)
40317.4
0 ← 5
2 ← 6
R(55)
40218.4
R(53)
40206.8
P(51)
40282.8
P(49)
40280.5
R(53)
40334.0
R(51)
40321.2
0 ← 6
2 ← 7
R(19)
40199.9
R(15)
40199.0
P(15)
40217.4
P(11)
40215.2
R(17)
40235.9
R(13)
40227.3
P(13)
40251.4
P( 9)
40241.1
R(15)
40267.7
R(11)
40251.3
P(11)
40281.2
P( 7)
40262.7
R(13)
40295.3
R( 9)
40270.9
P(9)
40306.7
P( 5)
40279.9
R(11)
40318.5
R( 7)
40286.2
P(7)
40328.0
P( 3)
40292.8
R(9)
40337.6
R( 5)
40297.2
P( 1)
40301.4
R( 3)
40303.8
R( 1)
40306.1
For different vibrational transitions υ′ ← υ″ the excitation frequency for the corresponding rotational transitions is given in cm−1.
Table III
For the 0 ← 6 and 2 ← 7 Excitation Processes in the O2 Schumann-Runge Bands, the Wavelength Range for Emission Subsequent to Excitation of One of the lines from Table II to Various Lower Vibrational States v″ is Given Together with the Relative Fluorescence Intensitya
υ″
Excitation: 0 ← 6
Excitation: 2 ← 7
Wavelength region
Int.
Wavelength region
Int.
0
202.6–203.9
—
197.2–198.1
—
1
209.2–210.6
—
203.4–204.4
—
2
216.1–217.6
—
210.0–211.0
—
3
223.4–224.9
—
216.9–217.9
0.1
4
231.1–232.7
—
224.1–225.1
0.5
5
239.2–240.8
0.1
231.7–232.8
1.7
6
247.7–249.4
0.3
239.7–240.8
4.0
7
256.7–258.5
0.9
248.1–249.3
7.3
8
266.3–268.2
2.0
257.0–258.3
10.0
9
276.4–278.4
3.8
266.4–267.7
10.0
10
287.1–289.2
6.2
276.3–277.7
6.7
11
298.5–300,6
8.5
286.9–288.3
2.2
12
310.5–312.8
10.0
298.0–299.5
0.0
13
323.4–325.8
10.0
309.8–311.4
1.3
14
337.1–339.7
8.6
322.4–324.1
3.6
15
351.8–354.5
6.3
335.8–337.6
3.8
16
367.4–370.3
4.0
350.0–351.9
1.8
17
384.2–387.2
2.2
365.2–367.2
0.2
18
402.2–405.4
1.1
381.4–383.5
0.3
19
421.6–424.9
0.4
398.8–401.0
1.5
20
442.4–445.9
0.2
417.4–419.7
2.3
21
464.8–468.6
0.1
437.3–439.8
2.2
22
489.1–493.1
—
458.7–461.3
1.5
23
515.3–519.5
—
481.7–484.4
0.9
Excitation band
Free lying emission band
Wavelength region
0 ← 4
0 → 14
363.8–364.0
0 ← 5
0 → 15
365.0–366.1
1 ← 6
1 → 17
379.5–381.7
2 ← 6
2 → 20
432.1–433.7
The indicated wavelength region covers all fluorescence from the different rotational lines that can be excited with the KrF laser. Because only relatively low rotational states are probed, the subsequent emission is restricted to a narrow range. The fluorescence intensity is calculated by ν3·qυ′υ″ with the emission frequency ν and the FC factors from Ref. 20. The strongest emission is arbitrarily set to 10. For the other vibrational transition, only the best wavelength range for separate detection is given.
Table IV
Einstein Transition Probabilities from This Work Compared with Selected Results from Other Authorsa
This work
Crosley (calc)
Henneker and Popkie
Learner
A30
9.5 ± 2
11
9
12
A31
130 ± 15
173
159
148
A32
500
515
488
466
A33
140 ± 20
113
116
223
A34
1.65 ± 0.40
—
—
—
A35
3.2 ± 0.7
—
—
—
A36
≦1.0
—
—
—
The other data are contained in a table in Ref. 28, where the value of A00 has been set to 1000. For good comparison we set our value for A32 equal to 500.